The Hare and the Tortoise Revisited: The New Politics of Consumer and Environmental Regulation in Europe

British Journal of Political Science

Volumn 33, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 557-580

  Vogel, David ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0142086663     PISSN: 00071234     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0007123403000255     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Mikael Skou Andersen and Duncan Liefferink, eds, European Environmental Policy: The Pioneers (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997).
2. Sheila Jasanoff, 'Technological Risk and Cultures of Rationality', in Incorporating Economics, and Sociology in Developing Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards in International Trade (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2000), pp. 65-86 (emphasis in the original).
3. Lennart Lundqvist, The Hare and the Tortoise: Clean Air Policies in the United States and Sweden (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1980).
4. Ronald Brickman, Shelia Jasanoff and Thomas Ilgen, Controlling Chemicals: The Politics of Regulation in Europe and the United States (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985), p. 52.
5. Brickman, Jasanoff and Ilgen, Controlling Chemicals, p. 203.
6. Brickman, Jasanoff and Ilgen, Controlling Chemicals, p. 48.
7. Brickman, Jasanoff and Ilgen, Controlling Chemicals, p. 203.
8. Brickman, Jasanoff and Ilgen, Controlling Chemicals, p. 47.
9. Brickman, Jasanoff and Ilgen, Controlling Chemicals, p. 37.
10. Lundqvist, The Hare and the Tortoise, p. 170.
11. Henning Arp, Technical Regulation and Politics: The Interplay Between Economic Interests and Environment Policy Goals in EC Car Legislation', in J. D. Leifferink, P. D. Lowe and A. P. J. Mol, eds, European Integration and Environmental Policy (London: Belhaven Press, 1993), pp. 150-72; David Vogel, Trading Up: Consumer and Environmental Regulation in a Global Economy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995), pp. 63-77.
12. Henning Arp, Technical Regulation and Politics: The Interplay Between Economic Interests and Environment Policy Goals in EC Car Legislation', in J. D. Leifferink, P. D. Lowe and A. P. J. Mol, eds, European Integration and Environmental Policy (London: Belhaven Press, 1993), pp. 150-72; David Vogel, Trading Up: Consumer and Environmental Regulation in a Global Economy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995), pp. 63-77.
13. Lundqvist, The Hare and the Tortoise, pp. 170-1; Arp, 'Technical Regulation', p. 155.
14. Lundqvist, The Hare and the Tortoise, pp. 170-1; Arp, 'Technical Regulation', p. 155.
15. David Vogel, Fluctuating Fortunes: The Political Power of Business in America (New York: Basic Books, 1989), p. 78.
16. Richard Elliot Benedict, Ozone Diplomacy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998 [1991]), p. 25.
17. Benedict, Ozone Diplomacy, p. 25.
18. Benedict, Ozone Diplomacy, p. 25.
19. Michael Thompson, 'A Cultural Basis for Comparison', in Harvard Kunreuther et al., Risk Analysis and Decision Process: The Siting of Liquefied Energy Gas Facilities in Four Countries (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1983), pp. 232-62.
20. David Vogel, National Styles of Regulation: Environmental Policy in Great Britain and the United States (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1986), p. 149.
21. The data in this paragraph is summarized in David Vogel, 'When Consumers Oppose Consumer Protection', Journal of Public Policy, 10 (1990), 449-70, p. 458.
22. James Cameron, 'The Precautionary Principle', in Gary Sampson and W. Bradnee Chambers, eds, Trade, Environment and the Millennium (New York: United Nations University Press, 1999), pp. 239-69.
23. Cameron, 'The Precautionary Principle', p. 251.
24. Quoted in Vogel, Trading Up, p. 182 (emphasis added).
25. Vogel, Trading Up.
26. John Applegate, 'The Precautionary Preference: An American Perspective on the Precautionary Principle', Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 6 (2000), 413-43, pp. 438, 439.
27. Sheila Jasanoff, 'American Exceptionalism and the Political Acknowledgement of Risk', in Edward Burger, ed., Risk (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993), pp. 61-82.
28. See Marsha Echols, 'Food Safety Regulation in the European Union and the United States', Columbia Journal of European Law, 4 (1998), 525-43.
29. Quoted in Vogel, Trading Up, p. 158.
30. Quoted in Vogel, Trading Up, p. 172.
31. Ronald Libby, Eco-Wars: Political Campaigns and Social Movements (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), pp. 27-52.
32. Steve Stecklow, 'Despite assurances, U.S. could be at risk for mad-cow disease', Wall Street Journal, 18 November 2001, p. 1.
33. David Vogel, Barriers or Benefits? Regulation in Transatlantic Trade (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1997), pp. 44-6.
34. David Blanford, Jean-Christophe Bureau, Linda Fulponi and Spencer Hensen, 'Potential Implications of Animal Welfare Concerns and Public Policies in Industrialized Countries for International Trade', in Barry Krissoff, Mary Bohman and Julie Caswell, Global Food Trade and the Demand for Quality (New York: Kluwer Academic, 2002), pp. 77-99, at p. 86
35. For a more extensive discussion of the differences between European and American regulations of GMOs, see Thomas Bemauer and Erika Meins, 'Scientific Revolution Meets Policy and the Market: Explaining Cross-National Differences in Agricultural Biotechnology Regulation' (unpublished paper, Adelaide University, Centre for International Economic Studies, November 2001); Mark Pollack and Gregory Shaffer, The Challenge of Food Safety in Transatlantic Relations', Mark Pollack and Gregory Shaffer, eds, Transatlantic Governance in the Global Economy (Oxford: Bowman & Littlefield, 2001), pp. 162-70; and David Vogel, 'Ships Passing in the Night: GMOS and the Politics of Risk Regulation in Europe and the United States' (INSEAD: Centre for the Management of Environmental Resources Working Paper, 2002).
36. For a more extensive discussion of the differences between European and American regulations of GMOs, see Thomas Bemauer and Erika Meins, 'Scientific Revolution Meets Policy and the Market: Explaining Cross-National Differences in Agricultural Biotechnology Regulation' (unpublished paper, Adelaide University, Centre for International Economic Studies, November 2001); Mark Pollack and Gregory Shaffer, The Challenge of Food Safety in Transatlantic Relations', Mark Pollack and Gregory Shaffer, eds, Transatlantic Governance in the Global Economy (Oxford: Bowman & Littlefield, 2001), pp. 162-70; and David Vogel, 'Ships Passing in the Night: GMOS and the Politics of Risk Regulation in Europe and the United States' (INSEAD: Centre for the Management of Environmental Resources Working Paper, 2002).
37. For a more extensive discussion of the differences between European and American regulations of GMOs, see Thomas Bemauer and Erika Meins, 'Scientific Revolution Meets Policy and the Market: Explaining Cross-National Differences in Agricultural Biotechnology Regulation' (unpublished paper, Adelaide University, Centre for International Economic Studies, November 2001); Mark Pollack and Gregory Shaffer, The Challenge of Food Safety in Transatlantic Relations', Mark Pollack and Gregory Shaffer, eds, Transatlantic Governance in the Global Economy (Oxford: Bowman & Littlefield, 2001), pp. 162-70; and David Vogel, 'Ships Passing in the Night: GMOS and the Politics of Risk Regulation in Europe and the United States' (INSEAD: Centre for the Management of Environmental Resources Working Paper, 2002).
38. See Kurk Eichenwald, Gina Kolata and Melody Peterson, 'Biotechnology food: from the lab to a debacle', New York Times, 25 January 2001. According to this article, 'the control this nascent industry exerted over its own regulatory destiny ... was astonishing.'
39. CNN Headline News, 24 June 1999; and 'Genetically modified food: food for thought', The Economist, 19 June 1999, and Marian Burros, 'U.S. plans long-term studies on safety of genetically altered foods', New York Times, 14 July 1999, p. A16.
40. CNN Headline News, 24 June 1999; and 'Genetically modified food: food for thought', The Economist, 19 June 1999, and Marian Burros, 'U.S. plans long-term studies on safety of genetically altered foods', New York Times, 14 July 1999, p. A16.
41. CNN Headline News, 24 June 1999; and 'Genetically modified food: food for thought', The Economist, 19 June 1999, and Marian Burros, 'U.S. plans long-term studies on safety of genetically altered foods', New York Times, 14 July 1999, p. A16.
42. Nikki Tait, 'EPA sued over genetic crop approval', Financial Times, 19 February 1999, p. 6.
43. See Vogel, Barriers or Benefits, pp. 46-52.
44. Markus Haverland, National Autonomy, European Integration and the Politics of Packaging Waste (Amsterdam: Thela, 1999).
45. Michael Mann, 'Brussels acts over missed scrap car deadlines', Financial Times, 30 July 2002, p. 4.
46. Bill Durodie, 'Plastic Panics: European Risk Regulation in the Aftermath of BSE', in Julian Morris, ed., Rethinking Risk and the Precautionary Principle (Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann, 2000), pp. 140-74.
47. Vehicle Emission Reductions (Paris: European Conference of Ministers of Transport, 2001), pp. 22-31
48. Robert Paarlberg, 'Lapsed Leadership: U.S. International Environmental Leadership Since Rio', in Norman Vig and Regina Axelrod, eds, The Global Environment (Washington, D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Press, 1999), p. 236-55.
49. For a detailed discussion of each of these trade disputes, see Vogel, Barriers or Benefits.
50. Vogel, Trading Up, pp. 63-77.
51. Lundqvist, The Hare and the Tortoise, p. 170.
52. Vogel, Trading Up, pp. 79-80.
53. Communication from the European Commission on the precautionary principle, 2 February 2000, p. 15.
54. Cameron, The Precautionary Principle', p. 244.
55. Oliver Godard, 'Social Decision-Making Under Conditions of Scientific Controversy, Expertise and the Precautionary Principle', in Christian Joerges, Karl-Heinz Ladeur and Ellen Vos, eds, Integrating Scientific Expertise into Regulatory Decision-Making: National Traditions and European Innovations (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1997), pp. 34-76, at p. 65.
56. Andrew Jordan and Timothy O'Riordan, 'The Precautionary Principle in UK Environmental Law and Policy', in Tim Gray, ed., UK Environmental Policy in the 1990s (London: Macmillan, 1995), pp. 57-84, atp, 71.
57. Jordan and O'Riordan, 'The Precautionary Principle', p. 61.
58. Corinne Lepage and Franç̧ois Guery, La Politique de précaution (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2001), p. 144 (translation by author). For a collection of essays generally sympathetic to this position, primarily by Americans, see Carolyn Raffensperger and Joel Tickner, eds, Protecting Public Health and the Environment: Implementing the Precautionary Principle (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1999). For a wide-ranging critique of the precautionary principle as both law and philosophy, see Julian Morris, ed., Rethinking Risk and the Precautionary Principle (Oxford: Butterworth, 2000).
59. Corinne Lepage and Franç̧ois Guery, La Politique de précaution (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2001), p. 144 (translation by author). For a collection of essays generally sympathetic to this position, primarily by Americans, see Carolyn Raffensperger and Joel Tickner, eds, Protecting Public Health and the Environment: Implementing the Precautionary Principle (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1999). For a wide-ranging critique of the precautionary principle as both law and philosophy, see Julian Morris, ed., Rethinking Risk and the Precautionary Principle (Oxford: Butterworth, 2000).
60. Corinne Lepage and Franç̧ois Guery, La Politique de précaution (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2001), p. 144 (translation by author). For a collection of essays generally sympathetic to this position, primarily by Americans, see Carolyn Raffensperger and Joel Tickner, eds, Protecting Public Health and the Environment: Implementing the Precautionary Principle (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1999). For a wide-ranging critique of the precautionary principle as both law and philosophy, see Julian Morris, ed., Rethinking Risk and the Precautionary Principle (Oxford: Butterworth, 2000).
61. Stephen Breyer and Veerle Heyvaert, 'Institutions for Managing Risk', in Richard Revesz, Philippe Sands and Richard Stewart, eds, Environmental Law, the Economy and Sustainable Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 283-352; and Joanne Scott and Ellen Vos, 'The Juridification of Uncertainty', in Christian Joerges and Renaud Dehousse, eds, Good Governance in Europe 's Integrated Market (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 253-88.
62. Stephen Breyer and Veerle Heyvaert, 'Institutions for Managing Risk', in Richard Revesz, Philippe Sands and Richard Stewart, eds, Environmental Law, the Economy and Sustainable Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 283-352; and Joanne Scott and Ellen Vos, 'The Juridification of Uncertainty', in Christian Joerges and Renaud Dehousse, eds, Good Governance in Europe 's Integrated Market (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 253-88.
63. Robin Herman, 'An ecological epiphany', Washington Post National Weekly Edition, 5-11 December 1988, p. 19.
64. Elizabeth Bomberg, Green Parties and Politics in the European Union (London: Routledge, 1998), p. 13.
65. There is an extensive literature on this subject. See, for example, Scott Ratzan, ed., The Mad Cow Crisis: Health and the Public Good (New York: New York University Press, 1998).
66. Sheila Jasanoff, 'Civilization and Madness: The Great BSE Scare of 1996', Public Understanding of Science, 6 (1997), 221-32.
67. C. Cookson and V. Houlder, 'An uncontrolled experiment', Financial Times, 13/14 February, 1999, p. 7.
68. Rich Weiss, 'No appetite for gene cuisine', Washington Post National Weekly Edition, 3 May 1999, p. 19.
69. Nigel Williams, 'Plant Genetics: Agricultural Biotech Faces Backlash in Europe', Science, 7 August 1998, pp. 768-71.
70. Erik Millstone, 'Comment and analysis', Financial Times, 6 October 2000, p. 19.
71. The links are observed by journalists in titles such as 'Mad Coke disease', see John Lanchester, New York Times Magazine, 4 July 1999, pp. 7-8.
72. 'Back to the future', Consumer Voice, Special Edition, 2000.
73. See Graham Chambers, 'The BSE Crisis and the European Parliament', in Christian Joerges and Ellen Vos, ed., EU Committees: Social Regulation, Law and Politics (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 1999), pp. 95-108.
74. See the other contributions in Joerges and Vos, eds, EU Committees.
75. For an extended discussion of this issue, seem Francis Chateauraynaud and T. Didier, Les Sombres Precurseurs (the Dark Forerunners) (Paris: Editions de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, 1999), chaps 3-7.
76. The extensive literature on this issue includes Michel Setbon, Pouvoirs contra Sida (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1993); Blandine Kriegel, Le Sang, la justice, la politique (Paris: Pion, 1999); and Olivier Beaud, Le Sang contaminé (Paris: Behemoth, 1999). It should be noted that many scholars believe the scandal has been overblown and the prosecution of government officials for it was both ethically and legally problematic. But this point of view has not affected public perceptions.
77. The extensive literature on this issue includes Michel Setbon, Pouvoirs contra Sida (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1993); Blandine Kriegel, Le Sang, la justice, la politique (Paris: Pion, 1999); and Olivier Beaud, Le Sang contaminé (Paris: Behemoth, 1999). It should be noted that many scholars believe the scandal has been overblown and the prosecution of government officials for it was both ethically and legally problematic. But this point of view has not affected public perceptions.
78. The extensive literature on this issue includes Michel Setbon, Pouvoirs contra Sida (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1993); Blandine Kriegel, Le Sang, la justice, la politique (Paris: Pion, 1999); and Olivier Beaud, Le Sang contaminé (Paris: Behemoth, 1999). It should be noted that many scholars believe the scandal has been overblown and the prosecution of government officials for it was both ethically and legally problematic. But this point of view has not affected public perceptions.
79. For a discussion of the origins of French policies towards GMOs, see David Vogel and Olivier Cadot, 'France, the United States and the Biotechnology Debate' (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, Foreign Policy Studies, 2001).
80. T. R. Reid, 'Be careful what you eat, where you sit and ..." Washington Post National Weekly Edition, 12-18 May 2001, p. 15.
81. Ulrick Beck, World Risk Society (Cambridge: Polity, 1999), p. 78.
82. See Andersen and Liefferink, eds, European Environmental Policy.
83. Jordan and O'Riordan, 'The Precautionary Principle in UK Environmental Law and Policy', pp. 70-1.
84. B. Flynn, 'EU Environmental Policy at a Crossroads? Reconsidering Some Paradoxes in the Evolution of Policy Content', European Journal of Public Policy, 5 (1998), 691-6, p. 696.
85. 'Le gouvernement peaufine un plan d'interdiction des farines animales', Le Monde, 12-13 November 2000, p. 6.
86. See, for example, Pierre-Benoit Joly and Claire Marris, 'Les Americans ont-ils accepté les OGM? Analyse comparé de la construction des OGM comme problème public en France et aux Etats-Unis' (Centre for Management of Environmental Resources, INSEAD, Workshop on Regulating Genetically Modified Food, 2001).
87. John McCormick, Environmental Policy in the European Union (New York: Palgave, 2001), p. 61.
88. Jordan and O'Riordan, 'The Precautionary Principle', pp. 68-9.
89. Giandomenico Majone, Regulating Europe (London: Routledge, 1996).
90. Wyn Grant, Duncan Matthews and Peter Newell, The Effectiveness of European Union Environmental Policy (London: Macmillan, 2000), chap. 2, 'Business and Environmental Interests'.
91. Alasdair Young and Helen Wallace, Regulatory Politics in the Enlarging European Union (Manchester; Manchester University Press, 2000), p. 19.
92. See Elizabeth Bomberg, Green Parties and Politics in the European Union (London: Routledge, 1998).
93. Grant, Matthews and Newell, The Effectiveness of European Union Environmental Policy, p. 35.
94. Andrienne Héritier, Policy-Making and Diversity in Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 2.
95. Anthony Zito, Creating Environmental Policy in the European Union (London: Macmillan, 2000), p. 23.
96. Zito, Creating Environmental Policy in the European Union, p. 23.
97. Young and Wallace, Regulatory Politics in the Enlarging European Union, p. 9.
98. Zito, Creating Environmental Policy in the European Union, p. 192.
99. Breyer and Heyvaert, 'Institutions for Managing Risk', p. 327.
100. Stanley Johnson, The Politics of the Environment: The British Experience (London: Tom Stacey, 1971), pp. 170-1.
101. Quoted in Vogel, National Styles, p. 182.
102. Mary Douglas and Aaron Wildavsky, Risk and Culture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), p. 10.
103. For America, see, for example, Michael Fumento, Science Under Seige (New York: William Morrow, 1993); and Aaron Wildavsky, But Is It True ? A Citizens ' Guide to Environmental Health and Safety Issues (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995). For Europe, see Frank Furedi, Culture of Fear (London: Cassell, 1997), and Durodie, 'Plastic Panics'.
104. For America, see, for example, Michael Fumento, Science Under Seige (New York: William Morrow, 1993); and Aaron Wildavsky, But Is It True ? A Citizens ' Guide to Environmental Health and Safety Issues (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995). For Europe, see Frank Furedi, Culture of Fear (London: Cassell, 1997), and Durodie, 'Plastic Panics'.
105. For America, see, for example, Michael Fumento, Science Under Seige (New York: William Morrow, 1993); and Aaron Wildavsky, But Is It True ? A Citizens ' Guide to Environmental Health and Safety Issues (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995). For Europe, see Frank Furedi, Culture of Fear (London: Cassell, 1997), and Durodie, 'Plastic Panics'.
106. For America, see, for example, Michael Fumento, Science Under Seige (New York: William Morrow, 1993); and Aaron Wildavsky, But Is It True ? A Citizens ' Guide to Environmental Health and Safety Issues (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995). For Europe, see Frank Furedi, Culture of Fear (London: Cassell, 1997), and Durodie, 'Plastic Panics'.
107. Maggie Urry, 'Genetic products row worsens', Financial Times, 20 June 1997, p. 4.
108. See for example, Harvey Sapolsky, ed., Consuming Fears: The Politics of Product Risks (New York: Basic Books, 1986); and Wildavsky, But Is It True?
109. See for example, Harvey Sapolsky, ed., Consuming Fears: The Politics of Product Risks (New York: Basic Books, 1986); and Wildavsky, But Is It True?
110. The changes in the United States are explored in detail in Vogel, Fluctuating Fortunes, chap. 5.
111. Michael Kraft, 'Environmental Policy in Congress: From Consensus to Gridlock', in Norman Vig and Michael Kraft, eds, Environmental Policy (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 2002), pp. 127-50.
112. Juan Enriquez and Ray Goldberg, 'Transforming Life, Transforming Business: The Life Science Revolution', Harvard Business Review (March-April, 2000), 94-104, p. 103.
113. David Callahan, 'Private sector, public doubts', New York Times, 15 January 2000, p. A 23.
114. For business political activity during the 1970s and 1980s, see Vogel, Fluctuating Fortunes, chaps 7, 8; for a historical overview of business and environmental politics, see Norman Vig, 'Presidential Leadership and the Environment', in Vig and Kraft, eds, Environmental Policy, pp. 103-26.
115. For business political activity during the 1970s and 1980s, see Vogel, Fluctuating Fortunes, chaps 7, 8; for a historical overview of business and environmental politics, see Norman Vig, 'Presidential Leadership and the Environment', in Vig and Kraft, eds, Environmental Policy, pp. 103-26.
116. Robert Falkner, 'Business Conflict and U.S. International Environmental Policy: Ozone, Climate and Biodiversity', in Paul Harris, ed., The Environment, International Relations, and U.S. Foreign Policy (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2001), pp. 157-77.
117. Jonathan Wiener and Michael Rogers, 'Comparing Precaution in the United States and Europe', Journal of Risk Research, 5 (2002), 317-49, p. 333.
118. Jasanoff, 'American Exceptionalism', pp. 63, 66.
119. See, in addition to Brickman et al., Controlling Chemicals; Lundqvist, The Hare and the Tortoise; Vogel, National Styles of Regulation; Joseph Badaracco Jr, Loading the Dice: A Five Country Study of Vinyl Chloride Regulation (Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School, 1985); Steven Kelman, Regulating America, Regulating Sweden (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981); and Graham Wilson, The Politics of Safety and Health: Occupational Safety and Health in the United States and Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985).
120. See, in addition to Brickman et al., Controlling Chemicals; Lundqvist, The Hare and the Tortoise; Vogel, National Styles of Regulation; Joseph Badaracco Jr, Loading the Dice: A Five Country Study of Vinyl Chloride Regulation (Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School, 1985); Steven Kelman, Regulating America, Regulating Sweden (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981); and Graham Wilson, The Politics of Safety and Health: Occupational Safety and Health in the United States and Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985).
121. See, in addition to Brickman et al., Controlling Chemicals; Lundqvist, The Hare and the Tortoise; Vogel, National Styles of Regulation; Joseph Badaracco Jr, Loading the Dice: A Five Country Study of Vinyl Chloride Regulation (Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School, 1985); Steven Kelman, Regulating America, Regulating Sweden (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981); and Graham Wilson, The Politics of Safety and Health: Occupational Safety and Health in the United States and Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985).
122. See, in addition to Brickman et al., Controlling Chemicals; Lundqvist, The Hare and the Tortoise; Vogel, National Styles of Regulation; Joseph Badaracco Jr, Loading the Dice: A Five Country Study of Vinyl Chloride Regulation (Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School, 1985); Steven Kelman, Regulating America, Regulating Sweden (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981); and Graham Wilson, The Politics of Safety and Health: Occupational Safety and Health in the United States and Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985).
123. See, in addition to Brickman et al., Controlling Chemicals; Lundqvist, The Hare and the Tortoise; Vogel, National Styles of Regulation; Joseph Badaracco Jr, Loading the Dice: A Five Country Study of Vinyl Chloride Regulation (Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School, 1985); Steven Kelman, Regulating America, Regulating Sweden (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981); and Graham Wilson, The Politics of Safety and Health: Occupational Safety and Health in the United States and Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985).
124. See, in addition to Brickman et al., Controlling Chemicals; Lundqvist, The Hare and the Tortoise; Vogel, National Styles of Regulation; Joseph Badaracco Jr, Loading the Dice: A Five Country Study of Vinyl Chloride Regulation (Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School, 1985); Steven Kelman, Regulating America, Regulating Sweden (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981); and Graham Wilson, The Politics of Safety and Health: Occupational Safety and Health in the United States and Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985).
125. Jasanoff, 'American Exceptionalism', p. 77.
126. Breyer and Heyvart make a similar point in a more recent comparison of American and European institutions for managing risk.
127. David Levy and Peter Newell, 'Business Responses to Global Environmental Issues in Europe and the United States', Environment, 42, No. 9 (2000), p. 10.