Partisan balance: Why political parties don't kill the U.S. constitutional system

Partisan Balance: Why Political Parties Don't Kill the U.S. Constitutional System

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-220

  Mayhew, David R ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 84924902752     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (406)

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49. David R. Mayhew, Divided We Govern: Party Control, Lawmaking, and Investigations, 1946-2002 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005);
50. Sarah A. Binder, Stalemate: Causes and Consequences of Legislative Gridlock (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2003).
51. Duane Lockard, New England State Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1959), 178-80, 190-96
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54. V. O. Key, Jr., American State Politics: An Introduction (New York: Knopf, 1956), 63;
55. "Democrats Seize Legislature Rule in Rhode Island," New York Times, January 2, 1935;
56. "Democratic Coup Aids Rhode Island," New York Times, January 13, 1935.
57. Key, American State Politics, 66-67, 78.
58. David Samuels and Richard Snyder, "The Value of a Vote: Malapportionment in Comparative Perspective," British Journal of Political Science 31 (2001), 651-71, at 660-62.
59. Ithiel de Sola Pool, Robert P. Abelson, and Samuel Popkin, Candidates, Issues and Strategies: A Computer Simulation of the 1960 and 1964 Presidential Elections (Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1965), 117-18.
60. Key, "Interpreting the Election Results";
61. Philip E. Converse et al., "Stability and Change in 1960: A Reinstating Election," American Political Science Review 55:2 (1961), 269-80.
62. Henry E. Brady et al., "'Law and Data': The Butterfly Ballot Episode," PS: Political Science and Politics 34 (2001), 59-69.
63. John R. Koza et al., Every Vote Equal: A State-Based Plan for Electing the President by National Popular Vote (Los Altos, Calif.: Popular Vote Press, 2006);
64. Akhil Reed Amar and Vikram David Amar, "How to Achieve Direct National Election of the President without Amending the Constitution: Part Three of a Series on the 2000 Election and the Electoral College," FindLaw, http://writ.news.findlaw,com/amar/20011228.html.
65. Nolan McCarty, Keith T. Poole, and Howard Rosenthal, "Does Gerrymandering Cause Polarization?" American Journal of Political Science 53:3 (July 2009), 666-80, at 678.
66. "Control of House Hangs on One Vote: Should One Republican District in 5 Pollings Tuesday Be Upset, Democrats Will Lead," New York Times, November 1, 1931;
67. "Republicans Lose Seat: Upset in Michigan District Gives Foes a Congress Lead," New York Times, November 4, 1931;
68. "Democratic Trend Next Year Is Seen in Election Results; Switching of House Control Causes Some Republicans to Welcome the Outcome; Responsibility Is Shifted," New York Times, November 5, 1931;
69. "Kleberg, Democrat, Wins Texas House Seat; Succeeds Wurzbach, Former Lone Republican," New York Times, November 25, 1931;
70. "Democratic Majority of Three in the House Now Is Assured," New York Times, December 2, 1931.
71. "House Seesaw Continues: Shifts in Illinois and Indiana Give 218 Seats to the Republicans," New York Times, November 8, 1930;
72. "Revised Results in Detail of the Election of 1930," New York Times, November 9, 1930.
73. Bruce I. Oppenheimer, "Split Party Control of Congress, 1981-86: Exploring Electoral and Apportionment Explanations," American Journal of Political Science 33:3 (1989), 653-69.
74. Stephen Ansolabehere, David Brady, and Morris Fiorina, "The Vanishing Marginals and Electoral Responsiveness," British Journal of Political Science 22:1 (1992), 21-38, at 33.
75. Mayhew, Divided We Govern, 35, 81-91, 102-12.
76. Richard E. Neustadt, "Presidency and Legislation: Planning the President's Program," American Political Science Review 49 (1955), 980-1021.
77. Mayhew, Divided We Govern, 175-77;
78. Keith Krehbiel, Pivotal Politics: A Theory of U.S. Lawmaking (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), chs. 2, 3.
79. Gary W. Reichard, The Reaffirmation of Republicanism: Eisenhower and the Eighty-third Congress (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1975), chs. 5-7.
80. David R. Mayhew, "Clinton, the 103rd Congress, and Unified Party Control: What Are the Lessons?," ch. 10 in John G. Geer (ed.), Politicians and Party Politics (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 281-82.
81. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Mandate for Change, 1953-1956 (Garden City, N.J.: Doubleday, 1963), 298.
82. George C. Edwards III, Presidential Influence in Congress (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1980), 14.
83. Mark A. Peterson, Legislating Together: The White House and Capitol Hill from Eisenhower to Reagan (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), 95.
84. Andrew Rudalevige, Managing the President's Program: Presidential Leadership and Legislative Policy Formation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), ch. 4.
85. Paul C. Light, The President's Agenda: Domestic Policy Choice from Kennedy to Carter (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), 42.
86. Haynes Johnson and David S. Broder, The System: The American Way of Politics at the Breaking Point (Boston: Little, Brown, 1996).
87. Louis W. Koenig, "Kennedy and the 87th Congress," ch. 5 in Ivan Hinderaker (ed.), American Government Annual, 1962-1963 (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1962);
88. William C. Berman, From the Center to the Edge: The Politics and Policies of the Clinton Presidency (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001), ch. 2;
89. Barbara Sinclair, "Context, Strategy, and Chance: George W. Bush and the 107th Congress," ch. 5 in Colin Campbell and Bert A. Rockman (eds.), The George W. Bush Presidency: Appraisals and Prospects (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 2004).
90. Rudalevige, Managing the President's Program.
91. James N. Giglio, The Presidency of John F. Kennedy (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006), 99.
92. Allen J. Matusow, The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s (New York: Harper and Row, 1984), 35.
93. Theodore C. Sorensen, Kennedy (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), 342-44, quotation at 342.
94. Harry S. Truman, Memoirs, vol. 2, Years of Trial and Hope (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1956), 23.
95. Ronald Reagan, An American Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990), 335.
96. John Robert Greene, The Limits of Power: The Nixon and Ford Administrations (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), 62.
97. John F. Harris, The Survivor: Bill Clinton in the White House (New York: Random House, 2005), 20.
98. Andrew W. Barrett and Matthew Eshbaugh-Soha, "Presidential Success on the Substance of Legislation," Political Research Quarterly 60:1 (2007), 100-12.
99. Steven M. Gillon, The Pact: Bill Clinton, Newt Gingrich, and the Rivalry That Defined a Generation (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), ch. 12;
100. Daniel J. Palazzolo, Done Deal: The Politics of the 1997 Budget Agreement (New York: Chatham House, 1999).
101. Congressional Quarterly Almanac 1969 (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1970), 589.
102. Evans and Novak, Nixon in the White House, 216.
103. Burton I. Kaufman, The Presidency of James Earl Carter, Jr. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993), 51.
104. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1995), 82-84;
105. Haynes Johnson, In the Absence of Power: Governing America (New York: Viking, 1980), 158-59;
106. CQA, 1977, pp. 650-51.
107. CQA, 1978, 639-63
108. Kaufman, Presidency of James Earl Carter, 33, 57, 66-68, 107-8;
109. Charles O. Jones, The Trusteeship Presidency: Jimmy Carter and the United States Congress (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 135-40;
110. Johnson, In the Absence of Power, 184-93, 292-93.
111. Rudalevige, Managing the President's Program, 120, 121.
112. Kaufman, Presidency of James Earl Carter, 101, 109.
113. Randall Strahan, New Ways and Means: Reform and Change in a Congressional Committee (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990), 121-23;
114. CQW 1978, 219-48.
115. Raymond A. Bauer, Ithiel de Sola Pool, and Lewis Anthony Dexter, American Business and Public Policy: The Politics of Foreign Trade (New York: Atherton, 1963), 53-54, ch. 5;
116. Eisenhower, Mandate for Change, 195, 203, 292-93;
117. Michael Barone: Our Country: The Shaping of America from Roosevelt to Reagan (New York: Free Press, 1990), 267;
118. CQA 1954, 265-72;
119. CQA 1955, 289-99.
120. Robert Dallek, Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961-1973 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 322-29;
121. Matusow, Unraveling of America, pp. 206-8;
122. Hugh Davis Graham, The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 258-62, 270-73;
123. Hugh Davis Graham, "The Surprising Career of Federal Fair Housing Law," Journal of Policy History 12:2 (2000), 215-32, at 217-19
124. "Lyndon Johnson, Congress, and the Surprising Open Housing Act of 1968" CQA 1966, 450-72;
125. CQA 1968, 152-68.
126. Greene, Limits of Power, 62-64;
127. CQW 1969, 961-65;
128. CQW 1970, p. 923;
129. CQW 1971, 698-709;
130. Congressional Quarterly, 1972, 636-52;
131. Samuel H. Beer, "The Adoption of General Revenue Sharing: A Case Study in Public Sector Politics," Public Policy 24:2 (Spring 1976), 127-95, at 171-95.
132. Sinclair, "Context, Strategy, and Chance," 127;
133. CQA 2002, 10:3-7;
134. CQA 2003, 11:3-8.
135. Light, The President's Agenda, pp. 106-7
136. Peterson, Legislating Together, ch. 2.
137. Matthew Eshbaugh-Soha, "The Politics of Presidential Agendas," Political Research Quarterly 58:2 ( June 2005), 257-68, quotation at 257.
138. Dallek, Flawed Giant, 190.
139. Evans and Novak, Nixon in the White House, 12.
140. Richard M. Nixon, The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1978), 351.
141. Light, The President's Agenda, 53.
142. Michael Duffy and Dan Goodgame, Marching in Place: The Status Quo Presidency of George Bush (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 58.
143. John Robert Greene, The Presidency of George Bush (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000), 61.
144. Kaufman, Presidency of James Earl Carter, p. 28;
145. Erwin C. Hargrove, Jimmy Carter as President: Leadership and the Politics of the Public Good (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 21.
146. Kaufman, Presidency of James Earl Carter, 28;
147. Hargrove, Jimmy Carter as President, 16.
148. Light, The President's Agenda, 17.
149. Reagan, An American Life, 338.
150. Truman, Years of Trial and Hope, 182.
151. Eisenhower, Mandate for Change, 194-95.
152. Carter, Keeping Faith, p. 66;
153. Kaufman, Presidency of James Earl Carter, 30;
154. Johnson, In the Absence of Power, 155.
155. Richard E. Neustadt, "Congress and the Fair Deal: A Legislative Balance Sheet," 15-42, in Alonzo L. Hamby (ed.), Harry S. Truman and the Fair Deal (Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1974), 18-21, 40-42;
156. Giglio, Presidency of John F. Kennedy, p. 99.
157. David R. Mayhew, "Wars and American Politics," Perspectives on Politics 3:3 (2005), 473-93, at 478-80.
158. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (Cambridge, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), 170;
159. Light, The President's Agenda, 106.
160. William W. Lammers and Michael A. Genovese, The Presidency and Domestic Policy: Comparing Leadership Styles, FDR to Clinton (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 2000), 142.
161. Hargrove, Jimmy Carter as President, 13.
162. Neustadt, "Congress and the Fair Deal," 41.
163. Kaufman, Presidency of James Earl Carter, 28.
164. Lammers and Genovese, The Presidency and Domestic Policy, 148, 154.
165. Sorensen, Kennedy, 353.
166. Neustadt, "Congress and the Fair Deal," 40-42.
167. Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 709-10.
168. Sorensen, Kennedy, 353.
169. Jose Antonio Cheibub, Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 87-92.
170. Sebastian M. Salegh, "Political Prowess or 'Lady Luck'? Evaluating Chief Executives' Legislative Success Rates," Journal of Politics 71:4 (October 2009), 1342-56.
171. Ears: The Limits of the Bully Pulpit (New Haven.: Yale University Press, 2003), 7.
172. David R. Mayhew, Congress: The Electoral Connection (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974).
173. Evelyn Waugh's Black Mischief (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977)
174. Daron R. Shaw, The Race to 270: The Electoral College and the Campaign Strategies of 2000 and 2004 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006).
175. Dick Morris, "GOP: Stand Your Ground," http://www.realclearpolitics.com, July 1, 2009.
176. David B. Truman, The Congressional Party: A Case Study (New York: Wiley, 1959), 17-18.
177. Neustadt, "Congress and the Fair Deal," 18-21, 40-42
178. Peterson, Legislating Together, 240.
179. Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 708, 712.
180. Sorensen, Kennedy, 339.
181. James L. Sundquist, Politics and Policy: The Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson Years (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1968), 473.
182. Richard Bolling, Power in the House: A History of the Leadership of the House of Representatives (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1968), 207.
183. James MacGregor Burns, Congress on Trial: The Legislative Process and the Administrative State (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1949), 12.
184. James MacGregor Burns, The Deadlock of Democracy: Four-Party Politics in America (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1963), 199.
185. Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson, Off Center: The Republican Revolution and the Erosion of American Democracy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006).
186. Robert Pear and David M. Herszenhorn, "Health Care Gives Way to Economy and Jobs," New York Times, January 28, 2010, p. A18.
187. Gregory A. Caldeira, "Public Opinion and the U.S. Supreme Court: FDR's Court-Packing Plan," American Political Science Review 81:4 (December 1987), 1139-53.
188. Larry M. Bartels, Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age (New York: Russell Sage, 2008), ch. 6.
189. William Schambra, "Obama and the Policy Approach," National Affairs, no. 1 (Fall 2009), 127-44.
190. Elaine Kamarck, "The Opposition's Opening Remarks," http://www.economist.com/debate/days/view/457/print, February 3, 2010.
191. Krehbiel, Information and Legislative Organization, 16.
192. Light, The President's Agenda;
193. Peterson, Legislating Together.
194. Fred Greenbaum, "The Anti-Lynching Bill of 1935: The Irony of 'Equal Justice-Under Law,'" Journal of Human Relations 15:3 (1967), 72-85;
195. William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932-1940 (New York: Harper and Row, 1963), 186;
196. Sorensen, Kennedy, 342;
197. Sundquist, Politics and Policy, 256-57;
198. Light, The President's Agenda, 104-5.
199. William Frank Zornow, America at Mid-Century: The Truman Administration (Cleveland: Howard Allen, 1959), 114;
200. Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, Lyndon B. Johnson: The Exercise of Power (New York: New American Library, 1966), 378-79.
201. Tom Geoghegan, "The Infernal Senate: The Real Source of Gridlock," New Republic, November 21, 1994, 17-23.
202. Anne Cheiko Moore, Benjamin Harrison: Centennial President (New York: Nova Science, 2006), 114-15.
203. Robert J. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1945-1948 (Columbia.: University of Missouri Press, 1996), 32, 114, 173, 333, 352.
204. Harvard Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks: The Emergence of Civil Rights as a National Issue, vol. 1, The Depression Decade (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 27, 136, 289-96;
205. Edward Peeks, The Long Struggle for Black Power (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971), 229-30;
206. Kevin J. McMahon, Reconsidering Roosevelt on Race: How the Presidency Paved the Road to Brown (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 158;
207. Steven F. Lawson, Black Ballots: Voting Rights in the South, 1944-1969 (Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books), 1999), 73-74, regarding 1944;
208. Keith M. Finley, Delaying the Dream: Southern Senators and the Fight against Civil Rights, 1938-1965 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2008), 60-61
209. Finley, Delaying the Dream, 99-102
210. Sundquist, Politics and Policy, 226-29
211. Robert Mann, When Freedom Would Triumph: The Civil Rights Struggle in Congress, 1954-1968 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2007), ch. 8.
212. David R. Mayhew, "Supermajority Rule in the U.S. Senate," PS: Political Science and Politics 36:1 (January 2003), 31-36;
213. Kathleen Bawn and Gregory Koger, "Effort, Intensity and Position Taking: Reconsidering Obstruction in the Pre-Cloture Senate," Journal of Theoretical Politics 20:1 (2008), 67-92.
214. Froman, Congressmen and Their Constituencies, 77-80;
215. Kernell, "Is the Senate More Liberal than the House?" 336-38.
216. James MacGregor Burns, Congress on Trial: The Legislative Process and the Administrative State (New York: Harper, 1949), 56.
217. Richard Bolling, House Out of Order (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1965), 21.
218. Nathaniel S. Keith, Politics and the Housing Crisis since 1930 (New York: Universe Books, 1973), 62-63;
219. J. J. Huthmacher, Senator Robert F. Wagner and the Rise of Urban Liberalism (New York: Atheneum, 1971), 325.
220. Bailey, Congress Makes a Law, 126-27, 184-86;
221. Burns, Congress on Trial, 49-54;
222. Koenig, "Kennedy and the 87th Congress," 80;
223. Froman, Congressmen and Their Constituencies, 80-83.
224. Bailey, Congress Makes a Law, 126-27.
225. G. Ross Stephens, "Urban Underrepresentation in the U.S. Senate," Urban Affairs Review 31:3 (January 1996), 404-18.
226. Bailey, Congress Makes a Law, 126-27;
227. Koenig, "Kennedy and the 87th Congress," 80;
228. Kernell, "Is the Senate More Liberal than the House?" 336;
229. Grofman et al., "Is the Senate More Liberal Than the House: Another Look," 283-86.
230. Bailey, Congress Makes a Law, 126.
231. Koenig, "Kennedy and the 87th Congress," 80.
232. Greg Mitchell, The Campaign of the Century: Upton Sinclair's Race for Governor of California and the Birth of Media Politics (New York: Random House, 1992).
233. James T. Patterson, Mr. Republican: A Biography of Robert A. Taft (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972), 462.
234. Elizabeth Sanders, Roots of Reform: Farmers, Workers, and the American State, 1877-1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 1, 5, 160, 413-16, and ch. 10;
235. Erik Olssen, "The Making of a Political Machine: The Railroad Unions Enter Politics," Labor History 19 (1978), 373-96.
236. Elizabeth Tandy Shermer, "Counter-Organizing the Sunbelt: Right-to-Work Campaigns and Anti-Union Conservatism, 1943-1958," Pacific Historical Review 78:1 (2009), 81-118, at 86-89.
237. Joseph A. Schlesinger, Ambition and Politics: Political Careers in the United States (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1966), 34;
238. Paul R. Abramson, John H. Aldrich, and David W. Rohde, "Progressive Ambition among United States Senators, 1972-1988," Journal of Politics 49:1 (February 1987), 3-35.
239. Mayhew, Divided We Govern, 104-8.
240. CQA 1950, 577-78.
241. Sundquist, Politics and Policy, 477.
242. CQA 1954, 300-304;
243. Reichard, Reaffirmation of Republicanism, 145-46.
244. CQA 1974, pp. 386-91;
245. Light, The President's Agenda, pp. 206-7;
246. John B. Gilmour, Strategic Disagreement: Stalemate in American Politics (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1995), 82-85;
247. Randall Strahan, New Ways and Means: Reform and Change in a Congressional Committee (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990), 33.
248. CQA 1972, 385-86.
249. CQA 2006, 1-5, 14:3-6;
250. CQW 2006, 974-75, 1400-2, 1473, 1785, 2315, 2600, 2634, 3357.
251. CQA 1954, 385-86, 448.
252. CQA 1958, 285.
253. CQA 1962, 371.
254. CQA 1978, 571-74.
255. Barry R. Weingast and William J. Marshall, "The Industrial Organization of Congress, or, Why Legislatures, Like Firms, Are Not Organized as Markets," Journal of Political Economy 96:1 (February 1988), 132-63
256. Kenneth A. Shepsle, "The Changing Textbook Congress," 238-66 in John E. Chubb and Paul E. Peterson (eds.), Can the Government Govern? (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1989), at 238-48;
257. Kenneth A. Shepsle and Barry R. Weingast, "Positive Theories of Congressional Institutions," Legislative Studies Quarterly 19:2 (May 1994), 149-79, at 154-56.
258. Keith Krehbiel, Information and Legislative Organization (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992), 34-39, 43-44.
259. CQA 1949, 132;
260. John Mark Hansen, Gaining Access: Congress and the Farm Lobby, 1919-1981 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 119-24;
261. J. Roland Pennock, "Party and Constituency in Postwar Agricultural Price-Support Legislation," Journal of Politics 18 (May 1956), 167-210, at 173.
262. CQA 1954, 100-9;
263. Hansen, Gaining Access, 126-31;
264. Reichard, Reaffirmation of Republicanism, 139-41.
265. Pennock, "Party and Constituency in Postwar Agricultural Price-Support Legislation," 185-89.
266. CQA 1958, 269-75;
267. Charles O. Jones, "The Agriculture Committee and the Problem of Representation," ch. 8 in Robert L. Peabody and Nelson W. Polsby (eds.), New Perspectives on the House of Representatives, 2d ed. (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1969).
268. CQA 1961, 104-14.
269. Robert Dallek, An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917-1963 (Boston: Little, Brown, 2003), 110-12, 379.
270. CQA 1965, 114-30.
271. CQA 1977, 417-34.
272. Gary W. Cox and Mathew D. McCubbins, Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993);
273. Gary W. Cox and Mathew D. Mc-Cubbins, Setting the Agenda: Responsible Party Government in the House of Representatives (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
274. Cox and McCubbins, Legislative Leviathan, 110-11.
275. Cox and McCubbins, Setting the Agenda, 2-3, 12, 92, 101, 223.
276. Lee, Eisenhower and Landrum-Griffin, 136.
277. CQA 1959, 167, 382.
278. Reichard, Reaffirmation of Republicanism, 103-7.
279. Nigel Hamilton, Bill Clinton: Mastering the Presidency (New York: Public Affairs, 2007), 228-29;
280. Steven M. Gillon, The Pact: Bill Clinton, Newt Gingrich, and the Rivalry That Defined a Generation (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. xiii, 116.
281. Catherine Fisk and Erwin Chemerinsky, "The Filibuster," Stanford Law Review 49:2 ( January 1997), 181-254, at 199.
282. Keith Krehbiel, Pivotal Politics: A Theory of U.S. Lawmaking (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998).
283. Binder and Smith, Politics or Principle?, 15-17;
284. Wawro and Schickler, Filibuster, 264, 280.
285. Krehbiel, Pivotal Politics, 74n28.
286. Morris P. Fiorina with Samuel J. Abrams, Disconnect: The Breakdown of Representation in American Politics (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2009).
287. Robert A. Caro, Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002), xxiii.
288. Tom Geoghegan, "The Infernal Senate," New Republic, November 21, 1994, 17-23, quotations at 17, 22.
289. Michael Lind, "Prescriptions for a New National Democracy," Political Science Quarterly 110:4 (Winter 1995-96), 563-86, quotation at 573-74.
290. Hendrik Hertzberg, "Framed Up: What the Constitution Gets Wrong," New Yorker, July 29, 2002, 85-90, quotation at 88.
291. Paul Krugman, "A Dangerous Dysfunction," New York Times, December 31, 2009, A29.
292. Alec MacGillis, "The Gang on the Hill: In the Senate, Small States Wield Outsize Power: Is This What the Founders Had in Mind?" Washington Post National Weekly Edition, August 17-23, 2009, 26.
293. E. J. Dionne, "The Democrats' Bush Nostalgia," RealClearPolitics, December 17, 2009, online.
294. Harold Meyerson, "The Do-Nothing Senate," Washington Post National Weekly Edition, November 16-22, 2009.
295. Jonathan Chait, "Why the Democrats Can't Govern," New Republic, March 30, 2009, online.
296. Michael Tomasky, "Don't Blame Obama. The US Political System Is Broken," Guardian, December 14, 2009, online.
297. Richard F. Fenno, Jr., The Power of the Purse: Appropriations Politics in Congress (Boston: Little, Brown, 1966), chs. 11, 12.
298. Abigail M. Thernstrom, Whose Votes Count? Affirmative Action and Minority Voting Rights (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987), chs. 2-6.
299. Gary Orfield, Congressional Power: Congress and Social Change (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975), 96-103, quotation at 101.
300. Michael Barone, Richard E. Cohen, The Almanac of American Politics 2008 (Washington, D.C.: National Journal Group, 2007).
301. Kenneth Finegold and Theda Skocpol, "State, Party, and Industry: From Business Recovery to the Wagner Act in America's New Deal," in Charles Bright and Susan Harding (eds.), Statemaking and Social Movements: Essays in History and Theory (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1984);
302. Theda Skocpol, "Political Response to Capitalist Crisis: Neo-Marxist Theories of the State and the Case of the New Deal," Politics and Society 10:2 (1980), 155-201;
303. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Coming of the New Deal (Cambridge, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1959), 400-6.
304. Eric Schickler, "Public Opinion, the Congressional Policy Agenda, and the Limits of New Deal Liberalism, 1935-1945," paper presented at the Congress and History Conference, University of Virginia, May 13, 2009, 20.
305. James MacGregor Burns, Congress on Trial: The Legislative Process and the Administrative State (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1949), 68-82.
306. Robert K. Fleck, "Democratic Opposition to the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938," Journal of Economic History 62:1 (March 2002), 25-54.
307. Kenneth S. Davis, FDR: The New Deal Years, 1933-1937: A History (New York: Random House, 1986), 537-41;
308. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Politics of Upheaval (Cambridge, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), ch. 16.
309. Naftali Bendavid, "House Democrats Gripe about Senate," New York Times, January 29, 2010, A4.
310. See Krehbiel, Information and Legislative Organization, 16.
311. Kris W. Kobach, "Rethinking Article V: Term Limits and the Seventeenth and Nineteenth Amendments," Yale Law Journal 103 (1994), 1971-2007.
312. Ward E. Y. Elliott, The Rise of Guardian Democracy: The Supreme Court's Role in Voting Rights Disputes, 1845-1969 (Cambridge.: Harvard University Press, 1974), ch. 4.
313. Ansolabehere and Snyder, The End of Inequality, part 2.
314. Robert G. Dixon, Jr., Democratic Representation: Reapportionment in Law and Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968);
315. Robert B. McKay, Reapportionment: The Law and Politics of Equal Representation (New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1965).
316. Martin B. Gold and Dimple Gupta, "The Constitutional Option to Change Senate Rules and Procedures: A Majoritarian Means to Overcome the Filibuster," Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 28:1 (2004), 205-72, at 230-49;
317. Robert Mann, When Freedom Would Triumph: The Civil Rights Struggle in Congress, 1954-1968 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2007), 35-36, 68-69, 137-38;
318. John B. Gilmour, "The Contest for Senate Cloture Reform, 1949-1975," paper presented to the annual conference of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, August 31-September 3, 1995;
319. CQA 1953, 313-14;
320. CQA 1957, 655-56;
321. CQA 1959, 212-14;
322. CQA 1961, 408-9;
323. CQA 1963, 373-76.
324. CQA 1965, 590.
325. Milton C. Cummings, Jr., and Robert L. Peabody, "The Decision to Enlarge the Committee on Rules: An Analysis of the 1961 Vote," ch. 11 in Robert L. Peabody and Nelson W. Polsby (eds.), New Perspectives on the House of Representatives, 2d ed. (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1969);
326. Julian E. Zelizer, On Capitol Hill: The Struggle to Reform Congress and Its Consequences, 1948-2000 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 56-60, 63-69, 85-91, 125-51;
327. Nelson W. Polsby, How Congress Evolves: Social Bases of Institutional Change (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), chs. 1, 2;
328. David W. Rohde, Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 17-28.
329. Eric Schickler, Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), ch. 5;
330. Eric Schickler, Eric Mc-Ghee, and John Sides, "Remaking the House and Senate: Personal Power, Ideology, and the 1970s Reforms," Legislative Studies Quarterly 28:3 (2003), 297-333.
331. Austin Ranney, Curing the Mischiefs of Faction: Party Reform in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975), ch. 4;
332. Nelson W. Polsby, Consequences of Party Reform (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), part 1.
333. Byron E. Shafer, Quiet Revolution: The Struggle for the Democratic Party and the Shaping of Post-Reform Politics (New York: Russell Sage, 1983).
334. David E. Kyvig, Explicit and Authentic Acts: Amending the U.S. Constitution, 1776-1995 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996), 325-34;
335. Paul G. Willis and George L. Willis, "The Politics of the Twenty-Second Amendment," Western Political Quarterly 5:3 (September 1952), 469-82;
336. Alan P. Grimes, Democracy and the Amendments to the Constitution (Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1978), 113-24;
337. Michael H. Klein, "The Twenty-Second Amendment: Term Limitation in the Executive Branch," Americans to Limit Congressional Terms, Washington, D.C., September 25, 1989.
338. David R. Mayhew, "Incumbency Advantage in U.S. Presidential Elections: The Historical Record," Political Science Quarterly 123:2 (Summer 2008), 201-28, at 212.
339. James E. Brazier, "An Anti-New Dealer Legacy: The Administrative Procedure Act," Journal of Policy History 8:2 (1996), 206-26;
340. David H. Rosenbloom, "'Whose Bureaucracy Is This, Anyway,' Congress's 1946 Answer," PS: Political Science and Politics 34:4 (December 2001), 773-77.
341. Gordon S. Jones and John A. Marini, "General Introduction," in Jones and Marini (eds.), The Imperial Congress: Crisis in the Separation of Powers (New York: Pharos Books, 1988), 1.
342. Newt Gingrich, "Foreword," in Jones and Mariini (eds.), The Imperial Congress, x.
343. Jones and Marini, "General Introduction," 8.
344. Eric Felten, The Ruling Class: Inside the Imperial Congress (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1993), 211.
345. Jones and Marini, "General Introduction," 7.
346. James L. Payne, "Limiting Government by Limiting Congressional Terms," The Public Interest 103 (1991), 106-17;
347. George F. Will, Restoration: Congress, Term Limits and the Recovery of Deliberative Democracy (New York: Free Press, 1992), 59-61, 185.
348. Morris P. Fiorina, Congress: Keystone of the Washington Establishment (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977).
349. William F. Connelly, Jr., and John J. Pitney, Jr., Congress' Permanent Minority: Republicans in the U.S. House (Lanham, Md.: Littlefield Adams, 1994), ch. 4;
350. Dan Balz and Ronald Brownstein, Storming the Gates: Protest Politics and the Republican Revival (Boston: Little, Brown, 1996), 118-26;
351. Schickler, Disjointed Pluralism, 242-46.
352. Stephen Ansolabehere, David Brady, and Morris Fiorina, "The Vanishing Marginals and Electoral Responsiveness," British Journal of Political Science 22:1 (1992), 21-38, at 33.
353. Stuart Rothenberg, "Transplanting Term Limits: Political Mobilization and Grass-Roots Politics," ch. 5 in Gerald Benjamin and Michael J. Malbin (eds.), Limiting Legislative Terms (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1992);
354. Erik H. Corwin, "Limits on Legislative Terms: Legal and Policy Implications," Harvard Journal on Legislation 28 (Summer 1991), 569-608, at 569-77;
355. John David Rausch, Jr., "Understanding the Term Limits Movement," ch. 15 in Rick Farmer, John David Rausch, Jr., and John C. Green (eds.), The Test of Time: Coping with Legislative Term Limits (Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2003);
356. Jennie Drage Bowser and Gary Moncrief, "Term Limits in State Legislatures," ch. 1 in Karl T. Kurtz, Bruce Cain, and Richard G. Niemi (eds.), Institutional Change in American Politics: The Case of Term Limits (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007), 10-11.
357. Charles M. Price, "The Guillotine Comes to California: Term-Limit Politics in the Golden State," ch. 6 in Benjamin and Malbin (eds.), Limiting Legislative Terms.
358. Keith Boeckelman and Gina Corell, "An Analysis of Term Limitation Elections," ch. 11 in Grofman (ed.), Legislative Term Limits, 187, 192-93.
359. Robert S. Erikson, Michael B. MacKuen, and James A. Stimson, The Macro Polity (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
360. Schickler, Disjointed Pluralism, 189, 193, 240-42, 254.
361. Alexis Simendinger, James A. Barnes, and Carl M. Cannon, "Pondering a Popular Vote," National Journal, November 18, 2000, 3650-56;
362. Alan B. Morrison, "A Better Way?" National Journal, January 4, 2003, 24-31;
363. Edwards, Why the Electoral College Is Bad for America, 152-58;
364. Koza et al., Every Vote Equal.
365. Catherine Fisk and Erwin Chemerinsky, "The Filibuster," Stanford Law Review 49:2 ( January 1997), 181-254, at 184.
366. David R. Mayhew, "Supermajority Rule in the Senate," PS: Political Science and Politics 36 (2003), 31-36.
367. Gregory J. Wawro and Eric Schickler, Filibuster: Obstruction and Lawmaking in the U.S. Senate (Princeton: Princeton University Pres, 2006), 51, 63.
368. Gold and Gupta, "The Constitutional Option to Change Senate Rules and Procedures."
369. Gold and Gupta, "The Constitutional Option," 260.
370. Wawro and Schickler, Filibuster, 263.
371. Koger, "The Majoritarian Senate," 1.
372. Kevin O'Leary, "The Legacy of Proposition 13," Time, June 27, 2009, online;
373. Kevin O'Leary, "How California's Fiscal Woes Began: A Crisis 30 Years in the Making," Time, July 1, 2009, online.
374. Wawro and Schickler, Filibuster, 273-74, 282.
375. Jay Cost, "Why the Filibuster Is More Essential than Ever," RealClearPolitics, December 28, 2009, online.
376. Edmund L. Andrews and Robert Pear, "With New Rules, Congress Boasts of Pet Projects," New York Times, August 5, 2007, A1.
377. Steven D. Levitt and James M. Snyder, Jr., "Political Parties and the Distribution of Federal Outlays," American Journal of Political Science 39:4 (November 1995), 958-80;
378. Christopher R. Berry, Barry C. Burden, and William G. Howell, "Proposal Power, the President, and the Geography of Federal Spending," paper presented at the annual conference of the American Political Science Association, Boston, 2008.
379. Diana Evans, Greasing the Wheels: Using Pork Barrel Projects to Build Majority Coalitions in Congress (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 103.
380. Jeff Jacoby, "The Republican Pork Barrel," Boston Globe, August 4, 2005, A17.
381. Eloise Salholz with Ann McDaniel and Rich Thomas, "The Hogs on the Hill," Newsweek, April 13, 1992, 22-23;
382. Ken Silverstein, "The Great American Pork Barrel: Washington Streamlines the Means of Corruption," Harper's, July 2005.
383. Edward T. Pound and Douglas Pasternak, "The Pork Barrel Barons," U.S. News and World Report, February 21, 1994, 32-43.
384. Brian Kelly, "A Tale of Piggery: Steamtown USA is a case study in the worst kind of pork-barrel politics," Newsweek, April 13, 1992, 24-25;
385. James M. Perry, "GOP Congressman Shows How to Keep Power, Even While under Indictment for Corruption," Wall Street Journal, June 14, 1994, A16.
386. John R. Wilke, "Murtha, Inc.: How Lawmaker Rebuilt Hometown on Earmarks," Wall Street Journal, October 30, 2007, A1.
387. Carol D. Leonnig, "Murtha's Earmarks Keep Airport Aloft," Washington Post, April 19, 2009, online.
388. B. Drummond Ayes, Jr., "Senator Who Brings Home the Bacon," New York Times, September 6, 1991, A16;
389. Francis X. Clines, "How Do West Virginians Spell Pork? It's B-Y-RD," New York Times, May 4, 2002, A1.
390. Shailagh Murray, "For a Senate Foe of Pork Barrel Spending, Two Bridges Too Far," Washington Post, October 21, 2005, A8.
391. R. Douglas Arnold, "The Local Roots of Domestic Policy," ch. 8 in Thomas E. Mann and Norman J. Ornstein (eds.), The New Congress (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1981), at 281-84;
392. Robert M. Stein and Kenneth N. Bickers, Perpetuating the Pork Barrel: Policy Subsystems and American Democracy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 139-40.
393. Mayhew, Congress: The Electoral Connection, 2d ed., (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), 52-59.
394. Sanford Levinson, Our Undemocratic Constitution: Where the Constitution Goes Wrong and How We the People Can Correct It (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 49-62;
395. Robert A. Dahl, How Democratic Is the American Constitution? (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002), 162-64;
396. Lynn A. Baker, "The Senate: An Institution Whose Time Has Gone?" Journal of Law and Politics 13:1 (Winter 1997), 21-102, at 30-42.
397. Cary M. Atlas, et al., "Slicing the Federal Government Net Spending Pie: Who Wins, Who Loses, and Why," American Economic Review 85:3 (June 1995), 624-29.
398. Frances E. Lee and Bruce I. Oppenheimer, Sizing Up the Senate: The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 158-59, 173-77.
399. William R. Hauk, Jr., and Romain Wacziarg, "Small States, Big Pork," Quarterly Journal of Political Science 2 (2007), 95-106;
400. Benjamin E. Lauderdale, "Pass the Pork: Measuring Legislator Shares in Congress," Political Analysis 16 (2008), 235-49, at 242.
401. Atlas et al., "Slicing," 625-26.
402. James L. Sundquist, "The Crisis of Competence in Our National Government," Political Science Quarterly 95 (1980), 183-208.
403. Walter Dean Burnham, Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 1970).
404. Thomas E. Mann and Norman J. Ornstein, The Broken Branch: How Congress Is Failing America and How to Get It Back on Track (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
405. Hugh Heclo, "What Ever Happened to the Separation of Powers?" 153-64 in Bradford P. Wilson and Peter W. Schramm (eds.), Separation of Powers and Good Government (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, (1994).
406. Daniel Lazare, The Frozen Republic: How the Constitution Is Paralyzing Democracy (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1996), 297-98.