Peri-operative anaesthetic myocardial preconditioning and protection - Cellular mechanisms and clinical relevance in cardiac anaesthesia

Anaesthesia

Volumn 70, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 467-482

  Kunst, G ^a   Klein, A A ^b  

^a KING'S COLLEGE HOSPITAL NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^b PAPWORTH HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANESTHETIC AGENT; DESFLURANE; INHALATION ANESTHETIC AGENT; ISOFLURANE; PROPOFOL; SEVOFLURANE;

ANESTHESIA; CARDIAC ANESTHESIA; CORONARY ARTERY SURGERY; DIABETES MELLITUS; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART PROTECTION; HEART SURGERY; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; ISCHEMIC PRECONDITIONING; MYOCARDIAL PRECONDITIONING; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REPERFUSION INJURY; REVIEW; ANIMAL; CARDIAC MUSCLE CELL; DRUG EFFECTS; HEART INFARCTION PREVENTION; MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY; PROCEDURES;

ANESTHETICS, INHALATION; ANIMALS; CARDIAC SURGICAL PROCEDURES; HUMANS; ISCHEMIC PRECONDITIONING, MYOCARDIAL; MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY; MYOCYTES, CARDIAC; PERIOPERATIVE CARE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC;

EID: 84924502650     PISSN: 00032409     EISSN: 13652044     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/anae.12975     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Biancari F, Kangasniemi OP, Aliasim Mahar M, et al. Changing risk of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery 2009; 8: 40-4.
2. Hedberg M, Engstrom KG,. Stroke after cardiac surgery-hemispheric distribution and survival. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal 2013; 47: 136-44.
3. Saczynski JS, Marcantonio ER, Quach L, et al. Cognitive trajectories after postoperative delirium. New England Journal of Medicine 2012; 367: 30-9.
4. Suleiman MS, Hancock M, Shukla R, Rajakaruna C, Angelini GD,. Cardioplegic strategies to protect the hypertrophic heart during cardiac surgery. Perfusion 2011; 26 (Suppl 1): 48-56.
5. Murry CE, Jennings RB, Reimer KA,. Preconditioning with ischemia: a delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium. Circulation 1986; 74: 1124-36.
6. Yellon DM, Hausenloy DJ,. Myocardial reperfusion injury. New England Journal of Medicine 2007; 357: 1121-35.
7. Kuzuya T, Hoshida S, Yamashita N, et al. Delayed effects of sublethal ischemia on the acquisition of tolerance to ischemia. Circulation Research 1993; 72: 1293-9.
8. Pagel PS,. Postconditioning by volatile anesthetics: salvaging ischemic myocardium at reperfusion by activation of prosurvival signaling. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2008; 22: 753-65.
9. Jivraj N, Liew F, Marber M,. Ischaemic postconditioning: cardiac protection after the event. Anaesthesia 2015; 70: doi: 10.1111/anae.12974.
10. Sivaraman V, Pickard MJ, Hausenloy DJ,. Remote ischaemic conditioning: cardiac protection from afar. Anaesthesia 2015; 70: doi: 10.1111/anae.12973.
11. Bland JH, Lowenstein E,. Halothane-induced decrease in experimental myocardial ischemia in the non-failing canine heart. Anesthesiology 1976; 45: 287-93.
12. Davis RF, DeBoer LW, Rude RE, Lowenstein E, Maroko PR,. The effect of halothane anesthesia on myocardial necrosis, hemodynamic performance, and regional myocardial blood flow in dogs following coronary artery occlusion. Anesthesiology 1983; 59: 402-11.
13. van Ackern K, Vetter HO, Bruckner UB, Madler C, Mittman U, Peter K,. Effects of enflurane on myocardial ischaemia in the dog. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1985; 57: 497-504.
14. Davis RF, Sidi A,. Effect of isoflurane on the extent of myocardial necrosis and on systemic hemodynamics, regional myocardial blood flow, and regional myocardial metabolism in dogs after coronary artery occlusion. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1989; 69: 575-86.
15. Buffington CW, Romson JL, Levine A, Duttlinger NC, Huang AH,. Isoflurane induces coronary steal in a canine model of chronic coronary occlusion. Anesthesiology 1987; 66: 280-92.
16. Moore PG, Kien ND, Reitan JA, White DA, Safwat AM,. No evidence for blood flow redistribution with isoflurane or halothane during acute coronary artery occlusion in fentanyl-anesthetized dogs. Anesthesiology 1991; 75: 854-65.
17. Cason BA, Gamperl AK, Slocum RE, Hickey RF,. Anesthetic-induced preconditioning: previous administration of isoflurane decreases myocardial infarct size in rabbits. Anesthesiology 1997; 87: 1182-90.
18. Cope DK, Impastato WK, Cohen MV, Downey JM,. Volatile anesthetics protect the ischemic rabbit myocardium from infarction. Anesthesiology 1997; 86: 699-709.
19. Kersten JR, Schmeling TJ, Pagel PS, Gross GJ, Warltier DC,. Isoflurane mimics ischemic preconditioning via activation of KATP channels: reduction of myocardial infarct size with an acute memory phase. Anesthesiology 1997; 87: 361-70.
20. Hausenloy DJ, Yellon DM,. New directions for protecting the heart against ischaemia-reperfusion injury: targeting the Reperfusion Injury Salvage Kinase (RISK)-pathway. Cardiovascular Research 2004; 61: 448-60.
21. Lecour S,. Activation of the protective Survivor Activating Factor Enhancement (SAFE) pathway against reperfusion injury: does it go beyond the RISK pathway? Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 2009; 47: 32-40.
22. Hausenloy DJ, Ong SB, Yellon DM,. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore as a target for preconditioning and postconditioning. Basic Research in Cardiology 2009; 104: 189-202.
23. Gross GJ, Peart JN,. KATP channels and myocardial preconditioning: an update. American Journal of Physiology 2003; 285: H921-30.
24. Kubli DA, Gustafsson AB,. Mitochondria and mitophagy: the yin and yang of cell death control. Circulation Research 2012; 111: 1208-21.
25. Xie M, Kong Y, Tan W, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibition blunts ischemia/reperfusion injury by inducing cardiomyocyte autophagy. Circulation 2014; 129: 1139-51.
26. Bouwman RA, Musters RJ, van Beek-Harmsen BJ, de Lange JJ, Boer C,. Reactive oxygen species precede protein kinase C-delta activation independent of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive mitochondrial channel opening in sevoflurane-induced cardioprotection. Anesthesiology 2004; 100: 506-14.
27. Ludwig LM, Weihrauch D, Kersten JR, Pagel PS, Warltier DC,. Protein kinase C translocation and Src protein tyrosine kinase activation mediate isoflurane-induced preconditioning in vivo: potential downstream targets of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels and reactive oxygen species. Anesthesiology 2004; 100: 532-9.
28. Toma O, Weber NC, Wolter JI, Obal D, Preckel B, Schlack W,. Desflurane preconditioning induces time-dependent activation of protein kinase C epsilon and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 in the rat heart in vivo. Anesthesiology 2004; 101: 1372-80.
29. + exchanger. Circulation 2006; 114: I226-32.
30. Pravdic D, Sedlic F, Mio Y, Vladic N, Bienengraeber M, Bosnjak ZJ,. Anesthetic-induced preconditioning delays opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore via protein Kinase C-epsilon-mediated pathway. Anesthesiology 2009; 111: 267-74.
31. Okusa C, Miyamae M, Sugioka S, et al. Acute memory phase of sevoflurane preconditioning is associated with sustained translocation of protein kinase C-alpha and epsilon, but not delta, in isolated guinea pig hearts. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009; 26: 582-8.
32. Mellidis K, Ordodi V, Galatou E, et al. Activation of prosurvival signaling pathways during the memory phase of volatile anesthetic preconditioning in human myocardium: a pilot study. Molecular Cellular Biochemistry 2014; 388: 195-201.
33. Wang C, Weihrauch D, Schwabe DA, et al. Extracellular signal-regulated kinases trigger isoflurane preconditioning concomitant with upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in rats. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2006; 103: 281-8.
34. Raphael J, Abedat S, Rivo J, et al. Volatile anesthetic preconditioning attenuates myocardial apoptosis in rabbits after regional ischemia and reperfusion via Akt signaling and modulation of Bcl-2 family proteins. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2006; 318: 186-94.
35. Lamberts RR, Onderwater G, Hamdani N, et al. Reactive oxygen species-induced stimulation of 5'AMP-activated protein kinase mediates sevoflurane-induced cardioprotection. Circulation 2009; 120: S10-5.
36. Alcindor D, Krolikowski JG, Pagel PS, Warltier DC, Kersten JR,. Cyclooxygenase-2 mediates ischemic, anesthetic, and pharmacologic preconditioning in vivo. Anesthesiology 2004; 100: 547-54.
37. Horikawa YT, Patel HH, Tsutsumi YM, et al. Caveolin-3 expression and caveolae are required for isoflurane-induced cardiac protection from hypoxia and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 2008; 44: 123-30.
38. Zhao J, Wang F, Zhang Y, et al. Sevoflurane preconditioning attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via caveolin-3-dependent cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition. Circulation 2013; 128: S121-9.
39. Tsai SK, Lin SM, Huang CH, Hung WC, Chih CL, Huang SS,. Effect of desflurane-induced preconditioning following ischemia-reperfusion on nitric oxide release in rabbits. Life Sciences 2004; 76: 651-60.
40. Smul TM, Lange M, Redel A, Burkhard N, Roewer N, Kehl F,. Desflurane-induced preconditioning against myocardial infarction is mediated by nitric oxide. Anesthesiology 2006; 105: 719-25.
41. Ludwig LM, Tanaka K, Eells JT, et al. Preconditioning by isoflurane is mediated by reactive oxygen species generated from mitochondrial electron transport chain complex III. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2004; 99: 1308-15.
42. Riess ML, Eells JT, Kevin LG, Camara AK, Henry MM, Stowe DF,. Attenuation of mitochondrial respiration by sevoflurane in isolated cardiac mitochondria is mediated in part by reactive oxygen species. Anesthesiology 2004; 100: 498-505.
43. Bouwman RA, Musters RJ, van Beek-Harmsen BJ, et al. Sevoflurane-induced cardioprotection depends on PKC-alpha activation via production of reactive oxygen species. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007; 99: 639-45.
44. Hanouz JL, Zhu L, Lemoine S, et al. Reactive oxygen species mediate sevoflurane- and desflurane-induced preconditioning in isolated human right atria in vitro. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2007; 105: 1534-9.
45. Sedlic F, Pravdic D, Ljubkovic M, Marinovic J, Stadnicka A, Bosnjak ZJ,. Differences in production of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial uncoupling as events in the preconditioning signaling cascade between desflurane and sevoflurane. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009; 109: 405-11.
46. Sepac A, Sedlic F, Si-Tayeb K, et al. Isoflurane preconditioning elicits competent endogenous mechanisms of protection from oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells. Anesthesiology 2010; 113: 906-16.
47. Hirata N, Shim YH, Pravdic D, et al. Isoflurane differentially modulates mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production via forward versus reverse electron transport flow: implications for preconditioning. Anesthesiology 2011; 115: 531-40.
48. Piriou V, Chiari P, Gateau-Roesch O, et al. Desflurane-induced preconditioning alters calcium-induced mitochondrial permeability transition. Anesthesiology 2004; 100: 581-8.
49. Krolikowski JG, Bienengraeber M, Weihrauch D, Warltier DC, Kersten JR, Pagel PS,. Inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition enhances isoflurane-induced cardioprotection during early reperfusion: the role of mitochondrial KATP channels. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2005; 101: 1590-6.
50. Hirose K, Tsutsumi YM, Tsutsumi R, et al. Role of the O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine in the cardioprotection induced by isoflurane. Anesthesiology 2011; 115: 955-62.
51. Jiang MT, Nakae Y, Ljubkovic M, Kwok WM, Stowe DF, Bosnjak ZJ,. Isoflurane activates human cardiac mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K+ channels reconstituted in lipid bilayers. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2007; 105: 926-32, table of contents.
52. Redel A, Lange M, Jazbutyte V, et al. Activation of mitochondrial large-conductance calcium-activated K+ channels via protein kinase A mediates desflurane-induced preconditioning. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2008; 106: 384-91.
53. Zhong C, Zhou Y, Liu H,. Nuclear factor kappaB and anesthetic preconditioning during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. Anesthesiology 2004; 100: 540-6.
54. Lu X, Liu H, Wang L, Schaefer S,. Activation of NF-kappaB is a critical element in the antiapoptotic effect of anesthetic preconditioning. American Journal of Physiology 2009; 296: H1296-304.
55. Konia MR, Schaefer S, Liu H,. Nuclear factor-[kappa]B inhibition provides additional protection against ischaemia/reperfusion injury in delayed sevoflurane preconditioning. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009; 26: 496-503.
56. Wang C, Xie H, Liu X, et al. Role of nuclear factor-kappaB in volatile anaesthetic preconditioning with sevoflurane during myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2010; 27: 747-56.
57. Raphael J, Zuo Z, Abedat S, Beeri R, Gozal Y,. Isoflurane preconditioning decreases myocardial infarction in rabbits via up-regulation of hypoxia inducible factor 1 that is mediated by mammalian target of rapamycin. Anesthesiology 2008; 108: 415-25.
58. Li Y, Zhang X, Zhu B, Xue Z,. Desflurane preconditioning inhibits endothelial nuclear factor-kappa-B activation by targeting the proximal end of tumor necrosis factor-alpha signaling. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2008; 106: 1473-9.
59. Biao Z, Zhanggang X, Hao J, Changhong M, Jing C,. The in vitro effect of desflurane preconditioning on endothelial adhesion molecules and mRNA expression. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2005; 100: 1007-13.
60. Weber NC, Kandler J, Schlack W, Grueber Y, Frassdorf J, Preckel B,. Intermitted pharmacologic pretreatment by xenon, isoflurane, nitrous oxide, and the opioid morphine prevents tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced adhesion molecule expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Anesthesiology 2008; 108: 199-207.
61. Lucchinetti E, Ambrosio S, Aguirre J, et al. Sevoflurane inhalation at sedative concentrations provides endothelial protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury in humans. Anesthesiology 2007; 106: 262-8.
62. Annecke T, Chappell D, Chen C, et al. Sevoflurane preserves the endothelial glycocalyx against ischaemia-reperfusion injury. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2010; 104: 414-21.
63. Feng J, Zuo Z,. Isoflurane preconditioning increases endothelial cell tolerance to in-vitro simulated ischaemia. Journal of Pharmakokietics and Pharmacology 2011; 63: 106-10.
64. Redel A, Stumpner J, Smul TM, et al. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase mediates the first and inducible nitric oxide synthase mediates the second window of desflurane-induced preconditioning. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2013; 27: 494-501.
65. Frassdorf J, De Hert S, Schlack W,. Anaesthesia and myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009; 103: 89-98.
66. Pagel PS, Hudetz JA,. Delayed cardioprotection by inhaled anesthetics. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2011; 25: 1125-40.
67. Van Allen NR, Krafft PR, Leitzke AS, Applegate RL 2nd, Tang J, Zhang JH,. The role of volatile anesthetics in cardioprotection: a systematic review. Medical Gas Research 2012; 2: 22.
68. Pagel PS,. Myocardial protection by volatile anesthetics in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a critical review of the laboratory and clinical evidence. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2013; 27: 972-82.
69. Lang XE, Wang X, Jin JH,. Mechanisms of cardioprotection by isoflurane against I/R injury. Frontiers in Biosciences 2013; 18: 387-93.
70. Swyers T, Redford D, Larson DF,. Volatile anesthetic-induced preconditioning. Perfusion 2014; 29: 10-5.
71. Redel A, Stumpner J, Tischer-Zeitz T, et al. Comparison of isoflurane-, sevoflurane-, and desflurane-induced pre- and postconditioning against myocardial infarction in mice in vivo. Experimental Biology and Medicine 2009; 234: 1186-91.
72. Riess ML, Kevin LG, Camara AK, Heisner JS, Stowe DF,. Dual exposure to sevoflurane improves anesthetic preconditioning in intact hearts. Anesthesiology 2004; 100: 569-74.
73. Smul TM, Stumpner J, Blomeyer C, et al. Propofol inhibits desflurane-induced preconditioning in rabbits. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2011; 25: 276-81.
74. Sun HY, Xue FS, Xu YC, et al. Propofol improves cardiac functional recovery after ischemia-reperfusion by upregulating nitric oxide synthase activity in the isolated rat hearts. Chinese Medical Journal 2009; 122: 3048-54.
75. Li T, Wu W, You Z, et al. Alternative use of isoflurane and propofol confers superior cardioprotection than using one of them alone in a dog model of cardiopulmonary bypass. European Journal of Pharmacology 2012; 677: 138-46.
76. Weihrauch D, Krolikowski JG, Bienengraeber M, Kersten JR, Warltier DC, Pagel PS,. Morphine enhances isoflurane-induced postconditioning against myocardial infarction: the role of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and opioid receptors in rabbits. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2005; 101: 942-9.
77. Lemoine S, Zhu L, Massetti M, Gerard JL, Hanouz JL,. Continuous administration of remifentanil and sufentanil induces cardioprotection in human myocardium, in vitro. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2011; 55: 758-64.
78. Masui K, Kashimoto S, Furuya A, Oguchi T,. Isoflurane and sevoflurane during reperfusion prevent recovery from ischaemia in mitochondrial KATP channel blocker pretreated hearts. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006; 23: 123-9.
79. Lange M, Smul TM, Redel A, et al. Differential role of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in desflurane-induced preconditioning and cardioprotection by metoprolol: metoprolol blocks desflurane-induced preconditioning. Anesthesiology 2008; 109: 72-80.
80. Canfield SG, Sepac A, Sedlic F, Muravyeva MY, Bai X, Bosnjak ZJ,. Marked hyperglycemia attenuates anesthetic preconditioning in human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Anesthesiology 2012; 117: 735-44.
81. Song T, Lv LY, Xu J, et al. Diet-induced obesity suppresses sevoflurane preconditioning against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: role of AMP-activated protein kinase pathway. Experimental Biological Medicine 2011; 236: 1427-36.
82. Ma LL, Zhang FJ, Qian LB, et al. Hypercholesterolemia blocked sevoflurane-induced cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury by alteration of the MG53/RISK/GSK3beta signaling. International Journal of Cardiology 2013; 168: 3671-8.
83. Ma LL, Zhang FJ, Kong FJ, et al. Hypertrophied myocardium is refractory to sevoflurane-induced protection with alteration of reperfusion injury salvage kinase/glycogen synthase kinase 3beta signals. Shock 2013; 40: 217-21.
84. Riess ML, Camara AK, Rhodes SS, McCormick J, Jiang MT, Stowe DF,. Increasing heart size and age attenuate anesthetic preconditioning in guinea pig isolated hearts. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2005; 101: 1572-6.
85. Mio Y, Bienengraeber MW, Marinovic J, et al. Age-related attenuation of isoflurane preconditioning in human atrial cardiomyocytes: roles for mitochondrial respiration and sarcolemmal adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel activity. Anesthesiology 2008; 108: 612-20.
86. Diaz RJ, Wilson GJ,. Studying ischemic preconditioning in isolated cardiomyocyte models. Cardiovascular Research 2006; 70: 286-96.
87. Taegtmeyer H, Sen S, Vela D,. Return to the fetal gene program: a suggested metabolic link to gene expression in the heart. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2010; 1188: 191-8.
88. Peters J,. Remote ischaemic preconditioning of the heart: remote questions, remote importance, or remote preconditions? Basic Research in Cardiology 2011; 106: 507-9.
89. Croal BL, Hillis GS, Gibson PH, et al. Relationship between postoperative cardiac troponin I levels and outcome of cardiac surgery. Circulation 2006; 114: 1468-75.
90. Pegg TJ, Maunsell Z, Karamitsos TD, et al. Utility of cardiac biomarkers for the diagnosis of type V myocardial infarction after coronary artery bypass grafting: insights from serial cardiac MRI. Heart 2011; 97: 810-6.
91. De Hert SG, Van der Linden PJ, Cromheecke S, et al. Cardioprotective properties of sevoflurane in patients undergoing coronary surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass are related to the modalities of its administration. Anesthesiology 2004; 101: 299-310.
92. Lee MC, Chen CH, Kuo MC, Kang PL, Lo A, Liu K,. Isoflurane preconditioning-induced cardio-protection in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006; 23: 841-7.
93. Cromheecke S, Pepermans V, Hendrickx E, et al. Cardioprotective properties of sevoflurane in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement with cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2006; 103: 289-96, table of contents.
94. Guarracino F, Landoni G, Tritapepe L, et al. Myocardial damage prevented by volatile anesthetics: a multicenter randomized controlled study. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2006; 20: 477-83.
95. Kawamura T, Kadosaki M, Nara N, et al. Effects of sevoflurane on cytokine balance in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2006; 20: 503-8.
96. Meco M, Cirri S, Gallazzi C, Magnani G, Cosseta D,. Desflurane preconditioning in coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a double-blinded, randomised and placebo-controlled study. European Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery 2007; 32: 319-25.
97. Tritapepe L, Landoni G, Guarracino F, et al. Cardiac protection by volatile anaesthetics: a multicentre randomized controlled study in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2007; 24: 323-31.
98. Bein B, Renner J, Caliebe D, et al. The effects of interrupted or continuous administration of sevoflurane on preconditioning before cardio-pulmonary bypass in coronary artery surgery: comparison with continuous propofol. Anaesthesia 2008; 63: 1046-55.
99. Frassdorf J, Borowski A, Ebel D, et al. Impact of preconditioning protocol on anesthetic-induced cardioprotection in patients having coronary artery bypass surgery. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2009; 137: 1436-42, 42.e1-2.
100. Amr YM, Yassin IM,. Cardiac protection during on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: ischemic versus isoflurane preconditioning. Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2010; 14: 205-11.
101. Tempe DK, Dutta D, Garg M, Minhas H, Tomar A, Virmani S,. Myocardial protection with isoflurane during off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: a randomized trial. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2011; 25: 59-65.
102. Huang Z, Zhong X, Irwin MG, et al. Synergy of isoflurane preconditioning and propofol postconditioning reduces myocardial reperfusion injury in patients. Clinical Science 2011; 121: 57-69.
103. Wang J, Zheng H, Chen CL, Lu W, Zhang YQ,. Sevoflurane at 1 MAC provides optimal myocardial protection during off-pump CABG. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal 2013; 47: 175-84.
104. Wang X, Jarvinen O, Kuukasjarvi P, et al. Isoflurane produces only minor preconditioning in coronary artery bypass grafting. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal 2004; 38: 287-92.
105. Bein B, Renner J, Caliebe D, et al. Sevoflurane but not propofol preserves myocardial function during minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2005; 100: 610-6.
106. Xia Z, Huang Z, Ansley DM,. Large-dose propofol during cardiopulmonary bypass decreases biochemical markers of myocardial injury in coronary surgery patients: a comparison with isoflurane. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2006; 103: 527-32.
107. Law-Koune JD, Raynaud C, Liu N, Dubois C, Romano M, Fischler M,. Sevoflurane-remifentanil versus propofol-remifentanil anesthesia at a similar bispectral level for off-pump coronary artery surgery: no evidence of reduced myocardial ischemia. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2006; 20: 484-92.
108. Lucchinetti E, Hofer C, Bestmann L, et al. Gene regulatory control of myocardial energy metabolism predicts postoperative cardiac function in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: inhalational versus intravenous anesthetics. Anesthesiology 2007; 106: 444-57.
109. Piriou V, Mantz J, Goldfarb G, et al. Sevoflurane preconditioning at 1 MAC only provides limited protection in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomized bi-centre trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007; 99: 624-31.
110. Landoni G, Calabro MG, Marchetti C, et al. Desflurane versus propofol in patients undergoing mitral valve surgery. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2007; 21: 672-7.
111. De Hert S, Vlasselaers D, Barbe R, et al. A comparison of volatile and non volatile agents for cardioprotection during on-pump coronary surgery. Anaesthesia 2009; 64: 953-60.
112. Flier S, Post J, Concepcion AN, Kappen TH, Kalkman CJ, Buhre WF,. Influence of propofol-opioid vs isoflurane-opioid anaesthesia on postoperative troponin release in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2010; 105: 122-30.
113. Kim TY, Kim DK, Yoon TG, et al. Myocardial injury in remifentanil-based anaesthesia for off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery: an equipotent dose of sevoflurane versus propofol. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2011; 39: 418-25.
114. Ballester M, Llorens J, Garcia-de-la-Asuncion J, et al. Myocardial oxidative stress protection by sevoflurane vs. propofol: a randomised controlled study in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011; 28: 874-81.
115. Bignami E, Landoni G, Gerli C, et al. Sevoflurane vs. propofol in patients with coronary disease undergoing mitral surgery: a randomised study. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2012; 56: 482-90.
116. Soro M, Gallego L, Silva V, et al. Cardioprotective effect of sevoflurane and propofol during anaesthesia and the postoperative period in coronary bypass graft surgery: a double-blind randomised study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2012; 29: 561-9.
117. Suryaprakash S, Chakravarthy M, Muniraju G, et al. Myocardial protection during off pump coronary artery bypass surgery: a comparison of inhalational anesthesia with sevoflurane or desflurane and total intravenous anesthesia. Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia 2013; 16: 4-8.
118. Kahraman S, Demiryurek AT,. Propofol is a peroxynitrite scavenger. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1997; 84: 1127-9.
119. Kevin LG, Katz P, Camara AK, Novalija E, Riess ML, Stowe DF,. Anesthetic preconditioning: effects on latency to ischemic injury in isolated hearts. Anesthesiology 2003; 99: 385-91.
120. Nader ND, Li CM, Khadra WZ, Reedy R, Panos AL,. Anesthetic myocardial protection with sevoflurane. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2004; 18: 269-74.
121. Bignami E, Biondi-Zoccai G, Landoni G, et al. Volatile anesthetics reduce mortality in cardiac surgery. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2009; 23: 594-9.
122. Jakobsen CJ, Berg H, Hindsholm KB, Faddy N, Sloth E,. The influence of propofol versus sevoflurane anesthesia on outcome in 10,535 cardiac surgical procedures. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2007; 21: 664-71.
123. Symons JA, Myles PS,. Myocardial protection with volatile anaesthetic agents during coronary artery bypass surgery: a meta-analysis. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006; 97: 127-36.
124. Yu CH, Beattie WS,. The effects of volatile anesthetics on cardiac ischemic complications and mortality in CABG: a meta-analysis. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2006; 53: 906-18.
125. Yao YT, Li LH,. Sevoflurane versus propofol for myocardial protection in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chinese Medical Sciences Journal 2009; 24: 133-41.
126. Landoni G, Biondi-Zoccai GG, Zangrillo A, et al. Desflurane and sevoflurane in cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2007; 21: 502-11.
127. Landoni G, Greco T, Biondi-Zoccai G, et al. Anaesthetic drugs and survival: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized trials in cardiac surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013; 111: 886-96.
128. Bein B,. Clinical application of the cardioprotective effects of volatile anaesthetics: PRO-get an extra benefit from a proven anaesthetic free of charge. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011; 28: 620-2.
129. Van Rompaey N, Barvais L,. Clinical application of the cardioprotective effects of volatile anaesthetics: CON-total intravenous anaesthesia or not total intravenous anaesthesia to anaesthetise a cardiac patient? European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011; 28: 623-7.
130. Kunst G,. From coronary steal to myocardial, renal, and cerebral protection: more questions than answers in anaesthetic preconditioning? British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014; 112: 958-60.