Resin systems and chemistry: Degradation mechanisms and durability

Long-Term Durability of Polymeric Matrix Composites

Volumn 9781441993083, Issue , 2012, Pages 1-37

  Hinkley, Jeffrey A ^a   Connell, John W ^b  

^a NASA LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINES; CHROMATOGRAPHY; DEGRADATION; GLASS TRANSITION;

'CURRENT; DEGRADATION MECHANISM; ELEVATED TEMPERATURE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS; EXPOSED TO; EXPOSURE CONDITIONS; MECHANICAL LOADS; POLYMER RESINS; RESIN CHEMISTRY; RESIN SYSTEMS;

RESINS;

EID: 84924373593     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9308-3_1     Document Type: Chapter

References (183)

1. Abate L, Blanco I, Motta O, Pollicino A, Recca A (2002) 'The isothermal degradation of some polyetherketones: a comparative kinetic study between long-term and short-term experiments' Polymer Degradation and Stability 75 465-471
2. Akay M, Spratt GR 2008 Evaluation of thermal ageing of a carbon fibre reinforced bismalemide Composites Science and Technology Volume: 68 Issue: 15-16 Pages: 3081-3086
3. Almen GR, Byrens RM, Mackenzie PD, Maskell RK, McGrail PT and Sefton, MS 1989 "977 - a Family of New Toughened Epoxy matrices", 34 Int'l SAMPE Symposium May 8-11, 1989 pp 259-270
4. Amarillas M 2009 'Wet Tg Determination of High Temperature Composites Using DMA' abstract submitted to North American Thermal Analysis Society, https://www.egr.msu.edu/apps/natas09/?action=list accessed 8/13/09
5. Antoon MK and Koenig JL, (1981) 'Irreversible Effects of Moisture on the Epoxy Matrix in Glass-Reinforced Composites' Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition, Vol. 19, 197-212
6. National Research Council 1981 'Aromatic Amines: An Assessment of the Biological and Environment Effects' Conmittee on Amines, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, Assembly of Life Sciences, National Academies Press Washington DC
7. Ashcroft IA, Abdel Wahab MM and Crocombe AD (2003) 'Predicting Degradation in Bonded Composite Joints Using a Semi-Coupled Finite-Element Method' Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures 10:3, 227-248
8. Augl JM 1977 'The effect of moisture on carbon fibre reinforced epoxy composite mechanical property changes' NSWC/WOL/TR-76-149
9. Augl JM, Berger AE 1976 'Moisture effect on carbon epoxy composites Proceedings of the 8th national SAMPE technical conference' Seattle, WA, SAMPE, Covina p. 383-427
10. Bain S, Ozawa H and Criss JM 2006 'Development of a Cure/Postcure Cycle for PETI-330 Laminates Fabricated by Resin Transfer Molding' High Performance Polymers 18 991-1001
11. Bao LR, Yee AF 2002 'Effect of temperature on moisture absorption in a bismaleimide resin and its carbon fiber composites' Polymer Vl 43 IS 14 P 3987-3997
12. Baugher AH Espe MP Goetz JM Schaefer J and Pater RH 1997 'Cross-Linked Structures of Nadic-End-Capped Polyimides at 371°C Macromolecules, 30, 6295-6301
13. Bechel, VT; Arnold, F 2006 'Permeability of polymer composites for cryogenic applications' Collection of Technical Papers - 47th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference v 7, p 5092-5102
14. Bellenger V, Verdu J 1985 'Oxidative Skeleton Breaking In Epoxy-Amine Networks' Journal of Applied Polymer Science Vl 30 Is 1 pp. 363-374
15. Bergman, SD 2008 'Mendable polymers' Journal of Materials Chemistry Volume: 18 Issue: 1 Pages: 41-62
16. Bismarck A, Hofmeler M, Dorner G 2007 'Effect of hot water immersion on the performance of carbon reinforced unidirectional poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK) composites: Stress rupture under end-loaded bending' Composites Part A-Applied Science and Manufacturing Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 407-426
17. Boinard, E Pethrick, RA MacFarlane, CJ 2000 'The influence of thermal history on the dynamic mechanical and dielectric studies of polyetheretherketone exposed to water and brine' Polymer Vl 41 IS 3 p 1063-1076
18. Bonin HW Miedema I Bui, VT 2008 'Advanced Polymer Composites for the Fabrication of Spent Nuclear Fuel Disposal Containers' Nuclear Technology Vol 164 Is 2 P 286-304
19. Bowles DE Tompkins SS Sykes GF 1986 'Electron Radiation Effects on the Thermal Expansion of Graphite Resin Composites' Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, v 23, n 6, p 625-629
20. Bowles KJ 1988 'A thermally modified polymer matrix composite material with structural integrity to 371 °C 20th Intl SAMPE Technical conference September 27-29, 1988 pp 552-561
21. Bowles KJ, McCorkle L, Ingrahm L 1998 'Comparison of graphite fabric reinforced PMR-15 and Avimid N composites after long-term isothermal aging at various temperatures' Journal of Advanced Materials Vol 30 Iss 1 P 27-35
22. Bowles, KJ 1999 'Durability of Graphite-Fiber-Reinforced Pmr-15 Composites Aged at Elevated Temperatures' J Compos Technol Research Vol 21 no 3 pp 127-132
23. Boyd, JD; Chang GEC 1993 'Bismaleimide composites for advanced high-temperature applications' International SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition (Proceedings), v 38, n 1, p 357-365
24. Brauman SK and Chow AW 1993 'Processing of Poly (ethersulfone)/Graphite Fiber Composites: Thermooxidation, Rheology, and Consolidation' Polymer Composites, February, Vol. 14, No. 1 pp 42-50
25. Brewis DM, Comyn J, Shalash RJA, Tegg JL 1980 'Interaction of Water with Some Epoxide Adhesives' Polymer Volume: 21 Issue: 3 Pages: 357-360
26. Bullions TA, McGrath JE, Loos AC 2003a 'Thermal-oxidative aging effects on the properties of a carbon fiber-reinforced phenylethynyl-terminated poly (etherimide)' Composites Science and Technology 63 1737-1748
27. Bullions, TA Loos, AC McGrath, JE 2003b 'Moisture sorption effects on and properties of a carbon fiber-reinforced phenylethynyl-terminated poly (etherimide)' Journal of Composite Materials Vl 37 Is 9 P 791-809
28. Burcham LJ Vanlandingham MR Eduljee RF Gillespie Jr JW 1996 "Moisture effects on the behavior of graphite/polyimide composites" Polymer Composites, v 17, n 5, p 682-690
29. Cano RJ and Jensen BJ 1997 'Effect of molecular weight on processing and adhesive properties of the phenylethynyl-terminated polyimide LARC-PETI-5' Journal of Adhesion, v 60, n 1-4, p 113-123
30. Chen TK, Jan YH 1995 'Effect of Matrix Ductility on the Fracture-Behavior of Rubber-Toughened Epoxy-Resins' Polymer Engineering and Science Volume: 35 Issue: 9 Pages: 778-785
31. Chuang KC Bowman CL Tsotsis TK Arendt CP 2003 '6 F-Polyimides with phenylethynyl endcap for 315-370 C Applications' High Performance Polymers VL 15 IS 4 p 459-472
32. Clarke JA 1985 "An ageing effect in cured epoxy castings relevant to fracture toughness testing" Polymer communications v 26, April pp 113-15
33. Colin X Marais C Verdu J (2001) 'Thermal Oxidation Kinetics for a Poly (bismaleimide)' Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 82, 3418-3430
34. Colin X, Mavel A, Marais C, Verdu J 2005 'Interaction between cracking and oxidation in organic matrix composites' Journal of Composite Materials Volume: 39 Issue: 15 Pages: 1371-1389
35. Connell JW Smith Jr JG, Hergenrother PM Criss JM 2003 'High Temperature Transfer Molding Resins: Laminate Properties of PETI-298 and PETI-330' High Perform. Polymers 15:375-394
36. Connell JW, Hergenrother PM and Havens SJ, 1989 "Thermosetting Resins from Blends of Ethynyl Terminated Materials", High Performance Polymers, 1 (2) 119
37. Connell JW Smith JG and Hergenrother PM 2002 "Composition of and method for making high performance resins for infusion and transfer molding processes" U. S. Patent 6, 359, 107, assigned to The United States of America as represented by the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
38. Connell JW, Smith JG, Hergenrother PM (2000) "Oligomers and Polymers Containing Phenylethynyl Groups" Journal of Macromolecular Science-Reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics Volume: C40 Issue: 2-3 Pages: 207-230
39. Coquill SL and Adams DF 1989 Mechanical Properties of Several Neat Polymer Matrix Materials and Unidirectional Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Composites NASA Contractor Report NASA-CR-181805 May 1985 - Oct. 1989
40. Costa ML Rezende MC And De Almeida SFM 2005 'Strength of Hygrothermally Conditioned Polymer Composites with Voids' Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 39, No. 21 p 1943-1961
41. Croall CI and StClair TL 1992 'Mechanical properties of polyimide films after exposure to high pH' Journal of Plastic Film and Sheeting, v 8, n 3, p 172-190
42. Curliss DB, Carlin DM 1990 'The Effect of Jet Fuel Exposure on Advanced Aerospace Composites II: Mechanical Properties'. Final rept. May-Dec. 89 Wright Research and Development Center Wright-Patterson AFB OH Defense Technical Information Center Accession Number: ADA227529
43. Curliss DB, Carlin, DM, Arnett, MS 1990 "The effect of jet fuel absorption on advanced aerospace thermoset and thermoplastic composites", National SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition (Proceedings), v 35, n pt 1 pp 332-345
44. Dao B, Hodgkin J, Krstina J, Mardel J, Tian W (2006) Accelerated Aging Versus Realistic Aging in Aerospace Composite Materials. II. Chemistry of Thermal Aging in a Structural Composite Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 102, 3221-3232
45. Dao B; Hodgkin J; Krstina J; Mardel J; Tian W 2007 'Accelerated ageing versus realistic ageing in aerospace composite materials. III. The chemistry of thermal ageing in bismaleimide based composites' Journal of Applied Polymer Science, v 105, n 4, p 2062-2072
46. Datta RN, Huntink NM, Datta S, Talma AG 2007 Rubber vulcanizates degradation and stabilization Rubber Chemistry and Technology Volume: 80 Issue: 3 JUL-AUG Pages: 436-480
47. Davies R, Pomies F Carlsson LA 1996 "Influence of Water and Accelerated Aging on the Shear Fracture Properties of Glass/Epoxy Composite" Applied Composite Materials 3:71-87
48. Deneve B, Shanahan MER 1995 'Physical and Chemical Effects in An Epoxy-Resin Exposed To Water-Vapor' Journal Of Adhesion V. 49 Is. 3-4 pp 165-176
49. Derrien K and Gilormini P 2007 'The effect of applied stresses on the equilibrium moisture content in polymers' Scripta Materialia 56 297-299
50. Dillard DA Hinkley JA Johnson WS and StClair TL 1994 "Spiral Tunneling Cracks Induced by Environmental Stress Cracking in LaRCTM-TPI Adhesives" Journal of Adhesion Volume: 44 Issue: 1-2 Pages: 51-67
51. Dinakaran K, Kumar RS, Alagar M 2003 Preparation and characterization of bismaleimidemodified bisphenol dicyanate epoxy matrices Journal of Applied Polymer Science Volume: 90 Issue: 6 Pages: 1596-1603 Published: NOV 7
52. Dine-Hart RA, Parker DBV, Wright WW 1971 British Polymer Journal 'Oxidative degradation of a polyimide film: II. Studies using hydrazine hydrate' British Polymer Journal Volume 3 Issue 5, Pages 226-234
53. Egusa S 'Mechanism of radiation-induced degradation in mechanical properties of polymer matrix composites' Journal of Materials Science 23 (1988) 2753-2760
54. Ehlers GFL; Fisch KR; Powell WR 1969 'Thermal Degradation Of Polymers With Phenylene Units in the Chain-1, 2, 3' Source: J Polym Sci Part A-1 Polym Chem, v 7, n 10, p 2931-2981
55. Fahmy AA and Hurt JC 1980 'Stress Dependence of Water Diffusion in Epoxy Resin', Polymer Composites, v1 no 2 pp 77-80
56. Falcone A and Dow MB 1995 'The Effects Of Aircraft Fuel And Fluids on the Strength Properties of Resin Transfer Molded (RTM) Composites' Third NASA Advanced Composites Technology Conference, Volume 1, Part 1, p 399-413 Document ID:19950022626 NASA Technical Report Server Accessed 6/25/2009
57. Fang X, Xie X-Q, Simone CD, Stevens MP, Scola DA 2000 'A Solid-State 13 C NMR Study of the Cure of 13 C-Labeled Phenylethynyl End-Capped Polyimides' Macromolecules 2000, 33, pp 1671-1681
58. Fox DJ, Sykes, Jr. GF, Herakovich CT 1987 'Space Environmental Effects on Graphite-Epoxy Compressive Properties and Epoxy Tensile Properties' NASA-TM-89297; NAS 1. 15:89297; CCMS-87-11; VPI-E-87-13 177p Available From: CASI
59. G. Sala 2000 'Composite degradation due to fluid absorption' Composites: Part B 31 (2000) 357-373
60. Gardner RJ, Martin JR 1979 'Humid Aging Of Plastics - Effect of Molecular-Weight on Mechanical-Properties and Fracture Morphology of Polycarbonate' Journal of Applied Polymer Science V 24 Iss: 5 Pages: 1269-1280
61. Gates TS Grayson MA 1999 'On the use of accelerated aging methods for screening high temperature polymeric composite materials' AIAA-1999-1296 AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference and Exhibit, 40th, St. Louis, MO, Apr. 12-15, 1999, Collection of Technical Papers. Vol. 2
62. Ghose S, Cano RJ Watson KA Britton SM Jensen BJ Connell JW Herring HM and Linberry QJ (2009) "High Temperature VARTM of Phenylethynyl Terminated Imides" High Performance Polymers, 21(5), 000
63. Giori C, Yamauchi T, Rajan K and Melt R 1983 Mechanisms of Degradation of Graphite Composites in a Simulated Space Environment AlAA 21st Aerospace Sciences Meeting January 10-13, 1983/Reno, Nevada AIAA-83-0590
64. Giori, C Yamauchi, T 1984 'Effects of Ultraviolet And Electron Radiations on Graphite-Reinforced Polysulfone and Epoxy-Resins' Journal of Applied Polymer Science Vl 29 Is 1 P 237-249
65. Gray RA Magato JR Vannucci R. Dillingham, G, 2006, "High-temperature adhesive development" 38th SAMPE Fall Technical Conference: Global Advances in Materials and Process Engineering, November 6, 2006 - November 9, 2006 Soc. for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering
66. Gupta A, Cizmecioglu M, Coulter D, Liang RH, Yavrouian A, Tsay FD and Moacanin J, 1983 'The Mechanism of Cure of Tetraglycidyl Diaminodiphenyl Methane with Diaminodiphenyl Sulfone' Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 28, P 1011-1024
67. Hale WF, Farnham AG, Johnson RN, and Clendinning RA (1967) 'Poly (aryl Ethers) by Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution. 11. Thermal Stability' Journal of Polymer Science: Part A-1 VOL. 5, 2399-2414
68. Han M-H and Nairn JA (2003) "Hygrothermal Aging of Polyimide Matrix Composite Laminates" Composites Part A, 34, 979-986
69. Hedberg FL and Arnold FE (1976) "Phenylethynyl-Pendant Polyphenylquinoxalines Curable By An Intramolecular Cycloaddition Reaction" Journal Of Polymer Science Part A-Polymer Chemistry Vol 14 Iss 11 P 2607-2619
70. Hergenrother PM Smith Jr, JG 1994 "Chemistry and properties of imide oligomers endcapped with phenylethynylphthalic anhydrides" Polymer, v 35, n 22, p 4857-4864
71. Hergenrother PM 2003 The Use, Design, Synthesis, and Properties of High Performance/High Temperature Polymers: An Overview High Performance Polymers v15 p 3-45
72. Hergenrother; PM and Smith, Jr. JG 1996 "Imide oligomers endcapped with phenylethynyl phthalic anhydrides and polymers therefrom" U. S. Patent 5, 567, 800 assigned to The United States of America as represented by the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
73. Hinkley JA and Campbell FJ (1983) "Fracture Toughness of Irradiated Polyethersulfone" J. Mat. Sci. Lett. 2, 267-271
74. Hinkley JA Jensen, BJ 1995 'Relative thermooxidative stability of a phthalimide against a phenylethynylphthalimide terminated polyimide' High Performance Polymers, v 7, n 1, p 1-9
75. Hinkley JA, Jensen BJ 1996 'Crosslinking in phenylethynyl-terminated polyimides' High Performance Polymers, v 8, n 4, p 599-605
76. Hinkley JA, Proctor DA 2000 'Oxidative aging of cured polymer from phenylethynyl terminated imide oligomers' Journal Of Advanced Materials Volume: 32 Issue: 4 Pages: 35-41
77. Hinkley JA and Yue JJ 1995 'Oxidative Aging of Thermoplastic Polyimide Films', J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 57, 1539-1543
78. Hodgkin JH, Simon GP, Varley RJ 1998 Thermoplastic toughening of epoxy resins: a critical review Polymers For Advanced Technologies Volume: 9 Issue: 1 Pages: 3-10
79. Hooper, SJ Subramanian, R Toubia RF 1991 'Effects of moisture absorption on edge delamination. Part II. An experimental study of jet fuel absorption on graphite-epoxy' in ASTM Special Technical Publication, n 1110, p 107-125
80. Hooper, SJ, Subramanian, R 1993 'Effects of water and jet fuel absorption on mode I and mode II delamination of graphite/epoxy' in ASTM Special Technical Publication, n 1156, p 318-340, 1993
81. Hou TH, Johnston NJ, St Clair TL 1995 'IM7/LARCTM-IA polyimide composites' High Performance Polymers, Vol. 7, No. 1, 105-124
82. Jordan, K Iroh, JO 1996 'Effect of isothermal aging on the imidization of PMR-15' Polymer Engineering and Science VL 36 IS 20 P 2550-2555
83. Ju J and Morgan RJ 2004 'Characterization of Microcrack Development in BMI-Carbon Fiber Composite under Stress and Thermal Cycling' Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 38, No. 22/p 2007-2024
84. Kaplan ML 1991 'Solvent Penetration in Cured Epoxy Networks' Polymer Engineering and Science, May 1991, Vol. 31, No. 10, 689
85. Kiefer R, Yue JJ; Hinkley JA 1995 'Kinetic mapping of oxidative weight loss in polyimide composites' Journal of Advanced Materials, v 26, n 3, p 55-59
86. Kim HW Grayson MA Nairn JA 1995 "The Effect of Hygrothermal Aging on the Microcracking Properties of Some Carbon Fiber/Polyimide Laminates" Advanced Composite Letters, Vol. 4, No. 5, 185-188
87. Kim J-K, Hu C, Woo RSC and Sham M-L 2005 'Moisture barrier characteristics of organoclay-epoxy nanocomposites' Composites Science and Technology Volume 65, Issue 5 Pages 805-813
88. Kim K-Y, Ye L 2004 'Interlaminar fracture toughness of CF/PEI composites at elevated temperatures: roles of matrix toughness and fibre/matrix adhesion' Composites: Part A 35 477-487
89. Kinloch AJ, Yuen ML and Jenkins SD 1994 Thermoplastic-toughened epoxy polymers Journal of Materials Science Volume 29, Number 14
90. Krishnaswamy, RK Geibel, JF Lewis, BJ 2003 'Influence of semicrystalline morphology on the physical aging characteristics of poly (phenylene sulfide)' Macromolecules VL 36 IS 8 p 2907-2914
91. Kumar BG, Singh RP And Nakamura T 2002 'Degradation of Carbon Fiber-reinforced Epoxy Composites by Ultraviolet Radiation and Condensation' Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 36, No. 24 pp. 2713-2733
92. Kuroda S-I and Mita I, 1989, 'Degradation Of Aromatic Polymers - II The Crosslinking During Thermal and Thermo-Oxidative Degradation of a Polyimide' Eur. Polym. J. Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 611-620
93. Lee CY-C, Goldfarb IJ, Helminiak, TE, Arnold FE (1983) 'Air Force Review of Acetylene Terminated Resin Technology' National SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition (Proceedings), p 699-710
94. Lee MC and Peppas NA (1993) 'Water Transport in Graphite/Epoxy Composites' Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 47, 1349-1359
95. Leung CL, Ghaffarian R, Leung KC 1997 'Thermo-oxidative stability of polyimides - I. Effect of prepolymer molecular weights' Polymer Degradation And Stability Vol 58 Iss 1-2 P 11-14
96. Li Y, Morgan RJ 2006 'Thermal Cure of Phenylethynyl-Terminated AFR-PEPA-4 Imide Oligomer and a Model Compound' Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 101, 4446-4453
97. Li, Y 2004 'Synthesis and Cure Characterization of High Temperature Polymers', PhD Dissertation, Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A & M University
98. Link PE 2007 'High Temperature Degradation of 5250-4 Polymer Resin', Master's Thesis, Air Force Institute of Technology Graduate School of Engineering and Management (AFIT/EN) published as report no. AFIT/GAE/ENY/07-J12 14 June 2007
99. Loechet, C and Rothschild R 1992 Personal communication cited in Morgan et al. 1997
100. Ma C-CM, Lee C-L and Tai N-H 1992 'Chemical Resistance of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Poly (ether ether ketone) and Poly (phenylene sulfide) Composites' Polymer Composites, Vol. 13, No. 6 pp 435-440
101. Marais, C Villoutreix G 1998 'Analysis and modeling of the creep behavior of the thermostable PMR-15 polyimide' Journal of Applied Polymer Science VL 69 IS 10 P 1983-1991
102. Matsuda S, Hojo M, Ochiai S 1999 'Effect of water environment on mode II delamination fatigue in interlayer-toughened CFRP' JSME International Journal Series A-Solid Mechanics and Material Engineering Volume: 42 Issue: 3 Pages: 421-428
103. McConnell VP (2009) "Resins for the hot zone, part I: Polyimides" High Performance Composites July Issue http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/resins-for-the-hot-zonepart-i-polyimides.aspx accessed 9/17/2009
104. McGrail PT (1996) "Polyaromatics" Polymer International v 41 pp 103-121
105. McKenna GB, Bradley GW Dunn HK, and Statton WO 1979 'Degradation Resistance of Some Candidate Composite Biomaterials' Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Vol. 13, 783-798
106. Meador MAB, Johnston JC, Cavano PJ 1997 'Elucidation of the cross-link structure of nadicend-capped polyimides using NMR of C-13-labeled polymers' Macromolecules Volume 30 Issue 3 Pages 515-519
107. Milhourathammadi, A Gaudemer, F Merienne, C Gaudemer, A 1994 'Reactivity Of Fragments Present In The Polyimide Prepolymer Pmr-15 - Thermal-Isomerization And Oxidation Of Imide Derivatives Of Norborne (Ne) And Methane Dianiline (MDA)' Journal Of Polymer Science Part A-Polymer Chemistry VL 32 IS 8 P 1593-1597
108. Miriyala SK, Tucker WC, Rockett TJ, Brown R, 1992 Degradation of carbon reinforced polymer composites under galvanic coupling conditions AIAA-1992-2553 in AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, 33rd, Dallas, TX, Apr. 13-15, 1992, Technical Papers. Pt. 5 (A92-34522 13-39). Washington, DC, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, p 3036-3045
109. Mison, P Sillion, B 1999 'Thermosetting oligomers containing maleimides and nadimides end-groups' Advances in Polymer Science VL 140 P 137-179
110. Morgan RJ and Mones ET (1987) 'The Cure Reactions, Network Structure, and Mechanical Response of Diaminodiphenyl Sulfone-Cured Tetraglycidyl 4, 40Diaminodiphenyl Methane Epoxies' Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 33, 999-1020
111. Morgan RJ, Shin EE, Rosenberg B and Jurek A 1997 'Characterization of the cure reactions of bismaleimide composite matrices' Polymer Vol. 38 No. 3, pp 639-646
112. Morgan, RJ Shin EE Lincoln JE Zhou J Drzal LT Wilenski MS Lee A Curliss D 1998 'Durability Characterization Of Bismaleimide And Polyimide-Carbon Fiber Composites' International SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition (Proceedings), v 43, n 1, p 106-119
113. Nicholson LM, Whitley KS, Gates TS 2001 'The combined influence of molecular weight and temperature on the physical aging and creep compliance of a glassy thermoplastic polyimide' Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials Volume: 5 Issue: 3 Pages: 199-227
114. Nogueira P, Ramirez C, Torres A, Abad MJ, Cano J, Lopez J, Lopez-Bueno I, Barral L (2001) 'Effect of Water Sorption on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of an Epoxy Resin System' Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 80, 71-80
115. O'Brien TK (1988) Fatigue Delamination Behavior of PEEK Thermoplastic Composite Laminates Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, Vol. 7, No. 4, 341-359
116. O'Brien TK, Murri GB, and Salpekar SA 1987 "Interlaminar Shear Fracture Toughness And Fatigue Thresholds For Composite Materials" NASA Technical Memorandum 89 157, USAAVSCOM Technical Memorandum 87-B-9 August 1987
117. O'Brien TK; White SR 2008 'Assessment of Composite Delamination Self-Healing Via Micro-Encapsulation' American Society for Composites 23rd Annual Technical Conference; 9-11 Sep. 2008; Memphis, TN Available From CASI or from NASA Aeronautics and Space Database; accessed 23 Jul. 2009 from http://www2.sti.nasa.gov
118. Odagiri N Kishi, H and Nakae T 1991 Torayca T800/3900-2 toughened epoxy prepreg system: toughening concept and mechanisms in Proceeding of the American Society for Composites 6th Technical Conference Technomic, Lancaster, PA page 43
119. Ohno S, Lee M-H, Lin KY, Ohuchi FS 2000 Thermal degradation of IM7:BMI5260 composite materials: characterization by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Materials Science and Engineering A 293 88-94
120. Pang JWC, Bond IP 2005 'Bleeding composites - damage detection and self-repair using a biomimetic approach' Composites Part A-Applied Science and Manufacturing Volume: 36 Issue: 2 Pages: 183-188
121. Panigot, MJ Waters JF Varde U Sutter, JK. Sukenik CN 1992 'Benzonorbornadiene end caps for PMR resins' Macromolecules, v 25, n 2, p 530-534
122. Parvatareddy H Wang JZ Dillard DA Ward TC Rogalski, ME 1995 'Environmental Aging of High-Performance Polymeric Composites-Effects On Durability' Composites Science And Technology Vl 53 Is 4 pp 399-409
123. Pater RH 1991 "The 316°C and 371°C Composite properties of an Improved PMR Polyimide: LaRC RP46" Proc. 36th Int. SAMPE Symp. and Exhibition Closed Papers Publication p 78
124. Pater RH Whitley K Morgan C And Chang A 1991 'Crosslinking-Property Relationships in PMR Polyimide Composites. Part I' Polymer Composites Vol. 12, No. 2 pp 126-132
125. Pederson, CL Gillespie, JW McCullough, RL Rothschilds, RJ Stanek, SL 1995 'The Effect Of Isothermal Aging On Transverse Crack Development In Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Cross-Ply Laminates' Polymer Composites Vl 16 Is 2 Pp 154-160
126. Perng, L. H. 1999 'Thermal cracking characteristics of PEEK under different environments by the TG/FTIR technique' Journal of Polymer Science, Part A: Polymer Chemistry, v 37, n 24, p 4582-4590
127. Phillips, R Glauser, T Manson, JAE 1997 'Thermal stability of PEEK/carbon fiber in air and its influence on consolidation' Polymer Composites Vl 18 IS 4 pp 500-508
128. Popineau S, Rondeau-Mouro C, Sulpice-Gaillet C, Shanahan MER (2005) 'Free/bound water absorption in an epoxy adhesive' Polymer 46 10733-10740
129. Postlewaite J McLaren D 1985 'Development Of Design Data For Propulsion Pmr-15 Composites' Source: NASA Conference Publication 2385, p 335-338
130. Poveromo, Leonard M. 1985 'Polyimide Composites - Application Histories' in High Temperature Polymer Matrix Composites, NASA Conference Publication 2385 Proceedings of a conference held at NASA Lewis Research Center Cleveland, Ohio March 16-18. 1983
131. Pritchard, G Randles, SJ 1995 'The Interaction Of Liquids With Polyaryl Ether Ether Ketone Composites' Plastics Rubber And Composites Processing And Applications Vl 24 Is 4 P175-180
132. Putthanarat S, Tandon GP and Schoeppner GA 2008 'Influence of aging temperature, time, and environment on thermo-oxidative behavior of PMR-15: nanomechanical characterization' Journal of Materials Science Volume 43, Number 20/October, Pages 6714-6723
133. Pyun E, Sung CSP 1991 Network structure in diamine-cured tetrafunctional epoxy by UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy Macromolecules 24(4), pp 855-861
134. Rivaton, A Gardette, JL 'Photodegradation of polyethersulfone and polysulfone' Polymer Degradation And Stability 1999 Vl 66 Is 3 P 385-403
135. Roberts CC Apple TM Wnek GE 2000 'Curing chemistry of phenylethynyl-terminated imide oligomers: Synthesis of C-13-labeled oligomers and solid-state NMR studies' Journal Of Polymer Science Part A-Polymer Chemistry Vl 38 Is 19 Pp 3486-3497
136. Robertson CG, Monat JE, Wilkes GL 1999 'Physical aging of an amorphous polyimide: Enthalpy relaxation and mechanical property changes' Journal of Polymer Science Part B-Polymer Physics Volume 37 Issue 15 Pages 1931-1946
137. Rommel, ML Postyn, AS Dyer, TA 1993 'Accelerating Factors In Galvanically Induced Polyimide Degradation' SAMPE Journal Vl 29 is 2 p 19-24
138. Ruggles-Wrenn, MB Broeckert, JL 2009 'Effects of Prior Aging at 288 degrees C in Air and in Argon Environments on Creep Response of PMR-15 Neat Resin' J Appl Polym Sci VL 111 IS 1 P 228-236
139. Rupnowski, P Gentz, M Sutter JK Kumosa, M 2004 'Mechanical response of a woven graphite/polyimide composite to in-plane shear dominated loads at room and elevated temperatures Acta Materialia VL 52 IS 19 P 5603-5613
140. Russell AJ and Street KN, 1985 'Moisture and temperature effects on the mixed-mode delamination fracture of unidirectional graphite/epoxy' in WS Johnson, ed. Delamination and Debonding of Materials, ASTM STP 876 American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia PA pp 349-370
141. Sands JM, Fink BK, McKnight SH, Newton CH, Gillespie Jr. JW and Palmese GR 2001 "Environmental issues for polymer matrix composites and structural adhesives" Clean Products and Processes Volume 2, Number 4, pages 228-235
142. Sasuga T; Hagiwara M 1987 'Radiation Deterioration Of Several Aromatic Polymers Under Oxidative Conditions' Polymer, v 28, n 11, p 1915-1921
143. Scola, DA Vontell, JH 1991 'Mechanical-Properties And Mechanism Of The Degradation Process Of 316-Degrees-C Isothermally Aged Graphite Fiber Pmr-15 Composites' Polymer Engineering And Science VL 31 IS 1 P 6-13
144. Selzer, R Friedrich, K 1995 'Influence Of Water-Uptake On Interlaminar Fracture Properties Of Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites' Journal Of Materials Science Vl 30 Is 2 P 334-338
145. Serafini TT Vannucci RD Alston WB 1976 'Second generation PMR polyimides' Natl. Symp. and Exhibition of the Soc. for the Adv. of Mater. and Process Eng., 21st Los Angeles, CA, United States
146. Serafini TT, Delvigs P, Lightsey GR 1972 'Thermally Stable Polyimides From Solutions Of Monomeric Reactants' Journal Of Applied Polymer Science Volume: 16 Issue: 4 Pages: 905
147. Shimokawa T, Hamaguchi Y, Katoh H 1999 'Effect of moisture absorption on hot/wet compressive strength of T800H/PMR-15 carbon/polyimide' Journal Of Composite Materials Volume: 33 Issue: 18 Pages: 1685-1698
148. Shin EE Morgan RJ, Zhou J "Hydrolytic Degradation Mechanisms and Kinetics of Polyimides for Advanced Composites" SAMPE 2000 - Long Beach, CA May 21-25, 2000
149. Shin, EE Morgan, RJ Zhou, JM Lincoln, J Jurek, R Curliss, DB 2000 Hygrothermal durability and thermal aging behavior prediction of high-temperature polymer-matrix composites and their resins Journal Of Thermoplastic Composite Materials VL 13 IS 1 pp 40-57
150. Siddiqui NA, Woo RSC, Kim JK, Leung CCY, Munir A 2007 'Mode I interlaminar fracture behavior and mechanical properties of CFRPs with nanoclay-filled epoxy matrix' Composites Part A-Applied Science And Manufacturing Volume: 38 Issue: 2 Pages: 449-460
151. Soles CL Chang FT Bolan BA Hristov HA Gidley DW Yee AF 1998 Contributions of the Nanovoid Structure to the Moisture Absorption Properties of Epoxy Resins Journal of Polymer Science: Part B: Polymer Physics, Vol. 36, 3035-3048
152. Stenzenberger HD 1990 "Chemistry and properties of addition polyimides" in Wilson, D, Stenzenberger HD and Hergenrother PM, Polyimides, Blackie, Glasgow and London, Published in USA by Chapman and Hall, NY
153. Stenzenberger HD, Herzog M, Koenig P and Roemer W 1989 'Bismaleimide resins: past, present, and future' 34th international SAMPE symposium May 8-11, pp 1877-1888
154. Stenzenberger HD; Koenig P; Herzog M; Roemer W. 1987 Bismaleimide Resins Improved Novel Toughening Modifiers For BMI Resins. Into SAMPE Symp Exhib, v 32, p 44-58
155. Street, SW 1980 'V-378A, A New Modified Bis Maleimide Matrix Resin For High Modulus Graphite' National SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition (Proceedings), p 366-375
156. Stutz H 'Lifetime Assessment of Epoxies by the Kinetics of Thermal Degradation' Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 91, 1881-1886 (2004)
157. Suh D-W, Ku M-K, Nam J-D, Kim B-S, Yoon, S-C 2001 "Equilibrium Water Uptake of Epoxy/Carbon Fiber Composites in Hygrothermal Environmental Conditions" Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 35, No. 03 pp 264-278
158. Takeda N Tohdoh M And Takahashi K (1995) 'Interlaminar fracture toughness degradation of radiation-damaged GFRP and CFRP composites' Adv Composite Mater vol4, no 4 pp 343-354
159. Takekoshi T and Terry JM, 1994 'High-Temperature Thermoset Polyimides Containing Disubstituted Acetylene End-Groups' Polymer Volume: 35 Issue: 22 Pages: 4874-4880
160. Taylor, SR Wall, FD Cahen, GL 1996 'The detection and analysis of electrochemical damage in bismaleimide/graphite fiber composites Journal Of The Electrochemical Society VL 143 IS 2 P 449-458
161. Tenney DR and Unnam J 1978 'Analytical Prediction of Moisture Absorption in Composites' J. Aircraft Vol. 15, no. 3
162. Truong VT and Ennis BC 1991 'Effect Of Physical Aging On The Fracture-Behavior Of Cross-Linked Epoxies' Polymer Engineering And Science VL 31 IS 8 pp 548-557
163. Uematsu, Y; Kitamura, T; Ohtani, R. 'Creep-fatigue interaction in delamination crack propagation of advanced CFRPs at high temperatures' in ASTM Special Technical Publication, v 1302, p 110-132 Proceedings of the 1995 Symposium on High Temperature and Environmental Effects on Polymeric Composites, November 13, 1995
164. Vannucci, RD. 1987 'PMR Polyimide Compositions For Improved Performance At 371 Degree C' SAMPE quarterly, v 19, n 1, p 31-36
165. Vyhnal RF 1993 'The Effects Of Long-Duration Space Exposure On The Mechanical Properties Of Some Carbon-Reinforced Resin Matrix Composites p 941-955 in LDEF: 69 Months in Space. Part 3: Second Post-Retrieval Symposium Publication Date: Apr. 1, 1993 NASA. Langley Research Center
166. Wang Q Springer GS 1989 'Moisture absorption and fracture toughness of PEEK polymer and graphite fiber reinforced PEEK' Journal of Composite Materials, v 23, n 5, p 434-447
167. ∗, Guo Ya-Jun. 2002 'A correlation between fluid-induced damage and anomalous fluid sorption in polymeric composites' Composites Science and Technology 62 889-908
168. Weitsman YJ, Y-J 2002 "A correlation between fluid-induced damage and anomalous fluid sorption in polymeric composites" Composites Science and Technology 62 889-908
169. Whitley KS and Collins TJ 2006 'Mechanical Properties of T650-35/AFR-PE-4 at Elevated Temperatures for Lightweight Aeroshell Designs' AIAA 2006-2202 47th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference
170. Whitley KS and Gates TS 2002 'Thermal/Mechanical Response And Damage Growth In Polymeric Composites At Cryogenic Temperatures' AIAA-2002-1416 43 rd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference
171. Wolf, CJ Fu, H 1996 'Stress-enhanced transport of toluene in poly aryl ether ether ketone (Peek)' Journal Of Polymer Science Part B-Polymer Physics Vl 34 IS 1 P 75-82
172. Wolfrum J, Eibl S, Lietch L 2009 Rapid evaluation of long-term thermal degradation of carbon fibre epoxy composites Composites Science and Technology 69 523-530
173. Wong AC 1981 'Nuclear Magnetic-Resonance Study Of Norbornene End-Capped Polyimides 2 - Solution And Solid-State C-13 Study Of 2NE-MDA And PMR Polymerization' Macromolecules 14 832-836
174. Woo EM 1994 'Moisture Temperature Equivalency In Creep Analysis Of A Heterogeneous-Matrix Carbon-Fiber Epoxy Composite' Composites Volume: 25 Issue: 6 Pages: 425-430
175. Woo, EM Chen, JS Carter, CS 1993 'Mechanisms Of Degradation Of Polymer Composites By Galvanic Reactions Between Metals And Carbon-Fiber' Polymer Composites Vl 14 is 5 p 395-401
176. Xiao GZ, Shanahan MER 1998 'Irreversible Effects of Hygrothermal Aging on DGEBA/DDA Epoxy Resin' Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 69, 363-369
177. Yang, ACM. and Brown, HR 1988 'Solvent-Induced Local Deformation Zones In Polyimide Films Adhered To A Rigid Substrate' Journal of Materials Science, v 23, n 1, p 65-71, Jan 1988
178. Zhang L and Piggott MR 2000 'Water Absorption and Fiber-Matrix Interface Durability in Carbon-PEEK' Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials; v13 n2 p 162-172
179. Zheng Q and Morgan RJ 1993 Synergistic Thermal-Moisture Damage Mechanisms of Epoxies and Their Carbon Fiber Composites Journal of Composite Materials v. 27 no. 15:1465-1478
180. Zhou J and Lucas JP (1999) 'Hygrothermal effects of epoxy resin. Part I: the nature of water in epoxy' Polymer 40 5505-5512
181. Zhou J, Lucas JP (1999) Hygrothermal effects of epoxy resin. Part II: variations of glass transition temperature Polymer 40 5513-5522
182. Zhou YX, Pervin F, Jeelani S, Mallick PK 2008 'Improvement in mechanical properties of carbon fabric-epoxy composite using carbon nanofibers' Journal Of Materials Processing Technology Volume: 198 Issue: 1-3 Pages: 445-453
183. Zinck P and Gerard J-F 2008 'Polyepoxide-water interactions: Influence of the chemical structure of the network' Polymer Degradation and Stability 93, 1231-1237