Graphene growth on Pt(111) by ethylene chemical vapor deposition at surface temperatures near 1000 K

Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Volumn 119, Issue 9, 2015, Pages 4759-4768

  Cushing, Gregory W ^a   Johánek, Viktor ^a,b   Navin, Jason K ^a   Harrison, Ian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^b CHARLES UNIVERSITY   (Czech Republic)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS; ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; AUGER ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY; CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION; ELECTRONS; ETHYLENE; MORPHOLOGY; PHOTODISSOCIATION; SURFACE MORPHOLOGY; SURFACE PROPERTIES;

AVERAGE SIZE; GRAPHENE GROWTH; LOW ENERGY ELECTRON MICROSCOPES; NUCLEATION AND GROWTH; STEP EDGE; STICKING COEFFICIENTS; SURFACE TEMPERATURES; TOTAL CARBON;

GRAPHENE;

EID: 84924198254     PISSN: 19327447     EISSN: 19327455     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jp508177k     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Geim, A. K. Graphene: Status and Prospects Science 2009, 324, 1530-1534
2. Allen, M. J.; Tung, V. C.; Kaner, R. B. Honeycomb Carbon: A Review of Graphene Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 132-145
3. Castro Neto, A. H.; Guinea, F.; Peres, N. M. R.; Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K. The Electronic Properties of Graphene Rev. Mod. Phys. 2009, 81, 109-162
4. Li, X. S. Large-Area Synthesis of High-Quality and Uniform Graphene Films on Copper Foils Science 2009, 324, 1312-1314
5. Coraux, J.; N'Diaye, A. T.; Engler, M.; Busse, C.; Wall, D.; Buckanie, N.; Heringdorf, F. J. M. Z.; van Gastel, R.; Poelsema, B.; Michely, T., Growth of Graphene on Ir(111). New J. Chem. 2009, 11.
6. Fujita, T.; Kobayashi, W.; Oshima, C. Novel Structures of Carbon Layers on a Pt(111) Surface Surf. Interface Anal. 2005, 37, 120-123
7. Gao, M.; Pan, Y.; Huang, L.; Hu, H.; Zhang, L. Z.; Guo, H. M.; Du, S. X.; Gao, H. J. Epitaxial Growth and Structural Property of Graphene on Pt(111) Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011, 98 033101
8. Loginova, E.; Bartelt, N. C.; Feibelman, P. J.; McCarty, K. F. Evidence for Graphene Growth by C Cluster Attachment New J. Chem. 2008, 10 093026
9. Chen, S. S. Oxidation Resistance of Graphene-Coated Cu and Cu/Ni Alloy ACS Nano 2011, 5, 1321-1327
10. Sutter, E.; Albrecht, P.; Camino, F. E.; Sutter, P. Monolayer Graphene as Ultimate Chemical Passivation Layer for Arbitrarily Shaped Metal Surfaces Carbon 2010, 48, 4414-4420
11. Abbott, H. L.; Harrison, I. Methane Dissociative Chemisorption on Ru(0001) and Comparison to Metal Nanocatalysts J. Catal. 2008, 254, 27-38
12. Gao, M.; Pan, Y.; Zhang, C. D.; Hu, H.; Yang, R.; Lu, H. L.; Cai, J. M.; Du, S. X.; Liu, F.; Gao, H. J. Tunable Interfacial Properties of Epitaxial Graphene on Metal Substrates Appl. Phys. Lett. 2010, 96 053109
13. Guo, J. Y.; Xu, C. X.; Sheng, F. Y.; Shi, Z. L.; Dai, J.; Li, Z. H.; Hu, X. Simulation on Initial Growth Stages of Graphene on Pt (111) Surface J. Appl. Phys. 2012, 111 044318
14. Land, T. A.; Michely, T.; Behm, R. J.; Hemminger, J. C.; Comsa, G. Stm Investigation of Single Layer Graphite Structures Produced on Pt(111) by Hydrocarbon Decomposition Surf. Sci. 1992, 264, 261-270
15. Liang, Z.; Khosravian, H.; Uhl, A.; Meyer, R. J.; Trenary, M. Graphene Domain Boundaries on Pt(111) as Nucleation Sites for Pt Nanocluster Formation Surf. Sci. 2012, 606, 1643-1648
16. Sun, J.; Nam, Y.; Lindvall, N.; Cole, M. T.; Teo, K. B. K.; Park, Y. W.; Yurgens, A. Growth Mechanism of Graphene on Platinum: Surface Catalysis and Carbon Segregation Appl. Phys. Lett. 2014, 104 152107
17. Sutter, P.; Sadowski, J. T.; Sutter, E. Graphene on Pt(111): Growth and Substrate Interaction Phys. Rev. B 2009, 80 # 245411
18. Merino, P.; Svec, M.; Pinardi, A. L.; Otero, G.; Martin-Gago, J. A. Strain-Driven Moire Superstructures of Epitaxial Graphene on Transition Metal Surfaces ACS Nano 2011, 5, 5627-5634
19. Sicot, M.; Bouvron, S.; Zander, O.; Rudiger, U.; Dedkov, Y. S.; Fonin, M., Nucleation and Growth of Nickel Nanoclusters on Graphene Moire on Rh(111). Appl. Phys. Lett. 2010, 96.
20. Hamalainen, S. K.; Boneschanscher, M. P.; Jacobse, P. H.; Swart, I.; Pussi, K.; Moritz, W.; Lahtinen, J.; Liljeroth, P.; Sainio, J., Structure and Local Variations of the Graphene Moire on Ir(111). Phys. Rev. B 2013, 88.
21. Murata, Y.; Starodub, E.; Kappes, B. B.; Ciobanu, C. V.; Bartelt, N. C.; McCarty, K. F.; Kodambaka, S., Orientation-Dependent Work Function of Graphene on Pd(111). Appl. Phys. Lett. 2010, 97.
22. Martinez-Galera, A. J.; Brihuega, I.; Gomez-Rodriguez, J. M. Ethylene Irradiation: A New Route to Grow Graphene on Low Reactivity Metals Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 3576-3580
23. Rokuta, E.; Hasegawa, Y.; Itoh, A.; Yamashita, K.; Tanaka, T.; Otani, S.; Oshima, C. Vibrational Spectra of the Monolayer Films of Hexagonal Boron Nitride and Graphite on Faceted Ni(755) Surf. Sci. 1999, 428, 97-101
24. Bengaard, H. S.; Norskov, J. K.; Sehested, J.; Clausen, B. S.; Nielsen, L. P.; Molenbroek, A. M.; Rostrup-Nielsen, J. R. Steam Reforming and Graphite Formation on Ni Catalysts J. Catal. 2002, 209, 365-384
25. Pan, Y.; Zhang, H. G.; Shi, D. X.; Sun, J. T.; Du, S. X.; Liu, F.; Gao, H. J. Highly Ordered, Millimeter-Scale, Continuous, Single-Crystalline Graphene Monolayer Formed on Ru (0001) Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) 2009, 21, 2777-+
26. Wang, B.; Bocquet, M. L.; Marchini, S.; Gunther, S.; Wintterlin, J. Chemical Origin of a Graphene Moire Overlayer on Ru(0001) Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2008, 10, 3530-3534
27. Sutter, P. W.; Flege, J. I.; Sutter, E. A. Epitaxial Graphene on Ruthenium Nat. Mater. 2008, 7, 406-411
28. de Parga, A. L. V.; Calleja, F.; Borca, B.; Passeggi, M. C. G.; Hinarejos, J. J.; Guinea, F.; Miranda, R. Periodically Rippled Graphene: Growth and Spatially Resolved Electronic Structure Phys. Rev. Lett. 2008, 100, 056807
29. Miniussi, E. Thermal Stability of Corrugated Epitaxial Graphene Grown on Re(0001) Phys. Rev. Lett. 2011, 106, 216101
30. Eom, D.; Prezzi, D.; Rim, K. T.; Zhou, H.; Lefenfeld, M.; Xiao, S.; Nuckolls, C.; Hybertsen, M. S.; Heinz, T. F.; Flynn, G. W. Structure and Electronic Properties of Graphene Nanoislands on Co(0001) Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 2844-2848
31. Emtsev, K. V. Towards Wafer-Size Graphene Layers by Atmospheric Pressure Graphitization of Silicon Carbide Nat. Mater. 2009, 8, 203-207
32. Preobrajenski, A. B.; Ng, M. L.; Vinogradov, A. S.; Martensson, N. Controlling Graphene Corrugation on Lattice-Mismatched Substrates Phys. Rev. B 2008, 78 073401
33. Levy, N.; Burke, S. A.; Meaker, K. L.; Panlasigui, M.; Zettl, A.; Guinea, F.; Neto, A. H. C.; Crommie, M. F. Strain-Induced Pseudo-Magnetic Fields Greater Than 300 T in Graphene Nanobubbles Science 2010, 329, 544-547
34. Tromp, R. M.; Reuter, M. C. Imaging with a Low-Energy-Electron Microscope Ultramicroscopy 1993, 50, 171-178
35. Johanek, V.; De la Ree, A. B.; Hemminger, J. C. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Investigation of the Conversion of Ethylene to Carbon Clusters and Graphite on Pt(111) J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 4441-4444
36. Land, T. A.; Michely, T.; Behm, R. J.; Hemminger, J. C.; Comsa, G. Direct Observation of Surface-Reactions by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy-Ethylene->Ethylidyne->Carbon Particles->Graphite on Pt(111) J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 6774-6783
37. Tromp, R. M. Low-Energy Electron Microscopy IBM J. Res. Dev. 2000, 44, 503-516
38. Pauly, H. Other Low-Energy Beam Souces; Oxford University Press: New York, 1988; Vol. 1.
39. Barnett, M. E.; Nixon, W. C. A Mirror Electron Microscope Using Magnetic Lenses J. Sci. Instrum. 1967, 44, 893-898
40. Shimakura, T.; Takahashi, Y.; Sugaya, M.; Ohnishi, T.; Hasegawa, M.; Ohta, H. Mirror Electron Microscope for Inspecting Nanometer-Sized Defects in Magnetic Media Microelectron. Eng. 2008, 85, 1811-1814
41. Cushing, G. W.; Navin, J. K.; Valadez, L.; Johanek, V.; Harrison, I., An Effusive Molecular Beam Technique for Studies of Polyatomic Gas-Surface Reactivity and Energy Transfer. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2011, 82.
42. Bartmess, J. E.; Georgiadis, R. M. Empirical-Methods for Determination of Ionization Gauge Relative Sensitivities for Different Gases Vacuum 1983, 33, 149-153
43. Steininger, H.; Ibach, H.; Lehwald, S. Surface-Reactions of Ethylene and Oxygen on Pt(111) Surf. Sci. 1982, 117, 685-698
44. Windham, R. G.; Bartram, M. E.; Koel, B. E. Coadsorption of Ethylene and Potassium on Pt(111) 0.1. Formation of a Pi-Bonded State of Ethylene J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92, 2862-2870
45. Gland, J. L.; Zaera, F.; Fischer, D. A.; Carr, R. G.; Kollin, E. B. Ethylidyne Formation Rates on the Pt(111) Surface Chem. Phys. Lett. 1988, 151, 227-229
46. Zaera, F. Determination of the Mechanism for Ethylidyne Formation from Chemisorbed Ethylene on Transition-Metal Surfaces J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 4240-4244
47. Mohsin, S. B.; Trenary, M.; Robota, H. J. Kinetics of Ethylidyne Formation on Pt(111) from Time-Dependent Infrared-Spectroscopy Chem. Phys. Lett. 1989, 154, 511-515
48. Erley, W.; Li, Y.; Land, D. P.; Hemminger, J. C. The Conversion of Ethylene to Ethylidyne on Pt(111)-Non-First Order Kinetics and Ensemble Effects Surf. Sci. 1994, 301, 177-196
49. Zaera, F.; French, C. R. Mechanistic Changes in the Conversion of Ethylene to Ethylidyne on Transition Metals Induced by Changes in Surface Coverages J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 2236-2243
50. Deng, R. P.; Herceg, E.; Trenary, M. Identification and Hydrogenation of C-2 on Pt(111) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 17628-17633
51. 4 from Pure and Graphite-Covered Pt(111) J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 2007, 25, 1512-1518
52. Zhao, Z. J.; Moskaleva, L. V.; Aleksandrov, H. A.; Basaran, D.; Rosch, N. Ethylidyne Formation from Ethylene over Pt(111): A Mechanistic Study from First-Principle Calculations J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 12190-12201
53. 4 Precovered Pt{111} J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 2003, 21, 563-568
54. Ofner, H.; Zaera, F. Ethylene Adsorption on Platinum: Kinetics, Bonding, and Relevance to Catalysis J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10982-10983
55. Ogle, K. M.; Creighton, J. R.; Akhter, S.; White, J. M. The Formation and Decomposition Kinetics of Alkylidynes on Pt(111) Surf. Sci. 1986, 169, 246-266
56. Salmeron, M.; Somorjal, G. A. Desorption, Decomposition, and Deuterium-Exchange Reactions of Unsaturated-Hydrocarbons (Ethylene, Acetylene, Propylene, and Butenes) on the Pt(111) Crystal-Face J. Phys. Chem. 1982, 86, 341-350
57. Ofner, H.; Zaera, F. Isothermal Kinetic Measurements for the Hydrogenation of Ethylene on Pt(111) under Vacuum: Significance of Weakly-Bound Species in the Reaction Mechanism J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 396-408
58. Essen, J. M.; Haubrich, J.; Becker, C.; Wandelt, K. Adsorption of Ethene on Pt(111) and Ordered PtxSn/Pt(111) Surface Alloys: A Comparative HREELS and DFT Investigation Surf. Sci. 2007, 601, 3472-3480
59. Weaver, J. F.; Carlsson, A. F.; Madix, R. J. The Adsorption and Reaction of Low Molecular Weight Alkanes on Metallic Single Crystal Surfaces Surf. Sci. Rep. 2003, 50, 107-199
60. Campbell, C. T.; Sun, Y. K.; Weinberg, W. H. Trends in Preexponential Factors and Activation-Energies in Dehydrogenation and Dissociation of Adsorbed Species Chem. Phys. Lett. 1991, 179, 53-57
61. Bowker, M.; Morgan, C.; Perkins, N.; Holroyd, R.; Fourre, E.; Grillo, F.; MacDowall, A. Ethene Adsorption, Dehydrogenation and Reaction with Pd(110): Pd as a Carbon 'Sponge' J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 2377-2386
62. 4 Dissociation on Pt(111) J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 6705-6713
63. Ueta, H.; Saida, M.; Nakai, C.; Yamada, Y.; Sasaki, M.; Yamamoto, S. Highly Oriented Monolayer Graphite Formation on Pt(111) by a Supersonic Methane Beam Surf. Sci. 2004, 560, 183-190
64. Starr, D. E.; Pazhetnov, E. M.; Stadnichenko, A. I.; Boronin, A. I.; Shaikhutdinov, S. K. Carbon Films Grown on Pt(111) as Supports for Model Gold Catalysts Surf. Sci. 2006, 600, 2688-2695
65. Land, T. A.; Michely, T.; Behm, R. J.; Hemminger, J. C.; Comsa, G. Stm Investigation of the Adsorption and Temperature-Dependent Reactions of Ethylene on Pt(111) Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process. 1991, 53, 414-417
66. Lang, B. Leed Study of Deposition of Carbon on Platinum Crystal-Surfaces Surf. Sci. 1975, 53, 317-329
67. Enachescu, M.; Schleef, D.; Ogletree, D. F.; Salmeron, M. Integration of Point-Contact Microscopy and Atomic-Force Microscopy: Application to Characterization of Graphite/Pt(111) Phys. Rev. B 1999, 60, 16913-16919
68. Lide, D. R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2003-2004; p 4.160.
69. Pozzo, M.; Alfe, D.; Lacovig, P.; Hofmann, P.; Lizzit, S.; Baraldi, A., Thermal Expansion of Supported and Freestanding Graphene: Lattice Constant Versus Interatomic Distance. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2011, 106.
70. Mounet, N.; Marzari, N., First-Principles Determination of the Structural, Vibrational and Thermodynamic Properties of Diamond, Graphite, and Derivatives. Phys. Rev. B 2005, 71.
71. Altman, M. S.; Chung, W. F.; Liu, C. H. Leem Phase Contrast Surf. Rev. Lett. 1998, 5, 1129-1141
72. Cushing, G. W.; Navin, J. K.; Donald, S. B.; Valadez, L.; Johanek, V.; Harrison, I. C-H Bond Activation of Light Alkanes on Pt(111): Dissociative Sticking Coefficients, Evans-Polanyi Relation, and Gas-Surface Energy Transfer J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 17222-17232
73. Hamilton, J. C.; Blakely, J. M. Carbon Segregation to Single-Crystal Surfaces of Pt, Pd and Co Surf. Sci. 1980, 91, 199-217
74. Henry, C. R.; Chapon, C.; Duriez, C. Precursor State in the Chemisorption of Co on Supported Palladium Clusters J. Chem. Phys. 1991, 95, 700-705
75. Hu, Z. P.; Ogletree, D. F.; Vanhove, M. A.; Somorjai, G. A. Leed Theory for Incommensurate Overlayers-Application to Graphite on Pt(111) Surf. Sci. 1987, 180, 433-459
76. Rostrup-Nielsen, J.; Norskov, J. K. Step Sites in Syngas Catalysis Top. Catal. 2006, 40, 45-48
77. Abon, M.; Billy, J.; Bertolini, J. C.; Tardy, B. Carbon on Pt(111)-Characterization and Influence on the Chemisorptive Properties Surf. Sci. 1986, 167, 1-17