Metal stable isotope signatures as tracers in environmental geochemistry

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 49, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 2606-2624

  Wiederhold, Jan G ^a  

^a ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GEOCHEMISTRY; METALS; PRECIPITATION (CHEMICAL); TRACERS;

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING; ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY; ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES; ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS; FUTURE PERSPECTIVES; ISOTOPIC VARIATIONS; REDOX TRANSFORMATIONS; STABLE ISOTOPE FRACTIONATIONS;

ISOTOPES;

ORGANIC MATTER; STABLE ISOTOPE; DYES, REAGENTS, INDICATORS, MARKERS AND BUFFERS; ISOTOPE; METAL;

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE; FRACTIONATION; GEOCHEMISTRY; METAL; RAYLEIGH NUMBER; STABLE ISOTOPE; TRACER;

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING; COMPLEX FORMATION; DISSOLUTION; EVAPORATION; FRACTIONATION; GEOCHEMISTRY; ISOTOPE TRACING; MASS INDEPENDENT FRACTIONATION; METAL BINDING; NOMENCLATURE; NUCLEAR ENERGY AND RELATED PHENOMENA; NUCLEAR VOLUME EFFECT; PRECIPITATION; REVIEW; CHEMISTRY; ECOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; PROCEDURES;

CHEMISTRY; ECOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; INDICATORS AND REAGENTS; ISOTOPES; METALS;

EID: 84924031544     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es504683e     Document Type: Review

References (297)

1. Hoefs, J. Stable Isotope Geochemistry; Springer: Berlin, 2009.
2. Fry, B. Stable Isotope Ecology; Springer: New York, 2006.
3. Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science; Michener, R. and Lajtha, K., Eds.; Blackwell: Oxford, 2007.
4. Handbook of Stable Isotope Analytical Techniques; de Groot, P. A., Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2008.
5. Young, E. D.; Manning, C. E.; Schauble, E. A.; Shahar, A.; Macris, C. A.; Lazar, C.; Jordan, M. High-temperature equilibrium isotope fractionation of non-traditional stable isotopes: Experiments, theory, and applications Chem. Geol. 2015, 395, 176-195
6. Wasylenki, L. E. Establishing the basis for using stable isotope ratios of metals as paleoredox proxies. In Isotopic Analysis, Chapter 11; Vanhaecke, F.; Degryse, P.; Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2012; pp 317-350.
7. Johnson, C. M.; Beard, B. L.; Albarède, F.; Eds. Geochemistry of non-traditional stable isotopes, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 55; Mineralogical Society of America and Geochemical Society: Washington, DC, 2004.
8. Weiss, D. J.; Rehkämper, M.; Schoenberg, R.; McLaughlin, M.; Kirby, J.; Campbell, P. G. C.; Arnold, T.; Chapman, J.; Peel, K.; Gioia, S. Application of nontraditional stable-isotope systems to the study of sources and fate of metals in the environment Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 655-664
9. Bullen, T. D.; Eisenhauer, A. Metal stable isotopes signals in the environment. Elements 2009, 5, 6.
10. Baskaran, M. Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry; Springer: Heidelberg, 2012.
11. Bullen, T. D. Stable isotopes of transition and post-transition metals as tracers in environmental studies. In Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry, Chapter 10; Baskaran, M., Ed.; Springer: Heidelberg, 2012; pp 177-203.
12. Bullen, T. D. Metal stable isotopes in weathering and hydrology. In Treatise on Geochemistry, 2 nd ed.; Elsevier: New York, 2014; Vol. 7.10, pp 329-359.
13. Romanek, C. S.; Beard, B.; Anbar, A. D.; Andrus, C. F. T. Nontraditional stable isotopes in environmental sciences. In Environmental Isotopes in Biodegradation and Bioremediation, Chapter 12; Aelion, C. M.; Höhener, P.; Hunkeler, D.; Aravena, R., Eds.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, 2010; pp 385-435.
14. Kyser, K. Isotopes as tracers of elements across the geosphere-biosphere interface. In Isotopic Analysis, Chapter 12; Vanhaecke, F.; Degryse, P.; Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2012; pp 351-372.
15. Tanimizu, M.; Sohrin, Y.; Hirata, T. Heavy element stable isotope ratios: Analytical approaches and applications Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2013, 405, 2771-2783
16. Eiler, J. M.; Bergquist, B.; Bourg, I.; Cartigny, P.; Farquhar, J.; Gagnon, A.; Guo, W.; Halevy, I.; Hofmann, A.; Larson, T. E.; Levin, N.; Schauble, E. A.; Stolper, D. Frontiers of stable isotope geoscience Chem. Geol. 2014, 372, 119-143
17. Heger, A.; Fröhlich, C.; Truran, J. W. Origin of the elements. In Treatise on Geochemistry, 2 nd ed.; Elsevier: New York, 2014; Vol. 2.1, pp 1-14.
18. Blum, J. D.; Erel, Y. Radiogenic isotopes in weathering and hydrology. In Treatise on Geochemistry; Elsevier: New York, 2003; Vol. 5.12, pp 365-392.
19. Capo, R. C.; Stewart, B. W.; Chadwick, O. A. Strontium isotopes as tracers of ecosystem processes: Theory and methods Geoderma 1998, 82, 197-225
20. Shand, P.; Darbyshire, D. P. F.; Love, A. J.; Edmunds, W. M. Sr isotopes in natural waters: Applications to source characterization and water-rock interaction in contrasting landscapes Appl. Geochem. 2009, 24, 574-586
21. Slovak, N. M.; Paytan, A. Applications of Sr isotopes in archaeology. In Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry, Chapter 35; Baskaran, M., Ed.; Springer: Heidelberg, 2012; pp 743-768.
22. Le Roux, G.; Sonke, J. E.; Cloquet, C.; Aubert, D.; de Vleeschouwer, F. Comment on "The biosphere: A homogeniser of Pb-isotope signals" by C. Reimann, B. Flem, A. Arnoldussen, P. Englmaier, T.E. Finne, F. Koller and Ø. Nordgulen Appl. Geochem. 2008, 23, 2789-2792
23. Komarek, M.; Ettler, V.; Chrastny, V.; Mihaljevič, M. Lead isotopes in environmental sciences: A review Environ. Int. 2008, 34, 562-577
24. von Blanckenburg, F.; Willenbring, J. K. Cosmogenic nuclides: Dates and rates of Earth-surface change Elements 2014, 10, 341-346
25. Mabit, L.; Benmansour, M.; Abril, J. M.; Walling, D. E.; Meusburger, K.; Iurian, A. R.; Bernard, C.; Tarján, S.; Owens, P. N.; Blake, W. H.; Alewell, C. Fallout 210Pb as a soil and sediment tracer in catchment sediment budget investigations: A review Earth Sci. Rev. 2014, 138, 335-351
26. Stürup, S.; Hansen, H. R.; Gammelgaard, B. Application of enriched stable isotopes as tracers in biological systems: A critical review Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2008, 390, 541-554
27. Croteau, M.-N.; Cain, D. J.; Fuller, C. C. Novel and nontraditional use of stable isotope tracers to study metal bioavailability from natural particles Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 3424-3431
28. Hamon, R. E.; Parker, D. R.; Lombi, E. Advances in isotopic dilution techniques in trace element research: A review of methodologies, benefits, and limitations Adv. Agron. 2008, 99, 289-343
29. Björn, E.; Larsson, T.; Lambertsson, L.; Skyllberg, U.; Frech, W. Recent advances in mercury speciation analysis with focus on spectrometric methods and enriched stable isotope applications Ambio 2007, 36, 443-451
30. Coplen, T. B. Guidelines and recommended terms for expression of stable-isotope-ratio and gas-ratio measurement results Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2011, 25, 2538-2560
31. Young, E. D.; Galy, A.; Nagahara, H. Kinetic and equilibrium mass-dependent isotope fractionation laws in nature and their geochemical and cosmochemical significance Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2002, 66, 1095-1104
32. Criss, B. E.; Farquhar, J. Abundance, notation, and fractionation of light stable isotopes Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 2008, 68, 15-30
33. Blum, J. D.; Bergquist, B. A. Reporting of variations in the natural isotopic composition of mercury Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2007, 388, 353-359
34. Criss, B. E. Principles of Stable Isotope Distribution; Oxford University Press: New York, 1999.
35. Schauble, E. Applying stable isotope fractionation theory to new systems Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 2004, 55, 65-112
36. Schauble, E. A.; Méheut, M.; Hill, P. S. Combining metal stable isotope fractionation theory with experiments Elements 2009, 5, 369-374
37. Wiederhold, J. G.; Cramer, C. J.; Daniel, K.; Infante, I.; Bourdon, B.; Kretzschmar, R. Equilibrium mercury isotope fractionation between dissolved Hg(II) species and thiol-bound Hg Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 4191-4197
38. Thiemens, M. H.; Chakraborty, S.; Dominguez, G. The physical chemistry of mass-independent isotope effects and their observation in nature Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 2012, 63, 155-177
39. Thiemens, M. H. Introduction to chemistry and applications in nature of mass independent isotope effects special feature Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2013, 110, 17631-17637
40. Epov, V. N.; Malinovskiy, D.; Vanhaecke, F.; Bégué, D.; Donard, O. F. X. Modern mass spectrometry for studying mass-independent fractionation of heavy stable isotopes in environmental and biological sciences J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2011, 26, 1142-1156
41. Schauble, E. A. Role of nuclear volume in driving equilibrium stable isotope fractionation of mercury, thallium, and other very heavy elements Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2007, 71, 2170-2189
42. Bigeleisen, J. Nuclear size and shape effects in chemical reactions. Isotope chemistry of the heavy elements J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 3676-3680
43. Fujii, T.; Moynier, F.; Albarède, F. The nuclear field shift effect in chemical exchange reactions Chem. Geol. 2009, 267, 139-156
44. Buchachenko, A. L. MIE versus CIE-comparative analysis of magnetic and classical isotope effects Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2507-2528
45. Fricke, G.; Heilig, K. Nuclear Charge Radii (Landolt-Börnstein: Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology New Series: Group I: Elementary Particles, Nuclei and Atoms); Springer: Berlin, 2004; Vol. 20.
46. Angeli, I.; Gangrsky, Y. P.; Marinova, K. P.; Boboshin, I. N.; Komarov, S. Y.; Ishkhanov, B. S.; Varlamov, V. V. N and Z dependence of nuclear charge radii J. Phys. G 2009, 36 (085102) 26pp
47. Abe, M.; Suzuki, T.; Fujii, Y.; Hada, M.; Hirao, K. Ligand effect on uranium isotope fractionations caused by nuclear effects: An ab initio relativistic molecular orbital study J. Chem. Phys. 2010, 133, 044309
48. Schauble, E. A. Modeling nuclear volume isotope effects in crystals Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2013, 110, 17714-17719
49. Fujii, T.; Moynier, F.; Agranier, A.; Ponzevera, E.; Abe, M.; Uehara, A.; Yamana, H. Nuclear field shift effect in isotope fractionation of thallium J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2013, 296, 261-265
50. Abe, M.; Hada, M.; Suzuki, T.; Fujii, Y.; Hirao, K. Theoretical study of isotope enrichment caused by nuclear volume effect J. Comput. Chem. Jpn. 2014, 13, 92-104
51. Jiskra, M.; Wiederhold, J. G.; Bourdon, B.; Kretzschmar, R. Solution speciation controls mercury isotope fractionation of Hg(II) sorption to goethite Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 6654-6662
52. Fujii, T.; Moynier, F.; Agranier, A.; Ponzevera, E.; Abe, M. Isotope fractionation of palladium in chemical exchange reaction Proc. Radiochim. Acta 2011, 1, 339-344
53. Fujii, T.; Moynier, F.; Agranier, A.; Ponzevera, E.; Abe, M. Nuclear field shift effect of lead in ligand exchange reaction using a crown ether Proc. Radiochim. Acta 2011, 1, 387-392
54. Fujii, T.; Moynier, F.; Dauphas, N.; Abe, M. Theoretical and experimental investigation of nickel isotopic fractionation in species relevant to modern and ancient oceans Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2011, 75, 469-482
55. Fujii, T.; Moynier, F.; Abe, M.; Nemoto, K.; Albarède, F. Copper isotope fractionation between aqueous compounds relevant to low temperature geochemistry and biology Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2013, 110, 29-44
56. Fujii, T.; Moynier, F.; Telouk, P.; Abe, M. Experimental and theoretical investigation of isotope fractionation of zinc between aqua, chloro, and macrocyclic complexes J. Phys. Chem. A 2010, 114, 2543-2552
57. Zheng, W.; Hintelmann, H. Nuclear field shift effect in isotope fractionation of mercury during abiotic reduction in the absence of light J. Phys. Chem. A 2010, 114, 4238-4245
58. Moynier, F.; Fujii, T.; Brennecka, G. A.; Nielsen, S. G. Nuclear field shift in natural environments C. R. Geoscience 2013, 345, 150-159
59. Turro, N. J. Influence of nuclear spin on chemical reactions: Magnetic isotope and magnetic field effects (a review) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1983, 80, 609-621
60. Epov, V. N. Magnetic isotope effect and theory of atomic orbital hybridization to predict a mechanism of chemical exchange reactions Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011, 13, 13222-13231
61. Salikhov, K. M. Magnetic Isotopes Effect in Radical Reactions: An Introduction. Springer, Wien, 1996.
62. Buchachenko, A. L. Magnetic Isotope Effect in Chemistry and Biochemistry; Nova Science Publishers, New York, 2009.
63. Buchachenko, A. L. Mass-independent isotope effects J. Phys. Chem. B 2013, 117, 2231-2238
64. Crotty, D.; Silkstone, G.; Poddar, S.; Ranson, R.; Prina-Mello, A.; Wilson, M. T.; Coey, J. M. D. Reexamination of magnetic isotope and field effects on adenosine triphosphate production by creatine kinase Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2012, 109, 1437-1442
65. Bergquist, B. A.; Blum, J. D. Mass-dependent and -independent fractionation of Hg isotopes by photoreduction in aquatic systems Science 2007, 318, 417-420
66. Blum, J. D.; Sherman, L. S.; Johnson, M. W. Mercury isotopes in earth and environmental sciences Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2014, 42, 249-269
67. Zheng, W.; Hintelmann, H. Isotope fractionation of mercury during its photochemical reduction by low-molecular-weight organic compounds J. Phys. Chem. A 2010, 114, 4246-4253
68. Gratz, L. E.; Keeler, G. J.; Blum, J. D.; Sherman, L. S. Isotopic composition and fractionation of mercury in Great Lakes precipitation and ambient air Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 7764-7770
69. Chen, J.; Hintelmann, H.; Feng, X.; Dimock, B. Unusual fractionation of both odd and even mercury isotopes in precipitation from Peterborough, ON, Canada Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2012, 90, 33-46
70. Demers, J. D.; Blum, J. D.; Zak, D. R. Mercury isotopes in a forested ecosystem: Implications for air-surface exchange dynamics and the global mercury cycle Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2013, 27, 222-238
71. Mead, C.; Lyons, J.; Johnson, T.; Anbar, A. Unique Hg stable isotope signatures of compact fluorescent lamp-sourced Hg Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 2542-2547
72. Coplen, T. B.; Böhlke, J. K.; De Bièvre, P.; Ding, T.; Holden, N. E.; Hopple, J. A.; Krouse, H. R.; Lamberty, A.; Peiser, H. S.; Révész, K. M.; Rieder, S. E.; Rosman, K. J. R.; Roth, E.; Taylor, P. D. P.; Vocke, R. D., Jr; Xiao, Y. K. Isotopic abundance variations of selected elements Pure Appl. Chem. 2002, 74, 1987-2017
73. Smith, C. N.; Kesler, S. E.; Klaue, B.; Blum, J. D. Mercury isotope fractionation in fossil hydrothermal systems Geology 2005, 33, 825-828
74. Johnston, D. T.; Fischer, W. W. Stable isotope geology. In Fundamentals of Geobiology, Chapter 14; Knoll, A. H.; Canfield, D. E.; Konhauser., K. O.; Eds.; Blackwell: Chichester, 2012; pp 250-268.
75. Mathur, R.; Titley, S.; Barra, F.; Brantley, S.; Wilson, M.; Phillips, A.; Munizaga, F.; Makseav, V.; Vervoort, J.; Hart, G. Exploration potential of Cu isotope fractionation in porphyry copper deposits J. Geochem. Explor. 2009, 102, 1-6
76. Johnson, T. M. Stable isotopes of Cr and Se as tracers of redox processes in Earth surface environments. In Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry, Chapter 9; Baskaran, M., Ed.; Springer: Heidelberg, 2012; pp 155-175.
77. 53Cr shift in Central European waters contaminated by geogenic/industrial chromium relative to source values Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 6089-6096
78. Smith, R. S.; Wiederhold, J. G.; Jew, A. D.; Brown, G. E., Jr.; Bourdon, B.; Kretzschmar, R. Small-scale studies of roasted ore waste reveal extreme ranges of stable mercury isotope signatures Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2014, 137, 1-17
79. Creech, J. B.; Baker, J. A.; Handler, M. R.; Bizzarro, M. Platinum stable isotope analysis of geological standard reference materials by double-spike MC-ICPMS Chem. Geol. 2014, 363, 293-300
80. Chen, J. B.; Gaillardet, J.; Louvat, P. Zinc isotopes in the Seine River waters, France: A probe of anthropogenic contamination Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 6494-6501
81. Estrade, N.; Carignan, J.; Donard, O. F. X. Isotope tracing of atmospheric mercury sources in an urban area of northeastern France Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 6062-6067
82. Ellis, A. S.; Johnson, T. M.; Bullen, T. D. Chromium isotopes and the fate of hexavalent chromium in the environment Science 2002, 295, 2060-2062
83. Berna, E. C.; Johnson, T. M.; Makdisi, R. S.; Basu, A. Cr stable isotopes as indicators of Cr(VI) reduction in groundwater: A detailed time-series study of a point-source plume Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 1043-1048
84. Sherman, L. S.; Blum, J. D.; Johnson, K. P.; Keeler, G. J.; Barres, J. A.; Douglas, T. A. Mass-independent fractionation of mercury isotopes in arctic snow driven by sunlight Nat. Geosc. 2010, 3, 173-177
85. Clark, S. K.; Johnson, T. M. Effective isotopic fractionation factors for solute removal by reactive sediments: A laboratory microcosm and slurry study Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 7850-7855
86. Lutz, S. R.; Van Breukelen, B. M. Combined source apportionment and degradation quantification of organic pollutants with CSIA: 1. Model derivation Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 6220-6228
87. Welch, S. A.; Beard, B. L.; Johnson, C. M.; Braterman, P. S. Kinetic and equilibrium Fe isotope fractionation between aqueous Fe(II) and Fe(III) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2003, 67, 4231-4250
88. 2+: Implications for iron stable isotope geochemistry Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2005, 69, 825-837
89. Wang, X.; Johnson, T. M.; Ellis, A. S. Equilibrium isotopic fractionation and isotopic exchange kinetics between Cr(III) and Cr(VI) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2015, 153, 72-90
90. Ehrlich, S.; Butler, I.; Halicz, L.; Rickard, D.; Oldroyd, A.; Matthews, A. Experimental study of the copper isotope fractionation between aqueous Cu(II) and covellite, CuS Chem. Geol. 2004, 209, 259-269
91. Ellis, A. S.; Johnson, T. M.; Bullen, T. D.; Herbel, M. J. Stable isotope fractionation of selenium by natural microbial consortia Chem. Geol. 2003, 195, 119-129
92. Rouxel, O.; Ludden, J.; Fouquet, Y. Antimony isotope variations in natural systems and implications for their use as geochemical tracers Chem. Geol. 2003, 200, 25-40
93. Baesman, S. M.; Bullen, T. D.; Dewald, J.; Zhang, D.; Curran, S.; Islam, F. S.; Beveridge, T. J.; Oremland, R. S. Formation of tellurium nanocrystals during anaerobic growth of bacteria that use Te oxyanions as respiratory electron acceptors Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2007, 73, 2135-2143
94. Kritee, K.; Blum, J. D.; Johnson, M. W.; Bergquist, B.; Barkay, T. Mercury stable isotope fractionation during reduction of Hg(II) to Hg(0) by mercury resistant bacteria Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 1889-1895
95. Peacock, C. L.; Moon, E. M. Oxidative scavenging of thallium by birnessite: Controls on thallium sorption and stable isotope fractionation in marine ferromanganese precipitates Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2012, 84, 297-313
96. Wang, X.; Johnson, T. M.; Lundstrom, C. C. Isotope fractionation during oxidation of tetravalent uranium by dissolved oxygen Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2015, 150, 160-170
97. Schauble, E.; Rossman, G. R.; Taylor, H. P. Theoretical estimates of equilibrium chromium-isotope fractionations Chem. Geol. 2004, 205, 99-114
98. Sherman, D. M. Equilibrium isotopic fractionation of copper during oxidation/reduction, aqueous complexation and ore-forming processes: Predictions from hybrid density functional theory Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2013, 118, 85-97
99. Black, J. R.; Kavner, A.; Schauble, E. A. Calculation of equilibrium stable isotope partition functions for aqueous zinc complexes and metallic zinc Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2011, 175, 769-783
100. Li, X. F.; Liu, Y. Equilibrium Se isotope fractionation parameters: A first-principles study Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2011, 304, 113-120
101. Sonke, J. E.; Sivry, Y.; Viers, J.; Freydier, R.; Dejonghe, L.; Andre, L.; Aggarwal, J. K.; Fontan, F.; Dupre, B. Historical variations in the isotopic composition of atmospheric zinc deposition from a zinc smelter Chem. Geol. 2008, 252, 145-157
102. Mattielli, N.; Petit, J. C. J.; Deboudt, K.; Flament, P.; Perdrix, E.; Taillez, A.; Rimetz-Planchon, J.; Weis, D. Zn isotope study of atmospheric emissions and dry depositions within a 5km radius of a Pb-Zn refinery Atmos. Environ. 2009, 43, 1265-1272
103. Larner, F.; Rehkämper, M. Evaluation of stable isotope tracing for ZnO nanomaterials-new constraints from high precision isotope analyses and modelling Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 4149-4158
104. Borrok, D. M.; Gieré, R.; Ren, M.; Landa, E. R. Zinc isotopic composition of particulate matter generated during the combustion of coal and coal+tire-derived fuels Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 9219-9224
105. Cloquet, C.; Carignan, J.; Libourel, G.; Sterckeman, T.; Perdrix, E. Tracing source pollution in soils using cadmium and lead isotopes Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 2525-2530
106. Shiel, A. E.; Weiss, D.; Orians, K. J. Evaluation of zinc, cadmium and lead isotope fractionation during smelting and refining Sci. Total Environ. 2010, 408, 2357-2368
107. Sun, R.; Heimbürger, L.-E.; Sonke, J. E.; Liu, G.; Amouroux, D.; Berail, S. Mercury stable isotope fractionation in six utility boilers of two large coal-fired power plants Chem. Geol. 2013, 336, 103-111
108. Wiederhold, J. G.; Smith, R. S.; Siebner, H.; Jew, A. D.; Brown, G. E.; Bourdon, B.; Kretzschmar, R. Mercury isotope signatures as tracers for Hg cycling at the New Idria Hg Mine Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 6137-6145
109. Black, J. R.; Umeda, G.; Dunn, B.; McDonough, W. F.; Kavner, A. The electrochemical isotope effect and lithium isotope separation J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 9904-9905
110. Kavner, A.; Shahar, A.; Black, J. R.; Young, E. Iron isotope electroplating: Diffusion-limited fractionation Chem. Geol. 2009, 267, 131-138
111. Kavner, A.; John, S. G.; Sass, S.; Boyle, E. A. Redox-driven stable isotope fractionation in transition metals: Application to Zn electroplating Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2008, 72, 1731-1741
112. Dideriksen, K.; Baker, J. A.; Stipp, S. L. S. Equilibrium Fe isotope fractionation between inorganic aqueous Fe(III) and the siderophore complex, Fe(III)-desferrioxamine B Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2008, 269, 280-290
113. Jouvin, D.; Louvat, P.; Juillot, F.; Marechal, C. N.; Benedetti, M. F. Zinc isotopic fractionation: Why organic matters Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 5747-5754
114. Ryan, B. M.; Kirby, J. K.; Degryse, F.; Scheiderich, K.; McLaughlin, M. J. Copper isotope fractionation during equilibration with natural and synthetic ligands Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 8620-8626
115. Bigalke, M.; Weyer, S.; Wilcke, W. Copper isotope fractionation during complexation with insolubilized humic acid Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 5496-5502
116. Morgan, J. L.; Wasylenki, L. E.; Nuester, J.; Anbar, A. D. Fe isotope fractionation during equilibration of Fe-organic complexes Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 6095-6101
117. 2] and Mg aqueous species: Implications for silicate weathering and biogeochemical processes Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2014, 394, 82-93
118. Hill, P. S.; Schauble, E. A.; Shahar, A.; Tonui, E.; Young, E. D. Experimental studies of equilibrium iron isotope fractionation in ferric aquo-chloro complexes Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2009, 73, 2366-2381
119. Nir, O.; Vengosh, A.; Harkness, J. S.; Dwyer, G. S.; Lahav, O. Direct measurement of the boron isotope fractionation factor: Reducing the uncertainty in reconstructing ocean paleo-pH Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2015, 414, 1-5
120. Liu, Y.; Tossell, J. A. Ab initio molecular orbital calculations for boron isotope fractionations on boric acids and borates Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2005, 69, 3995-4006
121. Domagal-Goldman, S. D.; Kubicki, J. D. Density functional theory predictions of equilibrium isotope fractionation of iron due to redox changes and organic complexation Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2008, 72, 5201-5216
122. Domagal-Goldman, S. D.; Paul, K. W.; Sparks, D. L.; Kubicki, J. D. Quantum chemical study of the Fe(III)-desferrioxamine B siderophore complex: electronic structure, vibrational frequencies, and equilibrium Fe-isotope fractionation Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2009, 73, 1-12
123. Ottonello, G.; Zuccolini, M. V. The iron-isotope fractionation dictated by the carboxylic functional: An ab-initio investigation Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2008, 72, 5920-5934
124. Moynier, F.; Fujii, T.; Wang, K.; Foriel, J. Ab initio calculations of the Fe(II) and Fe(III) isotopic effects in citrates, nicotianamine, and phytosiderophore, and new Fe isotopic measurements in higher plants C. R. Geoscience 2013, 345, 230-240
125. Fujii, T.; Moynier, F.; Blichert-Toft, J.; Albarède, F. Density functional theory estimation of isotope fractionation of Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn among species relevant to geochemical and biological environments Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2014, 140, 553-576
126. Seo, J.; Lee, S.; Lee, I. Quantum chemical calculations of equilibrium copper (I) isotope fractionations in ore-forming fluids Chem. Geol. 2007, 243, 225-237
127. Fujii, T.; Albarède, F. Ab Initio calculation of the Zn isotope effect in phosphates, citrates, and malates and applications to plants and soil PLoS One 2012, 7 (2) e30726
128. Fujii, T.; Moynier, F.; Pons, M.; Albarède, F. The origin of Zn isotope fractionation in sulfides Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2011, 75, 7632-7643
129. Li, X.; Zhao, H.; Tang, M.; Liu, Y. Theoretical prediction for several important equilibrium Ge isotope fractionation factors and geological implications Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2009, 287, 1-11
130. Tossell, J. A. Calculating the partitioning of the isotopes of Mo between oxidic and sulfidic species in aqueous solution Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2005, 69, 2981-2993
131. Yang, J.; Li, Y.; Liu, S.; Tian, H.; Chen, C.; Liu, J.; Shi, Y. Theoretical calculations of Cd isotope fractionation in hydrothermal fluids Chem. Geol. 2015, 391, 74-82
132. Barling, J.; Anbar, A. D. Molybdenum isotope fractionation during adsorption by manganese oxides Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2004, 217, 315-329
133. Wasylenki, L. E.; Weeks, C. L.; Bargar, J. R.; Spiro, T. G.; Hein, J. R.; Anbar, A. D. The molecular mechanism of Mo isotope fractionation during adsorption to birnessite Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2011, 75, 5019-5031
134. Balistrieri, L. S.; Borrok, D. M.; Wanty, R. B.; Ridley, W. I. Fractionation of Cu and Zn isotopes during adsorption onto amorphous Fe(III) oxyhydroxide: Experimental mixing of acid rock drainage and ambient river water Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2008, 72, 311-328
135. Pokrovsky, O. S.; Galy, A.; Schott, J.; Pokrovski, G. S.; Mantoura, S. Germanium isotope fractionation during Ge adsorption on goethite and its coprecipitation with Fe oxy(hydr)oxides Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2014, 131, 138-149
136. Mitchell, K.; Couture, R.-M.; Johnson, T. M.; Mason, P. R. D.; Van Cappellen, P. Selenium sorption and isotope fractionation: Iron(III) oxides versus iron(II) sulfides Chem. Geol. 2013, 342, 21-28
137. Brennecka, G. A.; Wasylenki, L. E.; Bargar, J. R.; Weyer, S.; Anbar, A. D. Uranium isotope fractionation during adsorption to Mn oxyhydroxides Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 1370-1375
138. Ockert, C.; Gussone, N.; Kaufhold, S.; Teichert, B. M. A. Isotope fractionation during Ca exchange on clay minerals in a marine environment Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2013, 112, 374-388
139. Li, D.; Liu, S. A.; Li, S. Copper isotope fractionation during adsorption onto kaolinite: Experimental approach and applications Chem. Geol. 2015, 396, 74-82
140. Wasylenki, L. E.; Swihart, J. W.; Romaniello, S. J. Cadmium isotope fractionation during adsorption to Mn oxyhydroxide at low and high ionic strength Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2014, 140, 212-226
141. Goldberg, T.; Archer, C.; Vance, D.; Poulton, S. Mo isotope fractionation during adsorption to Fe (oxyhydr)oxides Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2009, 73, 6502-6516
142. Lemarchand, E.; Schott, J.; Gaillardet, J. How surface complexes impact boron isotope fractionation: evidence from Fe and Mn oxides sorption experiments Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2007, 260, 277-296
143. Pokrovsky, O. S.; Viers, J.; Freydier, R. Zinc stable isotope fractionation during its adsorption on oxides and hydroxides J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2005, 291, 192-200
144. Nakada, R.; Tanimizu, M.; Takahashi, Y. Difference in the stable isotopic fractionations of Ce, Nd, and Sm during adsorption on iron and manganese oxides and its interpretation based on their local structures Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2013, 121, 105-119
145. Mikutta, C.; Wiederhold, J. G.; Cirpka, O. A.; Hofstetter, T. B.; Bourdon, B.; Von Gunten, U. Iron isotope fractionation and atom exchange during sorption of ferrous iron to mineral surfaces Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2009, 73, 1795-1812
146. Beard, B. L.; Handler, R. M.; Scherer, M. M.; Wu, L. L.; Czaja, A. D.; Heimann, A.; Johnson, C. M. Iron isotope fractionation between aqueous ferrous iron and goethite Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2010, 295, 241-250
147. Nakada, R.; Takahashi, Y.; Tanimizu, M. Isotopic and speciation study on cerium during its solid-water distribution with implication for Ce stable isotope as a paleo-redox proxy Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2013, 103, 49-62
148. Nielsen, S. G.; Wasylenki, L. E.; Rehkämper, M.; Peacock, C. L.; Xue, Z.; Moon, E. M. Towards an understanding of thallium isotope fractionation during adsorption to manganese oxides Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2013, 117, 252-265
149. Pokrovsky, O. S.; Viers, J.; Emnova, E. E.; Kompantseva, E. I.; Freydier, R. Copper isotope fractionation during its interaction with soil and aquatic microorganisms and metal oxy(hydr)oxides: Possible structural control Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2008, 72, 1742-1757
150. Navarrete, J. U.; Borrok, D. M.; Viveros, M.; Ellzey, J. T. Copper isotope fractionation during surface adsorption and intracellular incorporation by bacteria Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2011, 75, 784-799
151. Kafantaris, F-C. A.; Borrok, D. M. Zinc isotope fractionation during surface adsorption and intracellular incorporation by bacteria Chem. Geol. 2014, 366, 42-51
152. Coutaud, A.; Meheut, M.; Viers, J.; Rols, J. L.; Pokrovsky, O. S. Zn isotope fractionation during interaction with phototrophic biofilm Chem. Geol. 2014, 390, 46-60
153. Little, S. H.; Sherman, D. M.; Vance, D.; Hein, J. R. Molecular controls on Cu and Zn isotopic fractionation in Fe-Mn crusts Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2014, 396, 213-222
154. Juillot, F.; Marechal, C.; Ponthieu, M.; Cacaly, S.; Morin, G.; Benedetti, M.; Hazemann, J. L.; Proux, O.; Guyot, F. Zn isotopic fractionation caused by sorption on goethite and 2-lines ferrihydrite Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2008, 72, 4886-4900
155. Kashiwabara, T.; Takahashi, Y.; Tanimizu, M. A XAFS study on the mechanism of isotopic fractionation of molybdenum during its adsorption on ferromanganese oxides Geochem. J. 2009, 43, e31-e36
156. Li, X. F.; Liu, Y. First-principles study of Ge isotope fractionation during adsorption onto Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide surfaces Chem. Geol. 2010, 278, 15-22
157. Ellis, A.; Johnson, T. M.; Bullen, T. D. Using chromium stable isotope ratios to quantify Cr(VI) reduction: lack of sorption effects Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 3604-3607
158. 235U due to desorption-adsorption of U(VI) from groundwater at the Rifle, Colorado, integrated field research challenge site Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 2535-2541
159. Oelze, M.; von Blanckenburg, F.; Hoellen, D.; Dietzel, M.; Bouchez, J. Si stable isotope fractionation during adsorption and the competition between kinetic and equilibrium isotope fractionation: Implications for weathering systems Chem. Geol. 2014, 380, 161-171
160. Jiskra, M.; Saile, D.; Wiederhold, J. G.; Bourdon, B.; Björn, E.; Kretzschmar, R. Kinetics of Hg(II) exchange between organic ligands, goethite, and natural organic matter studied with an enriched stable isotope approach Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 13207-13217
161. DePaolo, D. J. Surface kinetic model for isotopic and trace element fractionation during precipitation of calcite from aqueous solutions Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2011, 75, 1039-1056
162. Matsuhisa, Y.; Goldsmith, J. R.; Clayton, R. N. Mechanisms of hydrothermal crystallization of quartz at 250°C and 15 kbar Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1978, 42, 173-182
163. Butler, I. B.; Archer, C.; Vance, D.; Oldroyd, A.; Rickard, D. Fe isotope fractionation on FeS formation in ambient aqueous solution Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2005, 236, 430-442
164. m (mackinawite) at 25 and 2°C Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2011, 75, 2721-2734
165. aq-Mackinawite at low temperatures: implications for the rock record Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2012, 89, 46-61
166. 44Ca and Li/Ca during growth of calcium carbonate Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2004, 222, 615-624
167. Wimpenny, J.; Gislason, S.; James, R. H.; Gannoun, A.; Pogge von Strandmann, P. A. E.; Burton, K. W. The behaviour of Li and Mg isotopes during primary phase dissolution and secondary mineral formation in basalt Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2010, 74, 5259-5279
168. Immenhauser, A.; Buhl, D.; Richter, D.; Niedermayr, A.; Riechelmann, D.; Dietzel, M.; Schulte, U. Magnesium-isotope fractionation during low-Mg calcite precipitation in a limestone cave-Field study and experiments Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2010, 74, 4346-4364
169. Mavromatis, V.; Pearce, C. R.; Shirokova, L. S.; Bundeleva, I. A.; Pokrovsky, O. S.; Benezeth, P.; Oelkers, E. H. Magnesium isotope fractionation during hydrous magnesiumcarbonate precipitation with and without cyanobacteria Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2012, 76, 161-174
170. Li, W.; Chakraborty, S.; Beard, B. L.; Romanek, C. S.; Johnson, C. M. Magnesium isotope fractionation during precipitation of inorganic calcite under laboratory conditions Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2012, 333-334, 304-316
171. Saulnier, S.; Rollion-Bard, C.; Vigier, N.; Chaussidon, M. Mg isotope fractionation during calcite precipitation: An experimental study Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2012, 91, 75-91
172. Pearce, C. R.; Saldi, G. D.; Schott, J.; Oelkers, E. H. Isotopic fractionation during congruent dissolution, precipitation and at equilibrium: Evidence from Mg isotopes Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2012, 92, 170-183
173. 44Ca) in inorganic aragonite and cultured planktonic foraminifera Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2003, 67, 1375-1382
174. Lemarchand, D.; Wasserburg, G. J.; Papanastassiou, D. A. Rate-controlled calcium isotope fractionation in synthetic calcite Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2004, 68, 4665-4678
175. 40Ca fractionation during inorganic calcite formation: II. Ca isotopes Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2008, 72, 3733-3745
176. Gussone, N.; Nehrke, G.; Teichert, B. M. A. Calcium isotope fractionation in ikaite and vaterite Chem. Geol. 2011, 285, 194-202
177. Böhm, F.; Eisenhauer, A.; Tang, J.; Dietzel, M.; Krabbenhoft, A.; Kisakurek, B.; Horn, C. Strontium isotope fractionation of planktic foraminifera and inorganic calcite Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2012, 93, 300-314
178. von Allmen, K.; Böttcher, M. E.; Samankassou, E.; Nägler, T. F. Barium isotope fractionation in the global barium cycle: First evidence from barium minerals and precipitation experiments Chem. Geol. 2010, 277, 70-77
179. 2 at ambient temperature Isotopes Environ. Health Stud. 2012, 48, 457-463
180. Wiesli, R. A.; Beard, B. L.; Johnson, C. M. Experimental determination of Fe isotope fractionation between aqueous Fe(II), siderite and "green rust" in abiotic systems Chem. Geol. 2004, 211, 343-362
181. Griffith, E. M.; Schauble, E. A.; Bullen, T. D.; Paytan, A. Characterization of calcium isotopes in natural and synthetic barite Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2008, 72, 5641-5658
182. Harouaka, K.; Eisenhauer, A.; Fantle, M. S. Experimental investigation of Ca isotopic fractionation during abiotic gypsum precipitation Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2014, 129, 157-176
183. 4 solution Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2011, 75, 1814-1828
184. Widanagamage, I. H.; Schauble, E. A.; Scher, H. D.; Griffith, E. M. Stable strontium isotope fractionation in synthetic barite Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2014, 147, 58-75
185. Bullen, T. D.; White, A. F.; Childs, C. W.; Vivit, D. V.; Schulz, M. S. Demonstration of significant abiotic iron isotope fractionation in nature Geology 2001, 29, 699-702
186. Skulan, J. L.; Beard, B. L.; Johnson, C. M. Kinetic and equilibrium Fe isotope fractionation between aqueous Fe(III) and hematite Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2002, 66, 2995-3015
187. Balci, N.; Bullen, T. D.; Witte-Lien, K.; Shanks, W. C.; Motelica, M.; Mandernack, K. W. Iron isotope fractionation during microbially stimulated Fe(II) oxidation and Fe(III) precipitation Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2006, 70, 622-639
188. Saunier, G.; Pokrovski, G. S.; Poitrasson, F. First experimental determination of iron isotope fractionation between hematite and aqueous solution at hydrothermal conditions Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2011, 75, 6629-6654
189. Guilbaud, R.; Butler, I. B.; Ellam, R. M. Abiotic pyrite formation produces a large Fe isotope fractionation Science 2011, 332, 1548-1551
190. Syverson, D. D.; Borrok, D. M.; Seyfried, W. E., Jr. Experimental determination of equilibrium Fe isotopic fractionation between pyrite and dissolved Fe under hydrothermal conditions Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2013, 122, 170-183
191. Foucher, D.; Hintelmann, H.; Al, T. A.; MacQuarrie, K. T. Mercury isotope fractionation in waters and sediments of the Murray Brookmine watershed (New Brunswick, Canada): Tracing mercury contamination and transformation Chem. Geol. 2013, 336, 87-95
192. Luo, Y.; Celo, V.; Dabek-Zlotorzynska, E.; Yang, L. Effects of precipitation and UV photolysis on Ag isotope ratio: Experimental studies J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2012, 27, 299-304
193. Geilert, S.; Vroon, P. Z.; Roerdink, D. L.; Cappellen, P. V.; van Bergen, M. J. Silicon isotope fractionation during abiotic silica precipitation at low temperatures: Inferences from flow-through experiments Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2014, 142, 95-114
194. Oelze, M.; von Blanckenburg, F.; Bouchez, J.; Hoellen, D.; Dietzel, M. The effect of Al on Si isotope fractionation investigated by silica precipitation experiments Chem. Geol. 2015, 397, 94-105
195. Vigier, N.; Decarreau, A.; Millot, R.; Carignan, J.; Petit, S.; France-Lanord, C. Quantifying Li isotope fractionation during smectite formation and implications for the Li cycle Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2008, 72, 780-792
196. Wimpenny, J.; Colla, C. A.; Yin, Q.-Z.; Rustad, J. R.; Casey, W. H. Investigating the behaviour of Mg isotopes during the formation of clay minerals Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2014, 128, 178-194
197. Schauble, E. A. First-principles estimates of equilibrium magnesium fractionation in silicate, oxide, carbonate and hexaaquamagnesium(2+) crystals Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2011, 75, 844-869
198. 2+(aq) with carbonate minerals Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2010, 74, 6301-6323
199. Méheut, M.; Schauble, E. A. Silicon isotope fractionation in silicate minerals: Insights from first-principles models of phyllosilicates, albite and pyrope Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2014, 134, 137-154
200. Dupuis, R.; Benoit, M.; Nardin, E.; Méheut, M. Fractionation of silicon isotopes in liquids: the importance of configurational disorder Chem. Geol. 2015, 396, 239-254
201. Colla, C. A.; Wimpenny, J.; Yin, Q.-Z.; Rustad, J. R.; Casey, W. H. Calcium-isotope fractionation between solution and solids with six, seven or eight oxygens bound to Ca(II) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2014, 121, 363-373
202. Polyakov, V. B.; Clayton, R. N.; Horita, J.; Mineev, S. D. Equilibrium iron isotope fractionation factors of minerals: Reevaluation from the data of nuclear inelastic resonant X-ray scattering and Mössbauer spectroscopy Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2007, 71, 3833-3846
203. 3): a first-principles density functional theory study Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2009, 72, 6565-6578
204. Dauphas, N.; Roskosz, M.; Alp, E. E.; Golden, D. C.; Sio, C. K.; Tissot, F. L. H.; Hu, M. Y.; Zhao, J.; Gao, L.; Morris, R. V. A general moment NRIXS approach to the determination of equilibrium Fe isotopic fractionation factors: Application to goethite and jarosite Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2012, 94, 254-275
205. Hofmann, A. E.; Bourg, I. C.; DePaolo, D. J. Ion desolvation as a mechanism for kinetic isotope fractionation in aqueous systems Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2012, 109, 18689-18694
206. Wiederhold, J. G.; Kraemer, S. M.; Teutsch, N.; Borer, P. M.; Halliday, A. N.; Kretzschmar, R. Iron isotope fractionation during proton-promoted, ligand-controlled, and reductive dissolution of goethite Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 3787-3793
207. Kiczka, M.; Wiederhold, J. G.; Frommer, J.; Voegelin, A.; Kraemer, S. M.; Bourdon, B.; Kretzschmar, R. Iron speciation and isotope fractionation during silicate weathering and soil formation in an alpine glacier forefield chronosequence Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2011, 75, 5559-5573
208. Voinot, A.; Lemarchand, D.; Collignon, C.; Granet, M.; Chabaux, F.; Turpault, M.-P. Experimental dissolution vs. transformation of micas under acidic soil conditions: Clues from boron isotopes Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2013, 117, 144-160
209. 26/24Mg geochemistry of granite weathering at pH = 1 and T = 25°C: power-law processes and the relative reactivity of minerals Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2011, 75, 6004-6026
210. Brantley, S. L.; Liermann, L.; Bullen, T. D. Fractionation of Fe isotopes by soil microbes and organic acids Geology 2001, 29, 535-538
211. Brantley, S. L.; Liermann, L. J.; Guynn, R. L.; Anbar, A.; Icopini, G. A.; Barling, J. Fe isotopic fractionation during mineral dissolution with and without bacteria Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2004, 68, 3189-3204
212. Chapman, J. B.; Weiss, D. J.; Shan, Y.; Lemberger, M. Iron isotope fractionation during leaching of granite and basalt by hydrochloric and oxalic acids Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2009, 73, 1312-1324
213. Kiczka, M.; Wiederhold, J. G.; Frommer, J.; Kraemer, S. M.; Bourdon, B.; Kretzschmar, R. Iron isotope fractionation during proton- and ligand-promoted dissolution of primary phyllosilicates Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2010, 74, 3112-3128
214. Weiss, D. J.; Boye, K.; Caldelas, C.; Fendorf, S. Zinc isotope fractionation during early dissolution of biotite granite Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2014, 78, 171-179
215. Demarest, M. S.; Brzezinski, M. A.; Beucher, C. P. Fractionation of silicon isotopes during biogenic silica dissolution Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2009, 73, 5572-5583
216. Wetzel, F.; de Souza, G. F.; Reynolds, B. C. What controls silicon isotope fractionation during dissolution of diatom opal? Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2014, 131, 128-137
217. Cobert, F.; Schmitt, A. D.; Calvaruso, C.; Turpault, M. P.; Lemarchand, D.; Collignon, C.; Chabaux, F.; Stille, P. Biotic and abiotic experimental identification of bacterial influence on calcium isotopic signatures Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2011, 25, 2760-2768
218. Fernandez, A.; Borrok, D. M. Fractionation of Cu, Fe and Zn isotopes during the oxidative weathering of sulfide rich rocks Chem. Geol. 2009, 264, 1-12
219. Mathur, R.; Ruiz, J.; Titley, S.; Liermann, L.; Buss, H.; Brantley, S. Cu isotopic fractionation in the supergene environment with and without bacteria Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2005, 69, 5233-5246
220. Kimball, B. E.; Mathur, R.; Dohnalkova, A. C.; Wall, A. J.; Runkel, R. L.; Brantley, S. L. Copper isotope fractionation in acid mine drainage Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2009, 73, 1247-1263
221. Wall, A. J.; Mathur, R.; Post, J. E.; Heaney, P. J. Cu isotope fractionation during bornite dissolution: An in situ X-ray diffraction analysis Ore Geol. Rev. 2011, 42, 62-70
222. Matthies, R.; Krahé, L.; Blowes, D. W. Zinc stable isotope fractionation upon accelerated oxidative weathering of sulfidic mine waste Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 487, 97-101
223. Rodríguez, N. P.; Khoshkhoo, M.; Sandström, Å; Rodushkin, I.; Alakangas, L.; Öhlander, B. Isotopic signature of Cu and Fe during bioleaching and electrochemical leaching of a chalcopyrite concentrate Int. J. Miner. Proc. 2015, 134, 58-65
224. Richter, F. M.; Dauphas, N.; Teng, F.-Z. Non-traditional fractionation of nontraditional isotopes: evaporation, chemical diffusion and Soret diffusion Chem. Geol. 2009, 258, 92-103
225. Brönsted, J. N.; von Hevesy, G. Über die Trennung der Isotopen des Quecksilbers Z. Phys. Chem. 1921, 99, 189-206
226. Mulliken, R. S.; Harkins, W. D. The separation of isotopes. Theory of resolution of isotopic mixtures by diffusion and similar processes. Experimental separation of mercury by evaporation in a vacuum J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1922, 44, 37-65
227. Estrade, N.; Carignan, J.; Sonke, J. E.; Donard, O. F. X. Mercury isotope fractionation during liquid-vapor evaporation experiments Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2009, 73, 2693-2711
228. Ghosh, S.; Schauble, E. A.; Lacrampe Couloume, G.; Blum, J. D.; Bergquist, B. A. Estimation of nuclear volume dependent fractionation of mercury isotopes in equilibrium liquid-vapor evaporation experiments Chem. Geol. 2013, 336, 5-12
229. 4 Nature 1990, 347, 655-658
230. Zhang, J.; Huang, S.; Davis, A. M.; Dauphas, N.; Hashimoto, A.; Jacobsen, S. B. Calcium and titanium isotopic fractionations during evaporation Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2014, 140, 365-380
231. Wombacher, F.; Rehkamper, M.; Mezger, K. Determination of the mass-dependence of cadmium isotope fractionation during evaporation Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2004, 68, 2349-2357
232. Lacks, D. J.; Goel, G.; Bopp, C. J.; Van Orman, J. A.; Lesher, C. E.; Lundstrom, C. C. Isotope fractionation by thermal diffusion in silicate melts Phys. Rev. Lett. 2012, 108, 065901
233. Rodushkin, I.; Stenberg, A.; Andrén, H.; Malinovsky, D.; Baxter, D. C. Isotopic fractionation during diffusion of transition metal ions in solution Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 2148-2151
234. Malinovsky, D.; Baxter, D. C.; Rodushkin, I. Ion-specific isotopic fractionation of molybdenum during diffusion in aqueous solutions Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 1596-1600
235. Koster van Groos, P. G.; Esser, B. K.; Williams, R. W.; Hunt, J. R. Isotope effect of mercury diffusion in air Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 227-233
236. Eggenkamp, H. G. M.; Coleman, M. L. The effect of aqueous diffusion on the fractionation of chlorine and bromine stable isotopes Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2009, 73, 3539-3548
237. Tyroller, L.; Brennwald, M. S.; Mächler, L.; Livingstone, D. M.; Kipfer, R. Fractionation of Ne and Ar isotopes by molecular diffusion in water Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2014, 136, 60-66
238. Beard, B. L.; Johnson, C. M.; Cox, L.; Sun, H.; Nealson, K. H.; Aguilar, C. Iron isotope biosignatures Science 1999, 285, 1889-1892
239. Ader, M.; Chaudhuri, S.; Coates, J. D.; Coleman, M. Microbial perchlorate reduction: A precise laboratory determination of the chlorine isotope fractionation and its possible biochemical basis Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 2008, 269, 604-612
240. Crosby, H. A.; Roden, E. E.; Johnson, C. M.; Beard, B. L. The mechanisms of iron isotope fractionation produced during dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction by Shewanella putrefaciens and Geobacter sulfurreducens Geobiology 2007, 5, 169-189
241. Sikora, E. R.; Johnson, T. M.; Bullen, T. D. Microbial mass-dependent fractionation of chromium isotopes Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2008, 72, 3631-3641
242. Han, R.; Qin, L.; Brown, S. T.; Christensen, J. N.; Beller, H. R. Differential isotopic fractionation during Cr(VI) reduction by an aquifer-derived bacterium under aerobic versus denitrifying conditions Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2012, 78, 2462-2464
243. Basu, A.; Johnson, T. M.; Sanford, R. A. Cr isotope fractionation factors for Cr(VI) reduction by a metabolically diverse group of bacteria Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2014, 142, 349-361
244. Herbel, M. J.; Johnson, T. M.; Oremland, R. S.; Bullen, T. D. Fractionation of selenium isotopes during bacterial respiratory reduction of selenium oxyanions Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2000, 64, 3701-3709
245. Basu, A.; Sanford, R. A.; Johnson, T. M.; Lundstrom, C. C.; Löffler, F. E. Uranium isotope fractionation factors during U(VI) reduction by bacterial isolates Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2014, 136, 100-113
246. Croal, L. R.; Johnson, C. M.; Beard, B. L.; Newman, D. K. 2004. Iron isotope fractionation by Fe(II)-oxidizing photoautotrophic bacteria Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2004, 68, 1227-1242
247. Kappler, A.; Johnson, C. M.; Crosby, H. A.; Beard, B. L.; Newman, D. K. Evidence for equilibrium iron isotope fractionation by nitrate-reducing iron(II)-oxidizing bacteria Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2010, 74, 2826-2842
248. Schilling, K.; Johnson, T. M.; Wilcke, W. Isotope fractionation of selenium during fungal biomethylation by Alternaria alternata Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 2670-2676
249. Rodriguez-Gonzalez, P.; Epov, V. N.; Bridou, R.; Tessier, E.; Guyoneaud, R.; Monperrus, M.; Amouroux, D. Species-specfic stable isotope fractionation of mercury during Hg(II) methylation by an anaerobic bacteria (Desulfobulbus propionicus) under dark conditions Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 9183-9188
250. Perrot, V.; Bridou, R.; Pedrero, Z.; Guyoneaud, R.; Monperrus, M.; Amouroux, D. Identical Hg isotope mass dependent fractionation signature during methylation by sulfate-reducing bacteria in sulfate and sulfate-free environment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 1365-1373.
251. Kritee, K.; Blum, J. D.; Reinfelder, J. R.; Barkay, T. Microbial stable isotope fractionation of mercury: A synthesis of present understanding and future directions Chem. Geol. 2013, 336, 13-25
252. Wasylenki, L. E.; Anbar, A. D.; Liermann, L. J.; Mathur, R.; Gordon, G. W.; Brantley, S. L. Isotope fractionation during microbial metal uptake measured by MC-ICP-MS J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2007, 22, 905-910
253. Cameron, V.; Vance, D.; Archer, C.; House, C. H. A biomarker based on the stable isotopes of nickel Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2009, 106, 10944-10948
254. John, S. G.; Geis, R. W.; Saito, M. A.; Boyle, E. A. Zinc isotope fractionation during high-affinity and low-affinity zinc transport by the marine diatom Thalassiosira oceanica Limnol. Oceanogr. 2007, 52, 2710-2714
255. Horner, T. J.; Lee, R. B. Y.; Henderson, G. M.; Rickaby, R. E. M. Nonspecific uptake and homeostasis drive the oceanic cadmium cycle Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2013, 110, 2500-2505
256. von Blanckenburg, F.; von Wirén, N.; Guelke, M.; Weiss, D. J.; Bullen, T. D. Fractionation of metal stable isotopes by higher plants Elements 2009, 5, 375-380
257. Schmitt, A.-D.; Vigier, N.; Lemarchand, D.; Millot, R.; Chabaux, F.; Stille, P. Processes controlling the stable isotope compositions of Li, B, Mg and Ca in plants, soils and waters: A review C. R. Geosci. 2012, 344, 704-722
258. Rosner, M.; Pritzkow, W.; Vogl, J.; Voerkelius, S. Development and validation of a method to determine the boron isotopic composition of crop plants Anal. Chem. 2011, 83, 2562-2568
259. Black, J. R.; Epstein, E.; Rains, W. D.; Yin, Q. Z.; Casey, W. H. Magnesium-isotope fractionation during plant growth Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 7831-7836
260. Bolou-Bi, B. E.; Vigier, N.; Leyval, C.; Poszwa, A. Experimental determination of magnesium isotope fractionation during higher plant growth Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2010, 74, 2523-2537
261. Opfergelt, S.; Cardinal, D.; Henriet, C.; André, L.; Delvaux, B. Silicon isotope fractionation between plant parts in banana: In situ vs. in vitro J. Geochem. Explor. 2006, 88, 224-227
262. Ding, T.; Tian, S.; Sun, L.; Wu, L.; Zhou, J.; Chen, Z. Silicon isotope fractionation between rice plants and nutrient solution and its significance to the study of the silicon cycle Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2008, 72, 5600-5615
263. Sun, A.; Xu, Q.; Xu, S.; Shen, H.; Sun, J.; Zhang, Y. Separation and analysis of chlorine isotopes in higher plants Chem. Geol. 2014, 381, 21-25
264. Cobert, F.; Schmitt, A. D.; Bourgeade, P.; Labolle, F.; Badot, P. M.; Chabaux, F.; Stille, P. Experimental identification of Ca isotopic fractionations in higher plants Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2011, 75, 5467-5482
265. Hindshaw, R. S.; Reynolds, B. C.; Wiederhold, J. G.; Kiczka, M.; Kretzschmar, R.; Bourdon, B. Calcium isotope fractionation in alpine plants Biogeochem. 2013, 112, 373-388
266. de Souza, G. F.; Reynolds, B. C.; Kiczka, M.; Bourdon, B. Evidence for mass-dependent isotopic fractionation of strontium in a glaciated granitic watershed Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2010, 74, 2596-2614
267. Guelke, M.; von Blanckenburg, F. Fractionation of stable iron isotopes in higher plants Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 1896-1901
268. Kiczka, M.; Wiederhold, J. G.; Kraemer, S. M.; Bourdon, B.; Kretzschmar, R. Iron isotope fractionation during Fe uptake and translocation in alpine plants Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 6144-6150
269. Deng, T-H-B.; Cloquet, C.; Tang, Y.-T.; Sterckeman, T.; Echevarria, G.; Estrade, N.; Morel, J.-L.; Qiu, R. L. Nickel and zinc isotope fractionation in hyperaccumulating and non-accumulating plants Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 11926-11933
270. Jouvin, D.; Weiss, D. J.; Mason, T. F. M.; Bravin, M.; Louvat, P.; Zhao, F. J.; Ferec, F.; Hinsinger, P.; Benedetti, M. F. Stable isotopes of Cu and Zn in higher plants: Evidence for Cu reduction at the root surface and two conceptual models for isotope fractionation processes Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 2652-2660
271. Ryan, B. M.; Kirby, J. K.; Degryse, F.; Harris, H.; McLaughlin, M. J.; Scheiderich, K. Copper speciation and isotopic fractionation in plants: uptake and translocation mechanisms New Phytol. 2013, 199, 367-378
272. Weiss, D. J.; Mason, T. F. D.; Zhao, F. J.; Kirk, G. J. D.; Coles, B. J.; Horstwood, M. S. A. Isotopic discrimination of zinc in higher plants New Phytol. 2005, 165, 703-710
273. Smolders, E.; Versieren, L.; Dong, S.; Mattielli, N.; Weiss, D. J.; Petrov, I.; Degryse, F. Isotopic fractionation of Zn in tomato plants reveals the role of root exudates on Zn uptake Plant Soil 2013, 370, 605-613
274. Morgan, J. L. L.; Skulan, J. L.; Gordon, G. W.; Romaniello, S. J.; Smith, S. M.; Anbar, A. D. Rapidly assessing changes in bone mineral balance using natural stable calcium isotopes Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2012, 109, 9989-9994
275. Martin, J. E.; Vance, D.; Balter, V. Magnesium stable isotope ecology using mammal tooth enamel Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2015, 112, 430-435
276. Walczyk, T.; von Blanckenburg, F. Natural iron isotope variations in human blood Science 2002, 295, 2065-2067
277. Walczyk, T.; von Blanckenburg, F. Deciphering the iron isotope message of the human body Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 2005, 242, 117-134
278. von Blanckenburg, F.; Noordmann, J.; Guelke-Stelling, M. The iron stable isotope fingerprint of the human diet J. Agric. Food Chem. 2013, 61, 11893-11899
279. Jaouen, K.; Pons, M.-L.; Balter, V. Iron, copper and zinc isotopic fractionation up mammal trophic chains Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2013, 374, 164-172
280. Balter, V.; Lamboux, A.; Zazzo, A.; Télouk, P.; Leverrier, Y.; Marvel, L.; Moloney, A. P.; Monahan, F. J.; Schmidt, O.; Albarède, F. Contrasting Fe, Cu, and Zn isotopic patterns in organs and body fluids of mice and sheep, with emphasis on cellular fractionation Metallomics 2013, 5, 1470-1482
281. Costas-Rodríguez, M.; Van Heghe, L.; Vanhaecke, F. Evidence for a possible dietary effect on the isotopic composition of Zn in blood via isotopic analysis of food products by multi-collector ICP-mass spectrometry Metallomics 2014, 6, 139-146
282. Larner, F.; Woodley, L. N.; Shousha, S.; Moyes, A.; Humphreys-Williams, E.; Strekopytov, S.; Halliday, A. N.; Rehkämper, M.; Coombes, R. C. Zinc isotopic compositions of breast cancer tissue Metallomics 2015, 7, 107-112
283. Hayes, J. M. Fractionation of carbon and hydrogen isotopes in biosynthetic processes Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 2001, 43, 225-277
284. Canfield, D. E. Biogeochemistry of sulfur isotopes Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 2001, 43, 607-636
285. Ca) signals Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2011, 75, 7031-7046
286. Hindshaw, R. S.; Reynolds, B. C.; Wiederhold, J. G.; Kretzschmar, R.; Bourdon, B. Calcium isotopes in a proglacial weathering environment: Damma Glacier, Switzerland Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2011, 75, 106-118
287. Wiederhold, J. G.; Teutsch, N.; Kraemer, S. M.; Halliday, A. N.; Kretzschmar, R. Iron isotope fractionation during pedogenesis in redoximorphic soils Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2007, 71, 1840-1850
288. Thapalia, A.; Borrok, D. M.; van Metre, P. C.; Musgrove, M.; Landa, E. Zn and Cu isotopes as tracers of anthropogenic contamination in a sediment core from an urban lake Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 1544-1550
289. 65Cu isotopic composition Sci. Total Environ. 2013, 463, 91-101
290. Schilling, K.; Johnson, T. M.; Mason, P. R. D. A sequential extraction technique for mass-balanced stable selenium isotope analysis of soil samples Chem. Geol. 2014, 381, 125-130
291. Wiederhold, J. G.; Skyllberg, U.; Drott, A.; Jiskra, M.; Jonsson, S.; Björn, E.; Bourdon, B.; Kretzschmar, R. Mercury isotope signatures in contaminated sediments as tracer for local industrial pollution sources Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 177-185
292. Smith, R. S.; Wiederhold, J. G.; Jew, A. D.; Brown, G. E., Jr.; Bourdon, B.; Kretzschmar, R. Stable Hg isotope signatures in creek sediments impacted by a former Hg mine Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 767-776
293. Wiederhold, J. G.; Teutsch, N.; Kraemer, S. M.; Halliday, A. N.; Kretzschmar, R. Iron isotope fractionation in oxic soils by mineral weathering and podzolization Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2007, 71, 5821-5833
294. Rodriguez-Gonzalez, P.; Epov, V. N.; Pécheyran, C.; Amouroux, D.; Donard, O. F. X. Species-specific stable isotope analysis by the hyphenation of chromatographic techniques with MC-ICPMS Mass. Spec. Rev. 2012, 31, 504-521
295. Bouchez, J.; von Blanckenburg, F.; Schuessler, J. A. Modeling novel stable isotope ratios in the weathering zone Am. J. Sci. 2013, 313, 267-308
296. Wanner, C.; Druhan, J. L.; Amos, R. T.; Alt-Epping, P.; Steefel, C. I. Benchmarking the simulation of Cr isotope fractionation. Comp. Geosci. 2015, DOI: 10.1007/s10596-014-9436-9.
297. Wiederhold, J. G. Iron Isotope Fractionation in Soils-From Phenomena to Process Identification. PhD thesis, Department of Environmental Sciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, 2006, DOI: 10.3929/ethz-a-005275890.