Diagnosis and management of acute concussion

Seminars in Neurology

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 29-41

  Choe, Meeryo C ^a   Giza, Christopher C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

concussion; diagnosis; mild traumatic brain injury; return to play

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; IBUPROFEN; MAGNESIUM; MELATONIN; NAPROXEN; PARACETAMOL; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TOPIRAMATE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; TRIPTAN DERIVATIVE;

ANXIETY; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DISTURBANCE; BALANCE ERROR SCORING SYSTEM; BODY EQUILIBRIUM; BRAIN STEM; CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT TOOL; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONCUSSION; CONSCIOUSNESS LEVEL; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; CORPUS CALLOSUM; DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY; DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING; DIZZINESS; EMERGENCY WARD; FRACTIONAL ANISOTROPY; FRONTAL LOBE; GLASGOW COMA SCALE; GLASGOW OUTCOME SCALE; GRADED SYMPTOM CHECKLIST; HEADACHE; IRRITABILITY; KING DEVICK TEST; MEDICAL HISTORY; MEMBRANE POTENTIAL; MEMORY DISORDER; MOOD DISORDER; NAUSEA; NERVOUSNESS; NEUROCOGNITIVE TESTING; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT EDUCATION; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; PSYCHOTHERAPY; REASSURANCE; RESPONSE TIME; SADNESS; SLEEP DISORDER; SPORT INJURY; SPORTS CONCUSSION ASSESSMENT TOOL; STANDARDIZED ASSESSMENT OF CONCUSSION; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY; UNITED STATES; ANIMAL; BRAIN CONCUSSION; COGNITION DISORDERS; COMPLICATION; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; HUMAN;

ANIMALS; BRAIN CONCUSSION; COGNITION DISORDERS; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; HUMANS; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS;

EID: 84923644559     PISSN: 02718235     EISSN: 10989021     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1544243     Document Type: Article

References (187)

1. Thurman D. J., Alverson C., Dunn K. A., Guerrero J., Sniezek J. E. Traumatic brain injury in the United States: A public health perspective. J Head Trauma Rehabil: 1999; 14 6 602 615
2. Langlois J. A., Rutland-Brown W., Thomas K. E. Traumatic brain injury in the United States: emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths. Atlanta, GA Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control: 2004
3. Langlois J. A., Rutland-Brown W., Wald M. M. The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: a brief overview. J Head Trauma Rehabil: 2006; 21 5 375 378
4. Montgomery S. P., Swiecki C. W., Shriver C. D. The evaluation of casualties from Operation Iraqi Freedom on return to the continental United States from March to June 2003. J Am Coll Surg: 2005; 201 1 7 12, discussion 12-13
5. Owens B. D., Kragh J. F. Jr, Wenke J. C., Macaitis J., Wade C. E., Holcomb J. B. Combat wounds in operation Iraqi Freedom and operation Enduring Freedom. J Trauma: 2008; 64 2 295 299
6. Rigg J. L., Mooney S. R. Concussions and the military: issues specific to service members. PM R: 2011; 3 10 02 S380 S386
7. Corrigan J. D., Selassie A. W., Orman J. A. The epidemiology of traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil: 2010; 25 2 72 80
8. Faul M., Likang X., Wald M. M., Coronado V. G., et al. Traumatic brain injury in the United States: emergency department visits, hospitalizations and deaths 2002-2006. Atlanta, GA Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 2010
9. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control Report to Congress on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Steps to Prevent a Serious Public Health Problem. Atlanta, GA Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 2003
10. Hessen E., Nestvold K., Anderson V. Neuropsychological function 23 years after mild traumatic brain injury: a comparison of outcome after paediatric and adult head injuries. Brain Inj: 2007; 21 9 963 979
11. Vanderploeg R. D., Curtiss G., Luis C. A., Salazar A. M. Long-term morbidities following self-reported mild traumatic brain injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol: 2007; 29 6 585 598
12. Thurman D. Alverson C, Browne D., et al. Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: A Report to Congress. Atlanta, GA Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 1999
13. Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Committee, American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine, Head Injury Interdisciplinary Special Interest Group Definition of mild traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil: 1993; 8 86 87
14. Guerrero J. L., Thurman D. J., Sniezek J. E. Emergency department visits associated with traumatic brain injury: United States, 1995-1996. Brain Inj: 2000; 14 2 181 186
15. Sosin D. M., Sacks J. J., Webb K. W. Pediatric head injuries and deaths from bicycling in the United States. Pediatrics: 1996; 98 5 868 870
16. McCrory P., Meeuwisse W., Johnston K., et al. Consensus Statement on Concussion in Sport: The 3rd International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2008. Br J Sports Med: 2009; 43 01 i76 i90
17. Dematteo C. A., Hanna S. E., Mahoney W. J., et al. My child doesn't have a brain injury, he only has a concussion Pediatrics: 2010; 125 2 327 334
18. Tanielian T. L., Jaycox L. H., Eds. Invisible wounds of war: psychological and cognitive injuries, their consequences, and services to assist recovery. Santa Monica, CA RAND Corporation: 2008
19. Warden D. Military TBI during the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. J Head Trauma Rehabil: 2006; 21 5 398 402
20. Galarneau M. R., Woodruff S. I., Dye J. L., Mohrle C. R., Wade A. L. Traumatic brain injury during Operation Iraqi Freedom: findings from the United States Navy-Marine Corps Combat Trauma Registry. J Neurosurg: 2008; 108 5 950 957
21. Namjoshi D. R., Good C., Cheng W. H., et al. Towards clinical management of traumatic brain injury: a review of models and mechanisms from a biomechanical perspective. Dis Model Mech: 2013; 6 6 1325 1338
22. DeFord S. M., Wilson M. S., Rice A. C., et al. Repeated mild brain injuries result in cognitive impairment in B6C3F1 mice. J Neurotrauma: 2002; 19 4 427 438
23. Prins M. L., Hales A., Reger M., Giza C. C., Hovda D. A. Repeat traumatic brain injury in the juvenile rat is associated with increased axonal injury and cognitive impairments. Dev Neurosci: 2010; 32 5-6 510 518
24. Longhi L., Pagan F., Valeriani V., et al. Monitoring brain tissue oxygen tension in brain-injured patients reveals hypoxic episodes in normal-appearing and in peri-focal tissue. Intensive Care Med: 2007; 33 12 2136 2142
25. Farkas O., Lifshitz J., Povlishock J. T. Mechanoporation induced by diffuse traumatic brain injury: an irreversible or reversible response to injury? J Neurosci: 2006; 26 12 3130 3140
26. Katayama Y., Becker D. P., Tamura T., Hovda D. A. Massive increases in extracellular potassium and the indiscriminate release of glutamate following concussive brain injury. J Neurosurg: 1990; 73 6 889 900
27. Kawamata T., Katayama Y., Hovda D. A., Yoshino A., Becker D. P. Administration of excitatory amino acid antagonists via microdialysis attenuates the increase in glucose utilization seen following concussive brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab: 1992; 12 1 12 24
28. Giza C. C., Hovda D. A. The neurometabolic cascade of concussion. J Athl Train: 2001; 36 3 228 235
29. Giza C. C., Hovda D. A. The new neurometabolic cascade of concussion. Neurosurgery: 2014; 75 04 S24 S33
30. Peng T. I., Jou M. J. Oxidative stress caused by mitochondrial calcium overload. Ann N Y Acad Sci: 2010; 1201 183 188
31. Deshpande L. S., Sun D. A., Sombati S., et al. Alterations in neuronal calcium levels are associated with cognitive deficits after traumatic brain injury. Neurosci Lett: 2008; 441 1 115 119
32. Sun D. A., Deshpande L. S., Sombati S., et al. Traumatic brain injury causes a long-lasting calcium (Ca2+)-plateau of elevated intracellular Ca levels and altered Ca2+ homeostatic mechanisms in hippocampal neurons surviving brain injury. Eur J Neurosci: 2008; 27 7 1659 1672
33. Yoshino A., Hovda D. A., Kawamata T., Katayama Y., Becker D. P. Dynamic changes in local cerebral glucose utilization following cerebral conclusion in rats: evidence of a hyper-and subsequent hypometabolic state. Brain Res: 1991; 561 1 106 119
34. Hovda D. A., Villablanca J. R., Chugani H. T., Phelps M. E. Cerebral metabolism following neonatal or adult hemineodecortication in cats: I. Effects on glucose metabolism using [14C]2-deoxy-D-glucose autoradiography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab: 1996; 16 1 134 146
35. Hovda D. A., Yoshino A., Kawamata T., Katayama Y., Becker D. P. Diffuse prolonged depression of cerebral oxidative metabolism following concussive brain injury in the rat: a cytochrome oxidase histochemistry study. Brain Res: 1991; 567 1 1 10
36. Hovda D. A., Yoshino A., Kawamata T., Katayama Y., Fineman I., Becker D. P. The increase in local cerebral glucose utilization following fluid percussion brain injury is prevented with kynurenic acid and is associated with an increase in calcium. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien): 1990; 51 331 333
37. Hovda D. A., Fu K., Badie H., Samii A., Pinanong P., Becker D. P. Administration of an omega-conopeptide one hour following traumatic brain injury reduces 45calcium accumulation. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien): 1994; 60 521 523
38. Bergsneider M., Hovda D. A., Lee S. M., et al. Dissociation of cerebral glucose metabolism and level of consciousness during the period of metabolic depression following human traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma: 2000; 17 5 389 401
39. Bergsneider M., Hovda D. A., Shalmon E., et al. Cerebral hyperglycolysis following severe traumatic brain injury in humans: a positron emission tomography study. J Neurosurg: 1997; 86 2 241 251
40. Grundl P. D., Biagas K. V., Kochanek P. M., Schiding J. K., Barmada M. A., Nemoto E. M. Early cerebrovascular response to head injury in immature and mature rats. J Neurotrauma: 1994; 11 2 135 148
41. Balabanov R., Goldman H., Murphy S., et al. Endothelial cell activation following moderate traumatic brain injury. Neurol Res: 2001; 23 2-3 175 182
42. O'Connell K. M., Littleton-Kearney M. T. The role of free radicals in traumatic brain injury. Biol Res Nurs: 2013; 15 3 253 263
43. Kerr M. E., Bender C. M., Monti E. J. An introduction to oxygen free radicals. Heart Lung: 1996; 25 3 200 209, quiz 210-211
44. Prins M. L., Alexander D., Giza C. C., Hovda D. A. Repeated mild traumatic brain injury: mechanisms of cerebral vulnerability. J Neurotrauma: 2013; 30 1 30 38
45. Lewén A., Skoglösa Y., Clausen F., et al. Paradoxical increase in neuronal DNA fragmentation after neuroprotective free radical scavenger treatment in experimental traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab: 2001; 21 4 344 350
46. Robertson C. L. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to cell death following traumatic brain injury in adult and immature animals. J Bioenerg Biomembr: 2004; 36 4 363 368
47. Ajao D. O., Pop V., Kamper J. E., et al. Traumatic brain injury in young rats leads to progressive behavioral deficits coincident with altered tissue properties in adulthood. J Neurotrauma: 2012; 29 11 2060 2074
48. Creed J. A., DiLeonardi A. M., Fox D. P., Tessler A. R., Raghupathi R. Concussive brain trauma in the mouse results in acute cognitive deficits and sustained impairment of axonal function. J Neurotrauma: 2011; 28 4 547 563
49. Signoretti S., Lazzarino G., Tavazzi B., Vagnozzi R. The pathophysiology of concussion. PM R: 2011; 3 10 02 S359 S368
50. Vagnozzi R., Signoretti S., Tavazzi B., et al. Temporal window of metabolic brain vulnerability to concussion: a pilot 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopic study in concussed athletes-part III. Neurosurgery: 2008; 62 6 1286 1295, discussion 1295-1296
51. Vagnozzi R., Tavazzi B., Signoretti S., et al. Temporal window of metabolic brain vulnerability to concussions: mitochondrial-related impairment-part I. Neurosurgery: 2007; 61 2 379 388, discussion 388-389
52. Vagnozzi R., Signoretti S., Tavazzi B., et al. Hypothesis of the postconcussive vulnerable brain: experimental evidence of its metabolic occurrence. Neurosurgery: 2005; 57 1 164 171, discussion 164-171
53. Govindaraju V., Gauger G. E., Manley G. T., Ebel A., Meeker M., Maudsley A. A. Volumetric proton spectroscopic imaging of mild traumatic brain injury. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol: 2004; 25 5 730 737
54. Henry L. C., Tremblay S., Boulanger Y., Ellemberg D., Lassonde M. Neurometabolic changes in the acute phase after sports concussions correlate with symptom severity. J Neurotrauma: 2010; 27 1 65 76
55. Henry L. C., Tremblay S., Leclerc S., et al. Metabolic changes in concussed American football players during the acute and chronic post-injury phases. BMC Neurol: 2011; 11 105
56. Garnett M. R., Blamire A. M., Corkill R. G., Cadoux-Hudson T. A., Rajagopalan B., Styles P. Early proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in normal-appearing brain correlates with outcome in patients following traumatic brain injury. Brain: 2000; 123 Pt 10 2046 2054
57. Cecil K. M., Hills E. C., Sandel M. E., et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for detection of axonal injury in the splenium of the corpus callosum of brain-injured patients. J Neurosurg: 1998; 88 5 795 801
58. Bell R. S., Vo A. H., Neal C. J., et al. Military traumatic brain and spinal column injury: a 5-year study of the impact blast and other military grade weaponry on the central nervous system. J Trauma: 2009; 66 (4, Suppl): S104 S111
59. Duckworth J. L., Grimes J., Ling G. S. Pathophysiology of battlefield associated traumatic brain injury. Pathophysiology: 2013; 20 1 23 30
60. Rosenfeld J. V., McFarlane A. C., Bragge P., Armonda R. A., Grimes J. B., Ling G. S. Blast-related traumatic brain injury. Lancet Neurol: 2013; 12 9 882 893
61. Bauman R. A., Ling G., Tong L., et al. An introductory characterization of a combat-casualty-care relevant swine model of closed head injury resulting from exposure to explosive blast. J Neurotrauma: 2009; 26 6 841 860
62. Ling G., Bandak F., Armonda R., Grant G., Ecklund J. Explosive blast neurotrauma. J Neurotrauma: 2009; 26 6 815 825
63. Armonda R. A., Bell R. S., Vo A. H., et al. Wartime traumatic cerebral vasospasm: recent review of combat casualties. Neurosurgery: 2006; 59 6 1215 1225, discussion 1225
64. Lange R. T., Iverson G. L., Franzen M. D. Neuropsychological functioning following complicated vs. uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj: 2009; 23 2 83 91
65. Williams D. H., Levin H. S., Eisenberg H. M. Mild head injury classification. Neurosurgery: 1990; 27 3 422 428
66. Iverson G. L. Complicated vs uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury: acute neuropsychological outcome. Brain Inj: 2006; 20 13-14 1335 1344
67. Karver C. L., Wade S. L., Cassedy A., et al. Cognitive reserve as a moderator of responsiveness to an online problem-solving intervention for adolescents with complicated mild-to-severe traumatic brain injury. Child Neuropsychol: 2014; 20 3 343 357
68. Fay T. B., Yeates K. O., Taylor H. G., et al. Cognitive reserve as a moderator of postconcussive symptoms in children with complicated and uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc: 2010; 16 1 94 105
69. Borgaro S. R., Prigatano G. P., Kwasnica C., Rexer J. L. Cognitive and affective sequelae in complicated and uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj: 2003; 17 3 189 198
70. Lingsma H. F., Yue J. K., Maas A. I., et al. Outcome prediction after mild and complicated mild traumatic brain injury: external validation of existing models and identification of new predictors using the TRACK-TBI pilot study. J Neurotrauma: 2014;; Epub ahead of print
71. Aubry M., Cantu R., Dvorak J., et al. Concussion in Sport Group. Summary and agreement statement of the First International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Vienna 2001. Recommendations for the improvement of safety and health of athletes who may suffer concussive injuries. Br J Sports Med: 2002; 36 1 6 10
72. McCrory P., Johnston K., Meeuwisse W., et al. Summary and agreement statement of the 2nd International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Prague 2004. Br J Sports Med: 2005; 39 4 196 204
73. McCrory P., Meeuwisse W. H., Aubry M., et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 4th International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2012. Br J Sports Med: 2013; 47 5 250 258
74. Guskiewicz K. M., Register-Mihalik J., McCrory P., et al. Evidence-based approach to revising the SCAT2: introducing the SCAT3. Br J Sports Med: 2013; 47 5 289 293
75. United States Department of Defense DTM-09-033: Policy Guidance for Management of Concussion/Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in the Deployed Setting. Washington, DC United States Department of Defense: 2010
76. Office of the US Army Surgeon General OTSG/MEDCOM Policy Memo 09-068: Optimal Use of Psychological/Neurological Assessment. Rockland, MD Office of the US Army Surgeon General: 2009
77. Luoto T. M., Silverberg N. D., Kataja A., et al. Sport concussion assessment tool 2 in a civilian trauma sample with mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma: 2014; 31 8 728 738
78. Coldren R. L., Kelly M. P., Parish R. V., Dretsch M., Russell M. L. Evaluation of the Military Acute Concussion Evaluation for use in combat operations more than 12 hours after injury. Mil Med: 2010; 175 7 477 481
79. Maddocks D. L., Dicker G. D., Saling M. M. The assessment of orientation following concussion in athletes. Clin J Sport Med: 1995; 5 1 32 35
80. Yarnell P. R., Lynch S. The 'ding': amnestic states in football trauma. Neurology: 1973; 23 2 196 197
81. Guskiewicz K. M., McCrea M., Marshall S. W., et al. Cumulative effects associated with recurrent concussion in collegiate football players: the NCAA Concussion Study. JAMA: 2003; 290 19 2549 2555
82. McCrea M., Guskiewicz K. M., Marshall S. W., et al. Acute effects and recovery time following concussion in collegiate football players: the NCAA Concussion Study. JAMA: 2003; 290 19 2556 2563
83. Makdissi M., Darby D., Maruff P., Ugoni A., Brukner P., McCrory P. R. Natural history of concussion in sport: markers of severity and implications for management. Am J Sports Med: 2010; 38 3 464 471
84. Lovell M. R., Iverson G. L., Collins M. W., et al. Measurement of symptoms following sports-related concussion: reliability and normative data for the post-concussion scale. Appl Neuropsychol: 2006; 13 3 166 174
85. Broglio S. P., Macciocchi S. N., Ferrara M. S. Sensitivity of the concussion assessment battery. Neurosurgery: 2007; 60 6 1050 1057, discussion 1057-1058
86. Alla S., Sullivan S. J., Hale L., McCrory P. Self-report scales/checklists for the measurement of concussion symptoms: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med: 2009; 43 01 i3 i12
87. McCrea M. Standardized mental status testing on the sideline after sport-related concussion. J Athl Train: 2001; 36 3 274 279
88. McCrea M. Standardized mental status assessment of sports concussion. Clin J Sport Med: 2001; 11 3 176 181
89. McCrea M., Barr W. B., Guskiewicz K., et al. Standard regression-based methods for measuring recovery after sport-related concussion. J Int Neuropsychol Soc: 2005; 11 1 58 69
90. Barr W. B., McCrea M. Sensitivity and specificity of standardized neurocognitive testing immediately following sports concussion. J Int Neuropsychol Soc: 2001; 7 6 693 702
91. Daniel J. C., Nassiri J. D., Wilckens J., Land B. C. The implementation and use of the standardized assessment of concussion at the U.S. Naval Academy. Mil Med: 2002; 167 10 873 876
92. Kennedy C. H., Porter Evans J., Chee S., Moore J. L., Barth J. T., Stuessi K. A. Return to combat duty after concussive blast injury. Arch Clin Neuropsychol: 2012; 27 8 817 827
93. Guskiewicz K. M. Postural stability assessment following concussion: one piece of the puzzle. Clin J Sport Med: 2001; 11 3 182 189
94. Giza C. C., Kutcher J. S., Ashwal S., et al. Summary of evidence-based guideline update: evaluation and management of concussion in sports: report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology: 2013; 80 24 2250 2257
95. Peterson C. L., Ferrara M. S., Mrazik M., Piland S., Elliott R. Evaluation of neuropsychological domain scores and postural stability following cerebral concussion in sports. Clin J Sport Med: 2003; 13 4 230 237
96. Guskiewicz K. M., Ross S. E., Marshall S. W. Postural stability and neuropsychological deficits after concussion in collegiate athletes. J Athl Train: 2001; 36 3 263 273
97. Riemann B. L., Guskiewicz K. M. Effects of mild head injury on postural stability as measured through clinical balance testing. J Athl Train: 2000; 35 1 19 25
98. Finnoff J. T., Peterson V. J., Hollman J. H., Smith J. Intrarater and interrater reliability of the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS). PM R: 2009; 1 1 50 54
99. Maki B. E., McIlroy W. E. Influence of arousal and attention on the control of postural sway. J Vestib Res: 1996; 6 1 53 59
100. Horslen B. C., Carpenter M. G. Arousal, valence and their relative effects on postural control. Exp Brain Res: 2011; 215 1 27 34
101. Wada M., Sunaga N., Nagai M. Anxiety affects the postural sway of the antero-posterior axis in college students. Neurosci Lett: 2001; 302 2-3 157 159
102. Docherty C. L., Valovich McLeod T. C., Shultz S. J. Postural control deficits in participants with functional ankle instability as measured by the balance error scoring system. Clin J Sport Med: 2006; 16 3 203 208
103. Valovich McLeod T. C., Perrin D. H., Guskiewicz K. M., Shultz S. J., Diamond R., Gansneder B. M. Serial administration of clinical concussion assessments and learning effects in healthy young athletes. Clin J Sport Med: 2004; 14 5 287 295
104. Eckner J. T., Kutcher J. S., Broglio S. P., Richardson J. K. Effect of sport-related concussion on clinically measured simple reaction time. Br J Sports Med: 2014; 48 2 112 118
105. Eckner J. T., Kutcher J. S., Richardson J. K. Pilot evaluation of a novel clinical test of reaction time in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I football players. J Athl Train: 2010; 45 4 327 332
106. Eckner J. T., Richardson J. K., Kim H., Lipps D. B., Ashton-Miller J. A. A novel clinical test of recognition reaction time in healthy adults. Psychol Assess: 2012; 24 1 249 254
107. Eckner J. T., Kutcher J. S., Richardson J. K. Between-seasons test-retest reliability of clinically measured reaction time in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes. J Athl Train: 2011; 46 4 409 414
108. Del Rossi G., Malaguti A., Del Rossi S. Practice effects associated with repeated assessment of a clinical test of reaction time. J Athl Train: 2014; 49 3 356 359
109. Barnes G. R., Collins C. J. Internally generated smooth eye movement: its dynamic characteristics and role in randomised and predictable pursuit. Prog Brain Res: 2008; 171 441 449
110. Lisberger S. G., Morris E. J., Tychsen L. Visual motion processing and sensory-motor integration for smooth pursuit eye movements. Annu Rev Neurosci: 1987; 10 97 129
111. Galetta M. S., Galetta K. M., McCrossin J., et al. Saccades and memory: baseline associations of the King-Devick and SCAT2 SAC tests in professional ice hockey players. J Neurol Sci: 2013; 328 1-2 28 31
112. Galetta K. M., Barrett J., Allen M., et al. The King-Devick test as a determinant of head trauma and concussion in boxers and MMA fighters. Neurology: 2011; 76 17 1456 1462
113. Galetta K. M., Brandes L. E., Maki K., et al. The King-Devick test and sports-related concussion: study of a rapid visual screening tool in a collegiate cohort. J Neurol Sci: 2011; 309 1-2 34 39
114. King D., Clark T., Gissane C. Use of a rapid visual screening tool for the assessment of concussion in amateur rugby league: a pilot study. J Neurol Sci: 2012; 320 1-2 16 21
115. Echemendia R. J., Bruce J. M., Bailey C. M., Sanders J. F., Arnett P., Vargas G. The utility of post-concussion neuropsychological data in identifying cognitive change following sports-related MTBI in the absence of baseline data. Clin Neuropsychol: 2012; 26 7 1077 1091
116. Williamson I. J., Goodman D. Converging evidence for the under-reporting of concussions in youth ice hockey. Br J Sports Med: 2006; 40 2 128 132, discussion 128-132
117. Johnson E. W., Kegel N. E., Collins M. W. Neuropsychological assessment of sport-related concussion. Clin Sports Med: 2011; 30 1 73 88, viii-ix viii-ix
118. Ellemberg D., Henry L. C., Macciocchi S. N., Guskiewicz K. M., Broglio S. P. Advances in sport concussion assessment: from behavioral to brain imaging measures. J Neurotrauma: 2009; 26 12 2365 2382
119. Randolph C., McCrea M., Barr W. B. Is neuropsychological testing useful in the management of sport-related concussion? J Athl Train: 2005; 40 3 139 152
120. Cernich A., Reeves D., Sun W., Bleiberg J. Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics sports medicine battery. Arch Clin Neuropsychol: 2007; 22 01 S101 S114
121. Iverson G. L., Schatz P. Advanced topics in neuropsychological assessment following sport-related concussion. Brain Inj: 2014; 1 13 Epub ahead of print
122. Schatz P., Pardini J. E., Lovell M. R., Collins M. W., Podell K. Sensitivity and specificity of the ImPACT Test Battery for concussion in athletes. Arch Clin Neuropsychol: 2006; 21 1 91 99
123. Broglio S. P., Ferrara M. S., Macciocchi S. N., Baumgartner T. A., Elliott R. Test-retest reliability of computerized concussion assessment programs. J Athl Train: 2007; 42 4 509 514
124. Schatz P., Sandel N. Sensitivity and specificity of the online version of ImPACT in high school and collegiate athletes. Am J Sports Med: 2013; 41 2 321 326
125. Nakayama Y., Covassin T., Schatz P., Nogle S., Kovan J. Examination of the Test-Retest Reliability of a Computerized Neurocognitive Test Battery. Am J Sports Med: 2014; 42 8 2000 2005
126. Resch J. E., McCrea M. A., Cullum C. M. Computerized neurocognitive testing in the management of sport-related concussion: an update. Neuropsychol Rev: 2013; 23 4 335 349
127. Cole W. R., Arrieux J. P., Schwab K., Ivins B. J., Qashu F. M., Lewis S. C. Test-retest reliability of four computerized neurocognitive assessment tools in an active duty military population. Arch Clin Neuropsychol: 2013; 28 7 732 742
128. Henry L. C., Sandel N. Adolescent Subtest Norms for the ImPACT Neurocognitive Battery. Appl Neuropsychol Child: 2014; 20 1 11. [Epub ahead of print]
129. Lovell M. R., Solomon G. S. Psychometric data for the NFL neuropsychological test battery. Appl Neuropsychol: 2011; 18 3 197 209
130. Schmidt J. D., Register-Mihalik J. K., Mihalik J. P., Kerr Z. Y., Guskiewicz K. M. Identifying impairments after concussion: normative data versus individualized baselines. Med Sci Sports Exerc: 2012; 44 9 1621 1628
131. Levinson D. M., Reeves D. L. Monitoring recovery from traumatic brain injury using automated neuropsychological assessment metrics (ANAM V1.0). Arch Clin Neuropsychol: 1997; 12 2 155 166
132. Louey A. G., Cromer J. A., Schembri A. J., et al. Detecting cognitive impairment after concussion: sensitivity of change from baseline and normative data methods using the CogSport/Axon Cognitive Test Battery. Arch Clin Neuropsychol: 2014; 29 5 432 441
133. Reeves D. L., Bleiberg J., Roebuck-Spencer T., et al. Reference values for performance on the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics V3.0 in an active duty military sample. Mil Med: 2006; 171 10 982 994
134. Vincent A. S., Roebuck-Spencer T., Gilliland K., Schlegel R. Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (v4) Traumatic Brain Injury Battery: military normative data. Mil Med: 2012; 177 3 256 269
135. Roebuck-Spencer T. M., Vincent A. S., Schlegel R. E., Gilliland K. Evidence for added value of baseline testing in computer-based cognitive assessment. J Athl Train: 2013; 48 4 499 505
136. Kuhn A. W., Solomon G. S. Supervision and computerized neurocognitive baseline test performance in high school athletes: an initial investigation. J Athl Train: 2014; 49 6 800 805
137. Patel A. V., Mihalik J. P., Notebaert A. J., Guskiewicz K. M., Prentice W. E. Neuropsychological performance, postural stability, and symptoms after dehydration. J Athl Train: 2007; 42 1 66 75
138. Bailey C. M., Samples H. L., Broshek D. K., Freeman J. R., Barth J. T. The relationship between psychological distress and baseline sports-related concussion testing. Clin J Sport Med: 2010; 20 4 272 277
139. Lewis M. S., Snyder P. J., Pietrzak R. H., Darby D., Feldman R. A., Maruff P. The effect of acute increase in urge to void on cognitive function in healthy adults. Neurourol Urodyn: 2011; 30 1 183 187
140. Hutchison M., Comper P., Mainwaring L., Richards D. The influence of musculoskeletal injury on cognition: implications for concussion research. Am J Sports Med: 2011; 39 11 2331 2337
141. Kane R. L., Kay G. G. Computerized assessment in neuropsychology: a review of tests and test batteries. Neuropsychol Rev: 1992; 3 1 1 117
142. Collie A., Maruff P., Makdissi M., McCrory P., McStephen M., Darby D. CogSport: reliability and correlation with conventional cognitive tests used in postconcussion medical evaluations. Clin J Sport Med: 2003; 13 1 28 32
143. Collie A., Maruff P., Makdissi M., McStephen M., Darby D. G., McCrory P. Statistical procedures for determining the extent of cognitive change following concussion. Br J Sports Med: 2004; 38 3 273 278
144. Falleti M. G., Maruff P., Collie A., Darby D. G., McStephen M. Qualitative similarities in cognitive impairment associated with 24 h of sustained wakefulness and a blood alcohol concentration of 0.05%. J Sleep Res: 2003; 12 4 265 274
145. Collie A., Maruff P., Darby D. G., McStephen M. The effects of practice on the cognitive test performance of neurologically normal individuals assessed at brief test-retest intervals. J Int Neuropsychol Soc: 2003; 9 3 419 428
146. Collie A., Darby D. G., Falleti M. G., Silbert B. S., Maruff P. Determining the extent of cognitive change after coronary surgery: a review of statistical procedures. Ann Thorac Surg: 2002; 73 6 2005 2011
147. Jagoda A. S., Bazarian J. J., Bruns J. J. Jr., et al. American College of Emergency Physicians; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical policy: neuroimaging and decisionmaking in adult mild traumatic brain injury in the acute setting. Ann Emerg Med: 2008; 52 6 714 748
148. Kuppermann N., Holmes J. F., Dayan P. S., et al. Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN). Identification of children at very low risk of clinically-important brain injuries after head trauma: a prospective cohort study. Lancet: 2009; 374 9696 1160 1170
149. Nigrovic L. E., Lee L. K., Hoyle J., et al. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Working Group of Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN). Prevalence of clinically important traumatic brain injuries in children with minor blunt head trauma and isolated severe injury mechanisms. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med: 2012; 166 4 356 361
150. Schonfeld D., Bressan S., Da Dalt L., Henien M. N., Winnett J. A., Nigrovic L. E. Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network head injury clinical prediction rules are reliable in practice. Arch Dis Child: 2014; 99 5 427 431
151. Nigrovic L. E., Schunk J. E., Foerster A., et al. Traumatic Brain Injury Group for the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network. The effect of observation on cranial computed tomography utilization for children after blunt head trauma. Pediatrics: 2011; 127 6 1067 1073
152. Brenner D. J. Estimating cancer risks from pediatric CT: going from the qualitative to the quantitative. Pediatr Radiol: 2002; 32 4 228 1, discussion 242-244
153. Brenner D. J. What we know and what we don't know about cancer risks associated with radiation doses from radiological imaging. Br J Radiol: 2014; 87 1035 20130629
154. Kashluba S., Hanks R. A., Casey J. E., Millis S. R. Neuropsychologic and functional outcome after complicated mild traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil: 2008; 89 5 904 911
155. Sadowski-Cron C., Schneider J., Senn P., Radanov B. P., Ballinari P., Zimmermann H. Patients with mild traumatic brain injury: immediate and long-term outcome compared to intra-cranial injuries on CT scan. Brain Inj: 2006; 20 11 1131 1137
156. Yuh E. L., Cooper S. R., Ferguson A. R., Manley G. T. Quantitative CT improves outcome prediction in acute traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma: 2012; 29 5 735 746
157. Yuh E. L., Cooper S. R., Mukherjee P., et al. Diffusion tensor imaging for outcome prediction in mild traumatic brain injury: a TRACK-TBI study. J Neurotrauma: 2014; 31 17 1457 1477
158. Yuh E. L., Mukherjee P., Lingsma H. F., et al. TRACK-TBI Investigators. Magnetic resonance imaging improves 3-month outcome prediction in mild traumatic brain injury. Ann Neurol: 2013; 73 2 224 235
159. Guskiewicz K. M., Weaver N. L., Padua D. A., Garrett W. E. Jr. Epidemiology of concussion in collegiate and high school football players. Am J Sports Med: 2000; 28 5 643 650
160. McCrea M., Guskiewicz K., Randolph C., et al. Effects of a symptom-free waiting period on clinical outcome and risk of reinjury after sport-related concussion. Neurosurgery: 2009; 65 5 876 882, discussion 882-883
161. Eisenberg M. A., Andrea J., Meehan W., Mannix R. Time interval between concussions and symptom duration. Pediatrics: 2013; 132 1 8 17
162. National Collegiate Athletic Association Sports-related concussion. In: Klossner D., ed. 2013-14 NCAA Sports Medicine Handbook. 24th ed. Indianapolis, IN National Collegiate Athletic Association: 2013; 56 66
163. National Collegiate Athletic Association. Irick E., ed. NCAA Sports Sponsorship and Participation Rates Report, 1981-82-2012-13. Indianapolis, IN NCAA: 2013
164. Baugh C. M., Kroshus E., Daneshvar D. H., Filali N. A., Hiscox M. J., Glantz L. H. Concussion management in United States college sports: compliance with National Collegiate Athletic Association Concussion Policy and areas for improvement. Am J Sports Med: 2014;; Epub ahead of print
165. Harmon K. G., Drezner J. A., Gammons M., et al. American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: concussion in sport. Br J Sports Med: 2013; 47 1 15 26
166. Thomas E. Life after concussion: a balancing act. Pediatr Nurs: 2013; 39 6 265 299, 299
167. Gibson S., Nigrovic L. E., O'Brien M., Meehan W. P. III. The effect of recommending cognitive rest on recovery from sport-related concussion. Brain Inj: 2013; 27 7-8 839 842
168. Moser R. S., Glatts C., Schatz P. Efficacy of immediate and delayed cognitive and physical rest for treatment of sports-related concussion. J Pediatr: 2012; 161 5 922 926
169. Schneider K. J., Iverson G. L., Emery C. A., McCrory P., Herring S. A., Meeuwisse W. H. The effects of rest and treatment following sport-related concussion: a systematic review of the literature. Br J Sports Med: 2013; 47 5 304 307
170. Ponsford J., Willmott C., Rothwell A., et al. Impact of early intervention on outcome after mild traumatic brain injury in children. Pediatrics: 2001; 108 6 1297 1303
171. Mittenberg W., Tremont G., Zielinski R. E., Fichera S., Rayls K. R. Cognitive-behavioral prevention of postconcussion syndrome. Arch Clin Neuropsychol: 1996; 11 2 139 145
172. Cortesi F., Giannotti F., Sebastiani T., Panunzi S., Valente D. Controlled-release melatonin, singly and combined with cognitive behavioural therapy, for persistent insomnia in children with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Sleep Res: 2012; 21 6 700 709
173. Covassin T., Elbin R. J., Harris W., Parker T., Kontos A. The role of age and sex in symptoms, neurocognitive performance, and postural stability in athletes after concussion. Am J Sports Med: 2012; 40 6 1303 1312
174. Covassin T., Elbin R. J. III, Larson E., Kontos A. P. Sex and age differences in depression and baseline sport-related concussion neurocognitive performance and symptoms. Clin J Sport Med: 2012; 22 2 98 104
175. Collins M. W., Kontos A. P., Reynolds E., Murawski C. D., Fu F. H. A comprehensive, targeted approach to the clinical care of athletes following sport-related concussion. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc: 2014; 22 2 235 246
176. Larun L., Nordheim L. V., Ekeland E., Hagen K. B., Heian F. Exercise in prevention and treatment of anxiety and depression among children and young people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: 2006; 3 3 CD004691
177. Rimer J., Dwan K., Lawlor D. A., et al. Exercise for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: 2012; 7 CD004366
178. Leddy J. J., Kozlowski K., Donnelly J. P., Pendergast D. R., Epstein L. H., Willer B. A preliminary study of subsymptom threshold exercise training for refractory post-concussion syndrome. Clin J Sport Med: 2010; 20 1 21 27
179. Leddy J. J., Cox J. L., Baker J. G., et al. Exercise treatment for postconcussion syndrome: a pilot study of changes in functional magnetic resonance imaging activation, physiology, and symptoms. J Head Trauma Rehabil: 2013; 28 4 241 249
180. Ownsworth T. L., Oei T. P. Depression after traumatic brain injury: conceptualization and treatment considerations. Brain Inj: 1998; 12 9 735 751
181. Kang H. K., Natelson B. H., Mahan C. M., Lee K. Y., Murphy F. M. Post-traumatic stress disorder and chronic fatigue syndrome-like illness among Gulf War veterans: a population-based survey of 30,000 veterans. Am J Epidemiol: 2003; 157 2 141 148
182. Boyle E., Cancelliere C., Hartvigsen J., Carroll L. J., Holm L. W., Cassidy J. D. Systematic review of prognosis after mild traumatic brain injury in the military: results of the International Collaboration on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Prognosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil: 2014; 95 (3, Suppl): S230 S237
183. Kennedy J. E., Leal F. O., Lewis J. D., Cullen M. A., Amador R. R. Posttraumatic stress symptoms in OIF/OEF service members with blast-related and non-blast-related mild TBI. NeuroRehabilitation: 2010; 26 3 223 231
184. Hoge C. W., McGurk D., Thomas J. L., Cox A. L., Engel C. C., Castro C. A. Mild traumatic brain injury in U.S. Soldiers returning from Iraq. N Engl J Med: 2008; 358 5 453 463
185. Sher L. Suicide in war veterans: the role of comorbidity of PTSD and depression. Expert Rev Neurother: 2009; 9 7 921 923
186. Simpson T. L., Kaysen D., Bowen S., et al. PTSD symptoms, substance use, and vipassana meditation among incarcerated individuals. J Trauma Stress: 2007; 20 3 239 249
187. Bryan C. J., Clemans T. A. Repetitive traumatic brain injury, psychological symptoms, and suicide risk in a clinical sample of deployed military personnel. JAMA Psychiatry: 2013; 70 7 686 691