메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 9-19

Oral disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis

Author keywords

Clinical trial; Multiple sclerosis; Oral drug; Treatment

Indexed keywords


EID: 84923383462     PISSN: 17386586     EISSN: 20055013     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2015.11.1.9     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (44)

References (82)
  • 1
    • 0028372227 scopus 로고
    • Fungal metabolites. Part 11. A potent immunosuppressive activity found in Isaria sinclairii metabolite
    • Fujita T, Inoue K, Yamamoto S, Ikumoto T, Sasaki S, Toyama R, et al. Fungal metabolites. Part 11. A potent immunosuppressive activity found in Isaria sinclairii metabolite. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1994;47:208-215.
    • (1994) J Antibiot (Tokyo) , vol.47 , pp. 208-215
    • Fujita, T.1    Inoue, K.2    Yamamoto, S.3    Ikumoto, T.4    Sasaki, S.5    Toyama, R.6
  • 2
    • 33748695513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fingolimod and sphingosine-1-phosphate--modifiers of lymphocyte migration
    • Massberg S, von Andrian UH. Fingolimod and sphingosine-1-phosphate--modifiers of lymphocyte migration. N Engl J Med 2006;355: 1088-1091.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.355 , pp. 1088-1091
    • Massberg, S.1    Von Andrian, U.H.2
  • 3
    • 36248956701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Finding a way out: Lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs
    • Schwab SR, Cyster JG. Finding a way out: lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs. Nat Immunol 2007;8:1295-1301.
    • (2007) Nat Immunol , vol.8 , pp. 1295-1301
    • Schwab, S.R.1    Cyster, J.G.2
  • 4
    • 36549047503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors: Implication for FTY720 in the treatment of multiple sclerosis
    • Dev KK, Mullershausen F, Mattes H, Kuhn RR, Bilbe G, Hoyer D, et al. Brain sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors: implication for FTY720 in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 2008;117:77-93.
    • (2008) Pharmacol Ther , vol.117 , pp. 77-93
    • Dev, K.K.1    Mullershausen, F.2    Mattes, H.3    Kuhn, R.R.4    Bilbe, G.5    Hoyer, D.6
  • 5
    • 54449099880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FTY720 therapy exerts differential effects on T cell subsets in multiple sclerosis
    • Mehling M, Brinkmann V, Antel J, Bar-Or A, Goebels N, Vedrine C, et al. FTY720 therapy exerts differential effects on T cell subsets in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2008;71:1261-1267.
    • (2008) Neurology , vol.71 , pp. 1261-1267
    • Mehling, M.1    Brinkmann, V.2    Antel, J.3    Bar-Or, A.4    Goebels, N.5    Vedrine, C.6
  • 6
  • 7
    • 0037066466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alteration of lymphocyte trafficking by sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonists
    • Mandala S, Hajdu R, Bergstrom J, Quackenbush E, Xie J, Milligan J, et al. Alteration of lymphocyte trafficking by sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonists. Science 2002;296:346-349.
    • (2002) Science , vol.296 , pp. 346-349
    • Mandala, S.1    Hajdu, R.2    Bergstrom, J.3    Quackenbush, E.4    Xie, J.5    Milligan, J.6
  • 8
    • 3042743990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FTY720: Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1 in the control of lymphocyte egress and endothelial barrier function
    • Brinkmann V, Cyster JG, Hla T. FTY720: sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1 in the control of lymphocyte egress and endothelial barrier function. Am J Transplant 2004;4:1019-1025.
    • (2004) Am J Transplant , vol.4 , pp. 1019-1025
    • Brinkmann, V.1    Cyster, J.G.2    Hla, T.3
  • 9
    • 1642580757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lymphocyte egress from thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs is dependent on S1P receptor 1
    • Matloubian M, Lo CG, Cinamon G, Lesneski MJ, Xu Y, Brinkmann V, et al. Lymphocyte egress from thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs is dependent on S1P receptor 1. Nature 2004;427:355-360.
    • (2004) Nature , vol.427 , pp. 355-360
    • Matloubian, M.1    Lo, C.G.2    Cinamon, G.3    Lesneski, M.J.4    Xu, Y.5    Brinkmann, V.6
  • 11
    • 79955455801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of fingolimod’s efficacy and adverse effects in multiple sclerosis
    • Cohen JA, Chun J. Mechanisms of fingolimod’s efficacy and adverse effects in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2011;69:759-777.
    • (2011) Ann Neurol , vol.69 , pp. 759-777
    • Cohen, J.A.1    Chun, J.2
  • 12
    • 77956275980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emerging oral therapies in multiple sclerosis
    • Conway D, Cohen JA. Emerging oral therapies in multiple sclerosis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2010;10:381-388.
    • (2010) Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep , vol.10 , pp. 381-388
    • Conway, D.1    Cohen, J.A.2
  • 14
    • 63849147004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral fingolimod (FTY720) in multiple sclerosis: Two-year results of a phase II extension study
    • O’Connor P, Comi G, Montalban X, Antel J, Radue EW, de Vera A, et al. Oral fingolimod (FTY720) in multiple sclerosis: two-year results of a phase II extension study. Neurology 2009;72:73-79.
    • (2009) Neurology , vol.72 , pp. 73-79
    • O’Connor, P.1    Comi, G.2    Montalban, X.3    Antel, J.4    Radue, E.W.5    De Vera, A.6
  • 15
    • 76449120437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase II study of oral fingolimod (FTY720) in multiple sclerosis: 3-year results
    • Comi G, O’Connor P, Montalban X, Antel J, Radue EW, Karlsson G, et al. Phase II study of oral fingolimod (FTY720) in multiple sclerosis: 3-year results. Mult Scler 2010;16:197-207.
    • (2010) Mult Scler , vol.16 , pp. 197-207
    • Comi, G.1    O’Connor, P.2    Montalban, X.3    Antel, J.4    Radue, E.W.5    Karlsson, G.6
  • 16
    • 84892956539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fingolimod (FTY720) therapy in Japanese patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis over 12 months: Results of a phase 2 observational extension
    • Kira J, Itoyama Y, Kikuchi S, Hao Q, Kurosawa T, Nagato K, et al. Fingolimod (FTY720) therapy in Japanese patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis over 12 months: results of a phase 2 observational extension. BMC Neurol 2014;14:21.
    • (2014) BMC Neurol , vol.14 , pp. 21
    • Kira, J.1    Itoyama, Y.2    Kikuchi, S.3    Hao, Q.4    Kurosawa, T.5    Nagato, K.6
  • 20
    • 84901197534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and efficacy of fingolimod in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (FREEDOMS II): A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial
    • Calabresi PA, Radue EW, Goodin D, Jeffery D, Rammohan KW, Reder AT, et al. Safety and efficacy of fingolimod in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (FREEDOMS II): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol 2014;13:545-556.
    • (2014) Lancet Neurol , vol.13 , pp. 545-556
    • Calabresi, P.A.1    Radue, E.W.2    Goodin, D.3    Jeffery, D.4    Rammohan, K.W.5    Reder, A.T.6
  • 21
    • 84897026781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study design and baseline characteristics of the INFORMS study: Fingolimod in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (P07. 116)
    • Miller D, Cree B, Dalton C, Freedman M, Hartung H, Kappos L, et al. Study design and baseline characteristics of the INFORMS study: fingolimod in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (P07. 116). Neurology 2013;80:P07.116.
    • Neurology 2013;80 , vol.7 , pp. 116
    • Miller, D.1    Cree, B.2    Dalton, C.3    Freedman, M.4    Hartung, H.5    Kappos, L.6
  • 22
    • 84895445228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of cardiac safety during fingolimod treatment initiation in a real-world relapsing multiple sclerosis population: A phase 3b, open-label study
    • Gold R, Comi G, Palace J, Siever A, Gottschalk R, Bijarnia M, et al. Assessment of cardiac safety during fingolimod treatment initiation in a real-world relapsing multiple sclerosis population: a phase 3b, open-label study. J Neurol 2014;261:267-276.
    • (2014) J Neurol , vol.261 , pp. 267-276
    • Gold, R.1    Comi, G.2    Palace, J.3    Siever, A.4    Gottschalk, R.5    Bijarnia, M.6
  • 23
    • 14644408845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The heart rate decrease caused by acute FTY720 administration is mediated by the G protein-gated potassium channel I
    • Koyrakh L, Roman MI, Brinkmann V, Wickman K. The heart rate decrease caused by acute FTY720 administration is mediated by the G protein-gated potassium channel I. Am J Transplant 2005;5:529-536.
    • (2005) Am J Transplant , vol.5 , pp. 529-536
    • Koyrakh, L.1    Roman, M.I.2    Brinkmann, V.3    Wickman, K.4
  • 25
    • 84923335567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Product Information as approved by the CHMP on 19 April 2012, pending endorsement by the European Commission
    • [cited 2014 Jul 21]. Available from:
    • European Medicines Agency (GB). Product Information as approved by the CHMP on 19 April 2012, pending endorsement by the European Commission. Annex I. Summary of product characteristics [Internet]. London: European Medicines Agency; 2012 [cited 2014 Jul 21]. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Other/2012/04/WC500125687.pdf.
    • (2012) Annex I. Summary of Product Characteristics [Internet]. London: European Medicines Agency
  • 26
    • 84923358150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See full prescribing information for GILENYA. GILENYA (fingolimod) capsules Initial U.S. Approval: 2010 [Internet]. Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Food and Drug Administration; 2012 [cited 2014 Jul 21]. Available from
    • U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Highlights of prescribing information: these highlights do not include all the information needed to use GILENYA (TM) safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for GILENYA. GILENYA (fingolimod) capsules Initial U.S. Approval: 2010 [Internet]. Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Food and Drug Administration; 2012 [cited 2014 Jul 21]. Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/022527s008lbl.pdf.
    • Ighlights of Prescribing Information: These Highlights Do Not Include All the Information Needed to Use GILENYA (TM) Safely and Effectively
  • 27
    • 0032374063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Purification of human dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase and its inhibition by A77 1726, the active metabolite of leflunomide
    • Bruneau JM, Yea CM, Spinella-Jaegle S, Fudali C, Woodward K, Robson PA, et al. Purification of human dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase and its inhibition by A77 1726, the active metabolite of leflunomide. Biochem J 1998;336(Pt 2):299-303.
    • (1998) Biochem J , vol.336 , pp. 299-303
    • Bruneau, J.M.1    Yea, C.M.2    Spinella-Jaegle, S.3    Fudali, C.4    Woodward, K.5    Robson, P.A.6
  • 28
    • 0034122123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leflunomide: An immunomodulatory drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases
    • Herrmann ML, Schleyerbach R, Kirschbaum BJ. Leflunomide: an immunomodulatory drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases. Immunopharmacology 2000;47:273-289.
    • (2000) Immunopharmacology , vol.47 , pp. 273-289
    • Herrmann, M.L.1    Schleyerbach, R.2    Kirschbaum, B.J.3
  • 29
    • 62149096116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teriflunomide reduces behavioral, electrophysiological, and histopathological deficits in the Dark Agouti rat model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Merrill JE, Hanak S, Pu SF, Liang J, Dang C, Iglesias-Bregna D, et al. Teriflunomide reduces behavioral, electrophysiological, and histopathological deficits in the Dark Agouti rat model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurol 2009;256:89-103.
    • (2009) J Neurol , vol.256 , pp. 89-103
    • Merrill, J.E.1    Hanak, S.2    Pu, S.F.3    Liang, J.4    Dang, C.5    Iglesias-Bregna, D.6
  • 30
    • 0029050136 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase by the immunosuppressive agent leflunomide
    • Greene S, Watanabe K, Braatz-Trulson J, Lou L. Inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase by the immunosuppressive agent leflunomide. Biochem Pharmacol 1995;50:861-867.
    • (1995) Biochem Pharmacol , vol.50 , pp. 861-867
    • Greene, S.1    Watanabe, K.2    Braatz-Trulson, J.3    Lou, L.4
  • 31
    • 0030032806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The immunosuppressive metabolite of leflunomide is a potent inhibitor of human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
    • Davis JP, Cain GA, Pitts WJ, Magolda RL, Copeland RA. The immunosuppressive metabolite of leflunomide is a potent inhibitor of human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. Biochemistry 1996;35:1270-1273.
    • (1996) Biochemistry , vol.35 , pp. 1270-1273
    • Davis, J.P.1    Cain, G.A.2    Pitts, W.J.3    Magolda, R.L.4    Copeland, R.A.5
  • 32
    • 0029591467 scopus 로고
    • The immunosuppressant leflunomide inhibits lymphocyte proliferation by inhibiting pyrimidine biosynthesis
    • Cherwinski HM, Cohn RG, Cheung P, Webster DJ, Xu YZ, Caulfield JP, et al. The immunosuppressant leflunomide inhibits lymphocyte proliferation by inhibiting pyrimidine biosynthesis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995;275:1043-1049.
    • (1995) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.275 , pp. 1043-1049
    • Cherwinski, H.M.1    Cohn, R.G.2    Cheung, P.3    Webster, D.J.4    Xu, Y.Z.5    Caulfield, J.P.6
  • 33
  • 35
    • 84899437209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teriflunomide: A novel oral treatment for relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Sartori A, Carle D, Freedman MS. Teriflunomide: a novel oral treatment for relapsing multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014;15:1019-1027.
    • (2014) Expert Opin Pharmacother , vol.15 , pp. 1019-1027
    • Sartori, A.1    Carle, D.2    Freedman, M.S.3
  • 36
    • 84884580887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teriflunomide effect on immune response to influenza vaccine in patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Bar-Or A, Freedman MS, Kremenchutzky M, Menguy-Vacheron F, Bauer D, Jodl S, et al. Teriflunomide effect on immune response to influenza vaccine in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2013; 81:552-558.
    • (2013) Neurology , vol.81 , pp. 552-558
    • Bar-Or, A.1    Freedman, M.S.2    Kremenchutzky, M.3    Menguy-Vacheron, F.4    Bauer, D.5    Jodl, S.6
  • 37
    • 33645799680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Phase II study of the safety and efficacy of teriflunomide in multiple sclerosis with relapses
    • O’Connor PW, Li D, Freedman MS, Bar-Or A, Rice GP, Confavreux C, et al. A Phase II study of the safety and efficacy of teriflunomide in multiple sclerosis with relapses. Neurology 2006;66:894-900.
    • (2006) Neurology , vol.66 , pp. 894-900
    • O’Connor, P.W.1    Li, D.2    Freedman, M.S.3    Bar-Or, A.4    Rice, G.P.5    Confavreux, C.6
  • 40
    • 84897022266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teriflunomide versus subcutaneous interferon beta-1a in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis: A randomised, controlled phase 3 trial
    • Vermersch P, Czlonkowska A, Grimaldi LM, Confavreux C, Comi G, Kappos L, et al. Teriflunomide versus subcutaneous interferon beta-1a in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis: a randomised, controlled phase 3 trial. Mult Scler 2014;20:705-716.
    • (2014) Mult Scler , vol.20 , pp. 705-716
    • Vermersch, P.1    Czlonkowska, A.2    Grimaldi, L.M.3    Confavreux, C.4    Comi, G.5    Kappos, L.6
  • 41
    • 84894271594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral teriflunomide for patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (TOWER): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial
    • Confavreux C, O’Connor P, Comi G, Freedman MS, Miller AE, Olsson TP, et al. Oral teriflunomide for patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (TOWER): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol 2014;13:247-256.
    • (2014) Lancet Neurol , vol.13 , pp. 247-256
    • Confavreux, C.1    O’Connor, P.2    Comi, G.3    Freedman, M.S.4    Miller, A.E.5    Olsson, T.P.6
  • 43
    • 22244480985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FAG-201, second-generation fumarate derivative--Fumapharm/Biogen Idec
    • BG 12: BG 00012, BG 12/Oral Fumarate, FAG-201, second-generation fumarate derivative--Fumapharm/Biogen Idec. Drugs R D 2005; 6:229-230.
    • (2005) Drugs R D , vol.6 , pp. 229-230
  • 45
    • 33745162188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fumaric acid esters are effective in chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and suppress macrophage infiltration
    • Schilling S, Goelz S, Linker R, Luehder F, Gold R. Fumaric acid esters are effective in chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and suppress macrophage infiltration. Clin Exp Immunol 2006;145: 101-107.
    • (2006) Clin Exp Immunol , vol.145 , pp. 101-107
    • Schilling, S.1    Goelz, S.2    Linker, R.3    Luehder, F.4    Gold, R.5
  • 46
    • 0345732760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dimethylfumarate is a potent inducer of apoptosis in human T cells
    • Treumer F, Zhu K, Gläser R, Mrowietz U. Dimethylfumarate is a potent inducer of apoptosis in human T cells. J Invest Dermatol 2003;121: 1383-1388.
    • (2003) J Invest Dermatol , vol.121 , pp. 1383-1388
    • Treumer, F.1    Zhu, K.2    Gläser, R.3    Mrowietz, U.4
  • 47
    • 0025771604 scopus 로고
    • Adhesion-related molecules in the central nervous system. Upregulation correlates with inflammatory cell influx during relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Cannella B, Cross AH, Raine CS. Adhesion-related molecules in the central nervous system. Upregulation correlates with inflammatory cell influx during relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Lab Invest 1991;65:23-31.
    • (1991) Lab Invest , vol.65 , pp. 23-31
    • Cannella, B.1    Cross, A.H.2    Raine, C.S.3
  • 48
    • 0024361040 scopus 로고
    • Sites of egress of inflammatory cells and horseradish peroxidase transport across the blood-brain barrier in a murine model of chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
    • Lossinsky AS, Badmajew V, Robson JA, Moretz RC, Wisniewski HM. Sites of egress of inflammatory cells and horseradish peroxidase transport across the blood-brain barrier in a murine model of chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Acta Neuropathol 1989;78:359-371.
    • (1989) Acta Neuropathol , vol.78 , pp. 359-371
    • Lossinsky, A.S.1    Badmajew, V.2    Robson, J.A.3    Moretz, R.C.4    Wisniewski, H.M.5
  • 49
    • 0030913951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dimethylfumarate is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced E-selectin, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 expression in human endothelial cells
    • Vandermeeren M, Janssens S, Borgers M, Geysen J. Dimethylfumarate is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced E-selectin, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 expression in human endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997;234:19-23.
    • (1997) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.234 , pp. 19-23
    • Vandermeeren, M.1    Janssens, S.2    Borgers, M.3    Geysen, J.4
  • 50
    • 0035675207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dimethylfumarate inhibits tumor-necrosis-factor-induced CD62E expression in an NF-kappa B-dependent manner
    • Loewe R, Pillinger M, de Martin R, Mrowietz U, Gröger M, Holnthoner W, et al. Dimethylfumarate inhibits tumor-necrosis-factor-induced CD62E expression in an NF-kappa B-dependent manner. J Invest Dermatol 2001;117:1363-1368.
    • (2001) J Invest Dermatol , vol.117 , pp. 1363-1368
    • Loewe, R.1    Pillinger, M.2    De Martin, R.3    Mrowietz, U.4    Gröger, M.5    Holnthoner, W.6
  • 51
    • 54149116366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of oral fumarate in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIb study
    • Kappos L, Gold R, Miller DH, Macmanus DG, Havrdova E, Limmroth V, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral fumarate in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIb study. Lancet 2008;372:1463-1472.
    • (2008) Lancet , vol.372 , pp. 1463-1472
    • Kappos, L.1    Gold, R.2    Miller, D.H.3    Macmanus, D.G.4    Havrdova, E.5    Limmroth, V.6
  • 52
    • 0031577292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An Nrf2/small Maf heterodimer mediates the induction of phase II detoxifying enzyme genes through antioxidant response elements
    • Itoh K, Chiba T, Takahashi S, Ishii T, Igarashi K, Katoh Y, et al. An Nrf2/small Maf heterodimer mediates the induction of phase II detoxifying enzyme genes through antioxidant response elements. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997;236:313-322.
    • (1997) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.236 , pp. 313-322
    • Itoh, K.1    Chiba, T.2    Takahashi, S.3    Ishii, T.4    Igarashi, K.5    Katoh, Y.6
  • 53
    • 0032542213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nrf2 and Nrf1 in association with Jun proteins regulate antioxidant response element-mediated expression and coordinated induction of genes encoding detoxifying enzymes
    • Venugopal R, Jaiswal AK. Nrf2 and Nrf1 in association with Jun proteins regulate antioxidant response element-mediated expression and coordinated induction of genes encoding detoxifying enzymes. Oncogene 1998;17:3145-3156.
    • (1998) Oncogene , vol.17 , pp. 3145-3156
    • Venugopal, R.1    Jaiswal, A.K.2
  • 54
    • 33646418968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of Nrf2/ARE pathway protects endothelial cells from oxidant injury and inhibits inflammatory gene expression
    • Chen XL, Dodd G, Thomas S, Zhang X, Wasserman MA, Rovin BH, et al. Activation of Nrf2/ARE pathway protects endothelial cells from oxidant injury and inhibits inflammatory gene expression. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006;290:H1862-H1870.
    • (2006) Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol , vol.290 , pp. H1862-H1870
    • Chen, X.L.1    Dodd, G.2    Thomas, S.3    Zhang, X.4    Wasserman, M.A.5    Rovin, B.H.6
  • 55
    • 84858648216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fumarates promote cytoprotection of central nervous system cells against oxidative stress via the nuclear factor (Erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 pathway
    • Scannevin RH, Chollate S, Jung MY, Shackett M, Patel H, Bista P, et al. Fumarates promote cytoprotection of central nervous system cells against oxidative stress via the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 pathway. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012;341:274-284.
    • (2012) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.341 , pp. 274-284
    • Scannevin, R.H.1    Chollate, S.2    Jung, M.Y.3    Shackett, M.4    Patel, H.5    Bista, P.6
  • 56
    • 33745051595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral fumaric acid esters for the treatment of active multiple sclerosis: An open-label, baseline-controlled pilot study
    • Schimrigk S, Brune N, Hellwig K, Lukas C, Bellenberg B, Rieks M, et al. Oral fumaric acid esters for the treatment of active multiple sclerosis: an open-label, baseline-controlled pilot study. Eur J Neurol 2006; 13:604-610.
    • (2006) Eur J Neurol , vol.13 , pp. 604-610
    • Schimrigk, S.1    Brune, N.2    Hellwig, K.3    Lukas, C.4    Bellenberg, B.5    Rieks, M.6
  • 57
    • 84866423965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 for relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Gold R, Kappos L, Arnold DL, Bar-Or A, Giovannoni G, Selmaj K, et al. Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2012;367:1098-1107.
    • (2012) N Engl J Med , vol.367 , pp. 1098-1107
    • Gold, R.1    Kappos, L.2    Arnold, D.L.3    Bar-Or, A.4    Giovannoni, G.5    Selmaj, K.6
  • 58
  • 59
    • 70449433722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cladribine in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia: Initial and subsequent results
    • Huynh E, Sigal D, Saven A. Cladribine in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia: initial and subsequent results. Leuk Lymphoma 2009;50 Suppl 1:12-17.
    • (2009) Leuk Lymphoma , vol.50 , pp. 12-17
    • Huynh, E.1    Sigal, D.2    Saven, A.3
  • 60
    • 77949261573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of oral cladribine for the treatment of multiple sclerosis
    • Hartung HP, Aktas O, Kieseier B, Giancarlo Comi GC. Development of oral cladribine for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2010; 257:163-170.
    • (2010) J Neurol , vol.257 , pp. 163-170
    • Hartung, H.P.1    Aktas, O.2    Kieseier, B.3    Giancarlo Comi, G.C.4
  • 61
    • 0031043125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The clinical pharmacokinetics of cladribine
    • Liliemark J. The clinical pharmacokinetics of cladribine. Clin Pharmacokinet 1997;32:120-131.
    • (1997) Clin Pharmacokinet , vol.32 , pp. 120-131
    • Liliemark, J.1
  • 62
    • 0026799508 scopus 로고
    • Cladribine (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine)
    • Beutler E. Cladribine (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine). Lancet 1992;340: 952-956.
    • (1992) Lancet , vol.340 , pp. 952-956
    • Beutler, E.1
  • 65
    • 0034646216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cladribine and progressive MS: Clinical and MRI outcomes of a multicenter controlled trial. Cladribine MRI Study Group
    • Rice GP, Filippi M, Comi G. Cladribine and progressive MS: clinical and MRI outcomes of a multicenter controlled trial. Cladribine MRI Study Group. Neurology 2000;54:1145-1155.
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.54 , pp. 1145-1155
    • Rice, G.P.1    Filippi, M.2    Comi, G.3
  • 66
    • 0032908474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of cladribine in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
    • Romine JS, Sipe JC, Koziol JA, Zyroff J, Beutler E. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of cladribine in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Proc Assoc Am Physicians 1999;111:35-44.
    • (1999) Proc Assoc am Physicians , vol.111 , pp. 35-44
    • Romine, J.S.1    Sipe, J.C.2    Koziol, J.A.3    Zyroff, J.4    Beutler, E.5
  • 68
    • 84894261465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of oral cladribine on time to conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis in patients with a first demyelinating event (ORACLE MS): A phase 3 randomised trial
    • Leist TP, Comi G, Cree BA, Coyle PK, Freedman MS, Hartung HP, et al. Effect of oral cladribine on time to conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis in patients with a first demyelinating event (ORACLE MS): a phase 3 randomised trial. Lancet Neurol 2014;13:257-267.
    • (2014) Lancet Neurol , vol.13 , pp. 257-267
    • Leist, T.P.1    Comi, G.2    Cree, B.A.3    Coyle, P.K.4    Freedman, M.S.5    Hartung, H.P.6
  • 69
    • 80053448175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and tolerability of cladribine tablets in multiple sclerosis: The CLARITY (CLAdRIbine Tablets treating multiple sclerosis orallY) study
    • Cook S, Vermersch P, Comi G, Giovannoni G, Rammohan K, Rieckmann P, et al. Safety and tolerability of cladribine tablets in multiple sclerosis: the CLARITY (CLAdRIbine Tablets treating multiple sclerosis orallY) study. Mult Scler 2011;17:578-593.
    • (2011) Mult Scler , vol.17 , pp. 578-593
    • Cook, S.1    Vermersch, P.2    Comi, G.3    Giovannoni, G.4    Rammohan, K.5    Rieckmann, P.6
  • 71
    • 0034624942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linomide in relapsing and secondary progressive MS: Part I: Trial design and clinical results. North American Linomide Investigators
    • Noseworthy JH, Wolinsky JS, Lublin FD, Whitaker JN, Linde A, Gjorstrup P, et al. Linomide in relapsing and secondary progressive MS: part I: trial design and clinical results. North American Linomide Investigators. Neurology 2000;54:1726-1733.
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.54 , pp. 1726-1733
    • Noseworthy, J.H.1    Wolinsky, J.S.2    Lublin, F.D.3    Whitaker, J.N.4    Linde, A.5    Gjorstrup, P.6
  • 72
    • 0034624943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linomide in relapsing and secondary progressive MS: Part II: MRI results. MRI Analysis Center of the University of Texas-Houston, Health Science Center, and the North American Linomide Investigators
    • Wolinsky JS, Narayana PA, Noseworthy JH, Lublin FD, Whitaker JN, Linde A, et al. Linomide in relapsing and secondary progressive MS: part II: MRI results. MRI Analysis Center of the University of Texas-Houston, Health Science Center, and the North American Linomide Investigators. Neurology 2000;54:1734-1741.
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.54 , pp. 1734-1741
    • Wolinsky, J.S.1    Narayana, P.A.2    Noseworthy, J.H.3    Lublin, F.D.4    Whitaker, J.N.5    Linde, A.6
  • 73
    • 4744340401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laquinimod (ABR-215062) suppresses the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, modulates the Th1/Th2 balance and induces the Th3 cytokine TGF-beta in Lewis rats
    • Yang JS, Xu LY, Xiao BG, Hedlund G, Link H. Laquinimod (ABR-215062) suppresses the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, modulates the Th1/Th2 balance and induces the Th3 cytokine TGF-beta in Lewis rats. J Neuroimmunol 2004;156:3-9.
    • (2004) J Neuroimmunol , vol.156 , pp. 3-9
    • Yang, J.S.1    Xu, L.Y.2    Xiao, B.G.3    Hedlund, G.4    Link, H.5
  • 76
    • 45249107267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of laquinimod on MRI-monitored disease activity in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIb study
    • Comi G, Pulizzi A, Rovaris M, Abramsky O, Arbizu T, Boiko A, et al. Effect of laquinimod on MRI-monitored disease activity in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIb study. Lancet 2008;371: 2085-2092.
    • (2008) Lancet , vol.371 , pp. 2085-2092
    • Comi, G.1    Pulizzi, A.2    Rovaris, M.3    Abramsky, O.4    Arbizu, T.5    Boiko, A.6
  • 77
    • 78449302875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral laquinimod in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: 36-week double-blind active extension of the multi-centre, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group placebo-controlled study
    • Comi G, Abramsky O, Arbizu T, Boyko A, Gold R, Havrdová E, et al. Oral laquinimod in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: 36-week double-blind active extension of the multi-centre, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group placebo-controlled study. Mult Scler 2010;16:1360-1366.
    • (2010) Mult Scler , vol.16 , pp. 1360-1366
    • Comi, G.1    Abramsky, O.2    Arbizu, T.3    Boyko, A.4    Gold, R.5    Havrdová, E.6
  • 79
    • 84906537932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Placebo-controlled trial of oral laquinimod in multiple sclerosis: MRI evidence of an effect on brain tissue damage
    • Filippi M, Rocca MA, Pagani E, De Stefano N, Jeffery D, Kappos L, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of oral laquinimod in multiple sclerosis: MRI evidence of an effect on brain tissue damage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014;85:851-858.
    • (2014) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.85 , pp. 851-858
    • Filippi, M.1    Rocca, M.A.2    Pagani, E.3    De Stefano, N.4    Jeffery, D.5    Kappos, L.6
  • 80
    • 84898896452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized placebo-controlled phase III trial of oral laquinimod for multiple sclerosis
    • Vollmer TL, Sorensen PS, Selmaj K, Zipp F, Havrdova E, Cohen JA, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled phase III trial of oral laquinimod for multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2014;261:773-783.
    • (2014) J Neurol , vol.261 , pp. 773-783
    • Vollmer, T.L.1    Sorensen, P.S.2    Selmaj, K.3    Zipp, F.4    Havrdova, E.5    Cohen, J.A.6
  • 81
    • 84923335041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multicentre, randomized, placebo controlled study to evaluate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of two doses of oral laquinimod (0.6mg/day and 1.2mg/day) for the treatment of patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis
    • Oct 2-5; Copenhagen, Denmark
    • Vollmer T, Montalban X, Comi G, Ziemssen T, Boyko A, Vermersch P, et al. Multicentre, randomized, placebo controlled study to evaluate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of two doses of oral laquinimod (0.6mg/day and 1.2mg/day) for the treatment of patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. 29th Congress of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis; 2013 Oct 2-5; Copenhagen, Denmark.
    • (2013) 29Th Congress of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis
    • Vollmer, T.1    Montalban, X.2    Comi, G.3    Ziemssen, T.4    Boyko, A.5    Vermersch, P.6
  • 82
    • 84908655755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laquinimod, an up-and-coming immunomodulatory agent for treatment of multiple sclerosis
    • Varrin-Doyer M, Zamvil SS, Schulze-Topphoff U. Laquinimod, an up-and-coming immunomodulatory agent for treatment of multiple sclerosis. Exp Neurol 2014;262PA:66-71.
    • (2014) Exp Neurol , vol.262 , pp. 66-71
    • Varrin-Doyer, M.1    Zamvil, S.S.2    Schulze-Topphoff, U.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.