Talking About Nothing: Numbers, Hallucinations and Fictions

Talking About Nothing: Numbers, Hallucinations and Fictions

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-288

  Azzouni, Jody ^a  

^a TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Demonstratives; Direct reference; Hallucination; Indispensability; Literary fiction; Nonexistence; Ontological commitment; Scientific fictions; Singular idioms; Truth

Indexed keywords

EID: 84922276032     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199738946.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (263)

1. Aleman, André, E. Formisano, H. Koppenhagen, P. Hagoort, E. H. F. de Haan, and R. S. Kahn. 2005. The functional neuroanatomy of metrical stress evaluation of perceived and imagined spoken words. Cerebral Cortex 15: 221-28.
2. Aleman, André, and Frank Larøi. 2008. Hallucinations: The science of idiosyncratic perception. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
3. Allaire, E. B. 1963. Bare particulars. Philosophical Studies 14: 1-18.
4. Allaire, E. B. 1965. Another look at bare particulars. Philosophical Studies 16: 16-21.
5. Austin, J. L. 1962. Sense and sensibilia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6. Azzouni, Jody. 1994. Metaphysical myths, mathematical practice: The ontology and epistemology of the exact science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7. Azzouni, Jody. 1997. Applied mathematics, existential commitment and the Quine-Putnam indispensability thesis. Philosophia Mathematica 3(5): 193-209.
8. Azzouni, Jody. 1998. On "on what there is." Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 79(1): 1-18.
9. Azzouni, Jody. 2000a. Knowledge and reference in empirical science. London: Routledge. (Paperback edition with important corrections published in 2004.)
10. Azzouni, Jody. 2000b. Stipulation, logic, and ontological independence. Philosophia Mathematica 3(8): 225-43.
11. Azzouni, Jody. 2003. Individuation, causal relations and Quine. In Meaning, ed. Mark Richard, 197-219. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
12. Azzouni, Jody. 2004a. Deflating existential consequence: A case for nominalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
13. Azzouni, Jody. 2004b. Theory, observation and scientific realism. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 55: 371-92.
14. Azzouni, Jody. 2004c. Proof and ontology in Euclidean mathematics. In New trends in the history and philosophy of mathematics, ed. Tinne Hoff Kjeldsen, Stig Andur Pedersen, Lise Mariane Sonne-Hansen, 117-33. Denmark: University of Southern Denmark.
15. Azzouni, Jody. 2005. Is there still a sense in which mathematics can have foundations? In Essays on the foundations of mathematics and logic, ed. Giandomenico Sica, 9-47. Milan, Italy: Polimetrica S.a.s.
16. Azzouni, Jody. 2006. Tracking reason: Proof, consequence, and truth. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
17. Azzouni, Jody. 2007. Ontological commitment in the vernacular. Noûs 41: 204-26.
18. Azzouni, Jody. 2008. Alternative logics and the role of truth in the interpretation of languages. In New essays on Tarski and philosophy, ed. Douglas Patterson, 390-429. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
19. Azzouni, Jody. 2009a. Empty de re attitudes about numbers. Philosophia Mathematica III(17): 163-88.
20. Azzouni, Jody. 2009b. Why do informal proofs conform to formal norms? Foundations of Science 14: 9-26.
21. Azzouni, Jody. 2009c. Evading truth commitments: The problem reanalyzed. Logique et Analyse 206: 139-76.
22. Azzouni, Jody. forthcoming (a). Ontology and the word "exist": Uneasy relations. Philosophia Mathematica.
23. Azzouni, Jody. forthcoming (b). Deflationist truth. In Handbook on truth, ed. Michael Glanzberg. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
24. Azzouni, Jody. forthcoming (c). A new characterization of scientific theories. Synthese.
25. Azzouni, J., and O. Bueno. 2008. On what it takes for there to be no fact of the matter. Noûs 42(4): 753-69.
26. Baker, Alan. 2008. Mathematical skepticism. In Scientific papers of Latvia, vol. 739, ed. Jurģis Šķilters, 7-21. Riga, Latvia: Latvijas Universitāte.
27. Barnes, J., L. Boubert, J. Harris, A. Lee, and A. S. David. 2003. Reality monitoring and visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 41: 565-74.
28. Barwise, Jon, and Robin Cooper. 1981. Generalized quantifiers in natural language. Linguistics and Philosophy 4: 159-219.
29. Barwise, Jon, and S. Feferman, eds. 1985. Model-theoretic logics. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
30. Batchelor, G. K. 1967. An introduction to fluid dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
31. Beall, Jc. 2000. On mixed inferences and pluralism about truth predicates. Philosophical Quarterly 50: 380-82.
32. Beall, Jc, and Greg Restall. 2006. Logical pluralism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
33. Benacerraf, Paul. 1973. Mathematical truth. Journal of Philosophy 70: 661-80.
34. Bentall, R. P. 1990. The illusion of reality: A review and integration of psychological research on hallucinations. Psychological Bulletin 107(1): 82-95.
35. Bentall, R. P. 2000. Hallucinatory experiences. In Varieties of anomalous experience: Examining the scientific evidence, ed. E. Cardeña, S. J. Lynn, and S. Krippner, 85-120. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
36. Bentall, R. P. 2003. Madness explained: Psychosis and human nature. London: Penguin Books.
37. Black, Max. 1952. The identity of indiscernables. Reprinted in Problems of analysis (1954), 204-16. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
38. Blanke, Olaf, Stéphanie Ortigue, Theodor Landis, and Margitta Seeck. 2002. Stimulating illusory own-body perceptions. Nature 419: 269-70.
39. Block, Ned. 1990. Can the mind change the world? In Meaning and method: Essays in honor of Hilary Putnam, ed. George Boolos, 137-70. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
40. Braudel, Fernand. 1981. Civilization and capitalism: 15th-18th century. Volume 1: The structures of everyday life: The limits of the possible. New York: Harper & Row.
41. Braudel, Fernand. 1982. Civilization and capitalism: 15th-18th century. Volume 2: The wheels of commerce. New York: Harper & Row.
42. Braudel, Fernand. 1984. Civilization and capitalism: 15th-18th century. Volume 3: The perspective of the world. New York: Harper & Row.
43. Braun, David. 1993. Empty names. Noûs 27: 443-69.
44. Braun, David. 2005. Empty names, fictional names, mythical names. Noûs 39: 596-631.
45. Brody, Baruch A., ed. 1970. Readings in the philosophy of science. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
46. Bueno, Otávio, and Edward N. Zalta. 2005. A nominalist's dilemma and its solution. Philosophia Mathematica 3(13): 294-307.
47. Burge, Tyler. 1974. Truth and singular terms. Noûs 8: 309-25.
48. Burge, Tyler. 1977. Belief de re. In Foundations of mind (2007), 44-64. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
49. Burge, Tyler. 1979. Sinning against Frege. In Truth, thought, reason (2005), 213-39. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
50. Burge, Tyler. 1992. Frege on knowing the third realm. In Truth, thought, reason (2005), 299-316. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
51. Burge, Tyler. 2005. Postscript to "Frege and the hierarchy." In Truth, thought, reason (2005), 167-210. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
52. Burge, Tyler. 2007a. Introduction. In Foundations of mind (2007), 1-31. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
53. Burge, Tyler. 2007b. Postscript to "belief de re." In Foundations of mind (2007), 65-81. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
54. Butterfield, Brian. 1999. The mathematical brain. London: Macmillan.
55. Byrne, Alex, and Heather Logue. 2008. Either/or. In Disjunctivism: Perception, action, knowledge, ed. Adrian Haddock and Fiona Macpherson, 1-24. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
56. Carey, Susan. 2009. Where our number concepts come from. Journal of Philosophy 106(4): 220-54.
57. Cartwright, Nancy. 1983. How the laws of physics lie. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
58. Cartwright, Nancy. 1999. The dappled world: A study of the boundaries of science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
59. Cartwright, Richard. 1960. Negative existentials. In Philosophical essays (1987), 21-31. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
60. Castaneda, Carlos. 1968. The teachings of Don Juan: A Yaqui way of knowledge. New York: Washington Square Press.
61. Causey, Robert. 1972. Attribute identities in microreductions. Journal of Philosophy 69: 407-22.
62. Chappell, V. C. 1964. Particulars re-clothed. Philosophical Studies 15: 60-64.
63. Chierchia, Gennaro, and Sally McConnell-Ginet. 1990. Meaning and grammar: An introduction to semantics. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
64. Chisholm, Roderick M. 1972. Beyond being and nonbeing. In Metaphysics: The big questions (2008), ed. Peter van Inwagen and Dean W. Zimmerman, 40-50. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
65. Chomsky, Noam. 1986. Knowledge of language. New York: Praeger.
66. Cohen, L., S. Dehaene, F. Chochon, S. Lehéricy, and L. Naccache. 2000. Language and calculation within the parietal lobe: A combined cognitive, anatomical and fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 38: 1426-40.
67. Collerton, Daniel, Elaine Perry, and Ian McKeith. 2005. Why people see things that are not there: A novel perception and attention deficit model for recurrent complex visual hallucinations. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28: 737-94.
68. Cooklin, R., D. Sturgeon, and J. Leff. 1983. The relationship between auditory hallucinations and spontaneous fluctuations of skin resistance in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 142: 47-52.
69. Crittenden, Charles. 1991. Unreality: The metaphysics of fictional objects. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
70. Damasio, Antonio. 1994. Descartes' error. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
71. Darton, Robert. 1984. Peasants tell tales: The meaning of Mother Goose. In The great cat massacre and other episodes in French cultural history, 8-72. New York: Random House.
72. Davidson, Donald. 1980. Essays on actions and events. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
73. Davidson, Donald. 1984. Inquiries into truth and interpretation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
74. Davies, Robertson. 1982. Revelation from a smoky fire. In A gathering of ghost stories (1995), 10-18. New York: Penguin Books.
75. Decety, Jean, and Thierry Chaminade. 2005. The neurophysiology of imitation and intersubjectivity. In Perspective on imitation: From neuroscience to social science, vol. 1, ed. Susan Hurley and Nick Chater, 119-40. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
76. Dehaene, Stanislas. 1997. The number sense: How the mind creates mathematics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
77. Dehaene, Stanislas. 2002. Single-neuron arithmetic. Science 297: 1652-53.
78. Dehaene, Stanislas, and Laurent Cohen. 1997. Cerebral pathways for calculation: Double dissociation between rote verbal and quantitative knowledge of arithmetic. Cortex 33: 219-50.
79. Dehaene, Stanislas, Nicolas Molko, Laurent Cohen, and Anna J. Wilson. 2004. Arithmetic and the brain. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 14: 218-24.
80. Dehaene, Stanislas, and Lionel Naccache. 2001. Towards a cognitive neuroscience of consciousness: Basic evidence and a workspace framework. In The cognitive neuroscience of consciousness, ed. Stanislas Dehaene, 1-37. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
81. Dehaene, Stanislas, Manuela Piazza, Philippe Pinel, and Laurent Cohen. 2003. Three parietal circuits for number processing. Cognitive Neuropsychology 20(3-6): 487-506.
82. Dennett, Daniel. 1991. Consciousness explained. Boston: Little, Brown.
83. De Ridder, Dirk, Koen Van Laere, Patrick Dupont, Tomas Menovsky, and Paul Van de Heyning. 2007. Visualizing out-of-body experience in the brain. New England Journal of Medicine 357: 1829-33.
84. Deutsch, Harry. 2000. Making up stories. In Empty names, fiction and the puzzles of nonexistence, ed. Anthony Everett and Thomas Hofweber, 149-81. Stanford, Calif.: CSLI Publications.
85. Devitt, Michael. 1997. Realism and truth, 2nd ed. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
86. Diederich, Nico J., Christopher G. Goetz, and Glenn T. Stebbins. 2005. Repeated visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease as disturbed external/internal perceptions: Focused review and a new integrative model. Movement Disorders 20(2): 130-40.
87. Dierks, T., D. E. Linden, M. Jandl, E. Formisano, R. Goebel, H. Lanfermann, and W. Singer. 1999. Activation of Heschl's gyrus during auditory hallucinations. Neuron 22: 615-21.
88. Donnellan, Keith. 1966. Reference and definite descriptions. Philosophical Review 75: 281-304.
89. Donnellan, Keith. 1974. Speaking of nothing. Philosophical Review 83: 3-32. Reprinted in Naming, necessity, and natural kinds (1977), ed. Stephen P. Schwartz, 216-44. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
90. Driver, Jon, and Patrik Vuilleumier. 2001. Perceptual awareness and its loss in unilateral neglect and extinction. In The cognitive neuroscience of consciousness, ed. Stanislas Dehaene, 39-88. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
91. Dummett, Michael. 1983. Existence. In The seas of language (1993), 277-307. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
92. Edwards, Douglas. 2008. How to solve the problem of mixed conjunctions. Analysis 68(2): 143-49.
93. Enderton, Herbert B. 1977. Elements of set theory. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
94. Etchemendy, John. 1990. The concept of logical consequence. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
95. Evans, Gareth. 1973. The causal theory of names. Reprinted in Collected papers (1985), 1-24. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
96. Evans, Gareth. 1982. The varieties of reference. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
97. Everett, Anthony. 2000. Referentialism and empty names. In Empty names, fiction and the puzzles of non-existence, ed. Anthony Everett and Thomas Hofweber, 37-60. Stanford, Calif.: CSLI Publications.
98. Feigenson, Lisa, Stanislas Dehaene, and Elizabeth Spelke. 2004. Core systems of number. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8(7): 307-14.
99. Feigl, H., and M. Brodbeck, eds. 1953. Readings in the philosophy of science. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
100. Feyerabend, P. K. 1962. Explanation, reduction, and empiricism. In Minnesota Studies in the philosophy of science, vol. III, ed. Herbert Feigl and Grover Maxwell, 28-97. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
101. Field, Hartry. 1972. Tarski's theory of truth. Journal of Philosophy 69: 347-75.
102. Field, Hartry. 1980. Science without numbers. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
103. Fleming, Ian. 1959. Goldfinger. London: Pan Books, 1961.
104. Fodor, Jerry A. 1974. Special sciences, or the disunity of sciences as a working hypothesis. In Representations (1981), 127-45. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
105. Fodor, Jerry A. 1975. The language of thought. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
106. Frith, C. 1999. How hallucinations make themselves heard. Neuron 22: 414-15.
107. Gaddis, William. 1955. The recognitions. New York: Penguin Books.
108. Geach, P. T. 1965. Assertion. Philosophical Review 74(4): 449-65.
109. Gerken, Thomas, Christophe A. Girard, Yi-Chun Loraine Tung, Celia J. Webby, Vladimir Saudek, Kirsty S. Hewitson, Giles S. H. Yeo, Michael A. McDonough, Sharon Cunliffe, Luke A. McNeill, Juris Galvanovskis, Patrik Rorsman, Peter Robins, Xavier Prieur, Anthony P. Coll, Marcella Ma, Zorica Javanovic, I. Sadaf Farooqui, Frances M. Ashcroft, Stephen O'Rahilly, and Christopher J. Schofield. 2007. The obesity-associated FTO gene encodes a 2-Oxoglutarate-dependent nucleic acid demethylase. Science 318: 1469-72.
110. Glymour, Clark. 1970. On some patterns of reduction. Philosophy of Science 37: 340-53.
111. Goodman, Nelson. 1978. Ways of worldmaking. Indianapolis, Ind.: Hackett.
112. Goodman, Nelson. 1983. Fact, fiction, and forecast, 4th ed. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
113. Greiner, W. 1994. Quantum mechanics: An introduction, 3rd ed. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
114. Greiner, W., and B. Müller. 1994. Quantum mechanics: Symmetries, 2nd ed. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
115. Greiner, W., and J. Reinhardt. 1994. Quantum electrodynamics, 2nd ed. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
116. Greiner, W., and A. Schäfer. 1995. Quantum chromodynamics, 2nd corrected ed. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
117. Griffiths, Paul E., and Karola Stotz. 2007. Gene. In The Cambridge companion to the philosophy of biology, ed. David L. Hull and Michael Ruse, 85-102. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
118. Grossberg, Stephen. 2000. How hallucinations may arise from brain mechanisms of learning, attention, and volition. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 6: 583-92.
119. Haddock, Adrian, and Fiona Macpherson. 2008. Introduction: Varieties of disjunctivism. In Disjunctivism: Perception, action, knowledge, ed. Adrian Haddock and Fiona Macpherson, 1-24. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
120. Halmos, P. 1957. Nicolas Bourbaki. Scientific American 196: 88-99.
121. Harman, Gilbert. 1990. The intrinsic quality of experience. In Reasoning, meaning, and mind (1999), 244-61. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
122. Hellman, Geoffrey, and Frank Thompson. 1975. Physicalism: Ontology, determination, and reduction. Journal of Philosophy 72: 551-64.
123. Hempel, Carl G. 1965. Studies in the logic of confirmation. In Aspects of scientific explanation and other essays in the philosophy of science, 3-46. New York: Macmillan.
124. Higginbotham, J. 1990. Contexts, model, and meanings: A note on the data of semantics. In Mental representations: The interface between language and reality, ed. R. Kempson, 29-48. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
125. Hinton, J. M. 1967. Visual experiences. Mind 76: 212-27.
126. Hirsch, Eli. 1993. Dividing reality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
127. Honey, G. D., T. Sharma, J. Suckling, V. Giampietro, W. Soni, S. C. R Williams, and E. T. Bullmore. 2003. The functional neuroanatomy of schizophrenic subsyndromes. Psychological Medicine 33: 1007-18.
128. Horgan, T. 2001. Contextual semantics and metaphysical realism: Truth as indirect correspondence. In The nature of truth: Classic and contemporary perspectives, ed. M. P. Lynch, 67-95. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
129. Husserl, Edmund. 1900. Logical Investigations (1970) (trans. J. N. Findlay). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
130. Irving, Washington. 1820. Rip van Winkel and The legend of sleepy hollow. New York: Penguin Books, 1995.
131. Jackendoff, R. 1972. Semantic interpretation in generative grammar. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
132. Jäncke, L., S. Mirzazde, N. J. Shah. 1999. Attention modulates activity in the primary and the secondary auditory cortex: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study in human subjects. Neuroscience Letters 266: 125-28.
133. Johnson, M. K., S. Hashtroudi, and D. S. Lindsay 1993. Source monitoring. Psychological Bulletin 114: 3-28.
134. Kalderon, Mark Eli. 2005. Introduction. In Fictionalism in metaphysics, ed. Mark Eli Kalderon, 1-10. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
135. Kant, Immanuel. 1781. Critique of pure reason (1998), ed. Paul Guyer, trans. Allen W. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
136. Kanwisher, Nancy. 2001. Neural events and perceptual awareness. In The cognitive neuroscience of consciousness, ed. Stanislas Dehaene, 89-113. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
137. Katz, Jerrold J. 1972. Semantic theory. New York: Harper & Row.
138. Katz, Jerrold J. 1981. Language and other abstract objects. Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and Littlefield.
139. Katz, Jerrold J., and Jerry A. Fodor. 1963. The structure of a semantic theory. Language 39: 170-210.
140. Keenan, E. L., and D. Westerståhl. 1997. Generalized quantifiers in linguistics and logic. In Handbook of logic and language, ed. Johan van Benthem and Alice ter Meulen, 837-93. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
141. Kemeny, J. G., and P. Oppenheim. 1956. On reduction. Philosophical Studies 7: 6-19.
142. Kim, Jaegwon. 1993a. Multiple realization and the metaphysics of reduction. In Supervenience and mind: Selected philosophical essays, ed. Jaegwon Kim, 309-35. Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press.
143. Kim, Jaegwon. 1993b. Concepts of supervenience. In Supervenience and mind: Selected philosophical essays, ed. Jaegwon Kim, 309-35. Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press.
144. Kim, Jaegwon. 1993c. Supervenience and mind: Selected philosophical essays. Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press.
145. Kim, Jaegwon. 2005. Physicalism, or something near enough. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
146. King, Jeffrey C. 2001. Complex demonstratives. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
147. Kitcher, Philip. 1984. 1953 and all that: A tale of two sciences. Philosophical Review 93: 335-73.
148. Kitcher, Philip. 1995. Who's afraid of the human genome project? In The philosophy of biology (1998), ed. David L. Hull and Michael Ruse, 522-35. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
149. Kitcher, Philip. 1996. The lives to come. New York: Simon & Shuster.
150. Kripke, Saul. 1972. Naming and necessity. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
151. Kroon, Fred. 2000. Negative existentials. In Empty names, fiction and the puzzles of nonexistence, ed. Anthony Everett and Thomas Hofweber, 95-116. Stanford, Calif.: CSLI Publications.
152. Künne, Wolfgang. 2003. Conceptions of truth. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
153. Landau, L. D., and E. M. Lifshitz. 1977. Quantum mechanics (non-relativistic theory), 3rd ed. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
154. Larson, Richard, and Gabriel Segal. 1995. Knowledge of meaning. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
155. Laurence, Stephen, and Eric Margolis. 2005. Number and natural language. In The innate mind: Structure and contents, ed. Peter Carruthers, Stephen Laurence, and Stephen Stich, 216-35. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
156. Lemer, Cathy, Stanislas Dehaene, Elizabeth Spelke, and Laurent Cohen. 2003. Approximate quantities and exact number words: Dissociable systems. Neuropsychologia 41: 1942-58.
157. Lennox, B. R., S. B. Park, P. B. Jones, and P. G Morris. 1999. Spatial and temporal mapping of neural activity associated with auditory hallucinations. Lancet 353: 644.
158. Lepore, Ernest. 1983. What model theoretic semantics cannot do. Synthese 54: 167-87.
159. Lepore, Ernest, and Barry Loewer. 1981. Translational semantics. Synthese 48: 121-33.
160. Lepore, Ernest, and Barry Loewer. 1983. Three trivial truth theories. Canadian Journal of Philosophy 13: 433-47.
161. Lepore, Ernest, and Barry Loewer. 1989. More on making mind matter. Philosophical Topics 17: 175-92.
162. Lepore, Ernest, and Kirk Ludwig. 2000. The semantics and pragmatics of complex demonstratives. Mind 109(434): 199-240.
163. Levy, Azriel. 1979. Basic set theory. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
164. Lewis, David. 1970. General semantics. In Philosophical papers, vol. 1 (1983), 189-229. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
165. Lewis, David. 1978. Truth in fiction. In Philosophical papers, vol. 1 (1983), 261-75. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
166. Lewis, David. 1983. Postscripts to "Truth in fiction." In Philosophical papers, vol. 1 (1983), 276-80. Oxford: Oxford University Press
167. Lewis, David. 1986. On the plurality of worlds. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
168. Lucotte, Gérard, and François Baneyx. Introduction to molecular cloning techniques. New York: VCH Publishers.
169. Ludlow, Peter. 1999. Semantics, tense, and time: An essay in the metaphysics of natural language. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
170. Lynch, Michael P. 2004. Truth and multiple realizability. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 82(3): 384-408.
171. Malvern, Lawrence E. 1969. Introduction to the mechanics of a continuous solid. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
172. Mandler, George, and Billie Jo Shebo. 1982. Subitizing: An analysis of its component processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 111(1): 1-20.
173. Manning, Sylvia Bank. 1971. Dickens as satirist. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
174. Martin, M. G. F. 2006. On being alienated. In Perceptual experience, ed. Tamar Szabó Gendler and John Hawthorne, 354-410. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
175. Maugh, T. H. II. 1981. A new understanding of sickle cell emerges. Science 211: 265-67.
176. Mayr, Ernst. 1982. The growth of biological thought. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
177. McDowell, John. 1980. On the sense and reference of a proper name. In Reference, truth and reality, ed Mark Platts. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
178. McDowell, John. 1986. Singular thought and inner space. In Subject, thought, and context, ed. Philip Pettit and John McDowell, 137-68. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
179. McEvoy, Mark. 2004. Is reliabilism compatible with mathematical knowledge? Philosophical Forum 35(4): 423-37.
180. McGuire, P. K., D. A. Silbersweig, I. Wright, R. M. Murray, A. S. David, R. S. Frackowiak, and C. D. Frith. 1996. The neural correlates of inner speech and auditory verbal imagery in schizophrenia: Relationship to auditory verbal hallucinations. British Journal of Psychiatry 169: 148-59.
181. McLaughlin, Brian. 1995. Varieties of supervenience. In Supervenience: New essays, ed. Elias Savellos and Ümit Yalçin, 16-59. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
182. McQuarrie, Donald A. 1983. Quantum chemistry. Sausalito, Calif.: University Science Books.
183. Moore, G. E. 1962. Commonplace book 1919-53, ed. Casimir Lewy. London: George Allen and Unwin.
184. Moreland, J.P. 1998. Theories of individuation: A reconsideration of bare particulars. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 79: 51-63.
185. Nagel, Ernest. 1961. The structure of science. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.
186. Nagel, Thomas. 1986. The view from nowhere. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
187. Nicklin, J., K. Graeme-Cook, and R. Killington. 2002. Instant notes in microbiology, 2nd ed. Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers.
188. Ohayon, Maurice M. 2000. Prevalence of hallucinations and their pathological associations in the general population. Psychiatry Research 97: 153-64.
189. Oppenheim, Paul, and Hilary Putnam. 1958. Unity of science as a working hypothesis. In Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science, vol. II, ed. Herbert Feigl, Michael Scriven, and Grover Maxwell, 3-36. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
190. Parfitt, Derek. 1971. Personal identity. Philosophical Review 80(1): 3-27.
191. Parmenides. 1984. Parmenides of Elea. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
192. Parsons, Charles. 1971a. A plea for substitutional quantification. In Mathematics in philosophy: Selected essays (1983), 63-70. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
193. Parsons, Charles. 1971b. Ontology and mathematics. In Mathematics in philosophy: Selected essays (1983), 37-62. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
194. Parsons, Charles. 1979-80. Mathematical intuition Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society NS 80: 145-68.
195. Parsons, Terence. 1980. Nonexistent objects. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
196. Penfield, Wilder, and Phanor Perot. 1963. The brain's record of auditory and visual experience. Brain 86: 595-696.
197. Plantinga, Alvin. 1974. The nature of necessity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
198. Plato. 1963. The sophist. In Plato: The collected dialogues, ed. Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns, 957-1017. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
199. Plewnia, Christian, Felix Bischof, and Matthias Reimold. 2007. Suppression of verbal hallucinations and changes in regional cerebral blood flow after intravenous lidocaine: A case report. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 31: 301-3.
200. Pulvermüller, Friedemann. 2002. The neuroscience of language: On brain circuits of words and serial order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
201. Putnam, Hilary. 1967. The nature of mental states. In Mind, language and reality: Philosophical papers, vol. 2 (1975), 429-40. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
202. Putnam, Hilary. 1981. Reason, truth and history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
203. Putnam, Hilary. 1987. The many faces of realism. LaSalle, Ill.: Open Court.
204. Quine, W. V. O. 1953. On what there is. In From a logical point of view (1980), 1-19. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
205. Quine, W. V. O. 1958. Speaking of objects. In Ontological relativity and other essays (1969), 1-25. New York: Columbia University Press.
206. Quine, W. V. O. 1960. Word and object. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
207. Quine, W. V. O. 1978. Goodman's ways of worldmaking. In Theories and things, 97-99. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
208. Quine, W. V. O. 1981. What price bivalence? In Theories and things, 31-37. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
209. Quine, W. V. O. 1986. Philosophy of logic, 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
210. Quine, W. V., and J. S. Ullian. 1978. The web of belief, 2nd ed. New York: Random House.
211. Raley, Yvonne. 2008. Jobless objects: Mathematical posits in crisis. In Philosophy of mathematics: Set theory, measuring theories, and nominalism, ed. Gerhard Preyer and Georg Peters, 112-31. Frankfurt: Ontos-Verlag.
212. Reimer, Marga. 2001. A "Meinongian" solution to a Millian problem. American Philosophical Quarterly 38: 233-48.
213. Resnik, Michael D. 1997. Mathematics as a science of patterns. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
214. Rosen, Gideon. 2006. Review of "Deflating existential consequence: A case for nominalism." Journal of Philosophy 103: 312-18.
215. Rosenberg, Alexander. 1985. The structure of biological science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
216. Routley, Richard. 1980. Exploring Meinong's jungle and beyond: An investigation of noneism and the theory of items, interim ed. Philosophy department monograph 3. Canberra: Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University.
217. Routley, Richard, and Valerie Routley. 1973. Rehabilitating Meinong's theory of objects. Revue Internationale de Philosophie 27: 224-54.
218. Russell, Bertrand. 1905. On denoting. Mind 14: 479-93.
219. Russell, Bertrand. 1919. Introduction to mathematical philosophy. London: Routledge.
220. Ryder, John D. 1991. Electron tubes. In Encylopedia of physics, ed. Rita G. Lerner and George L. Trigg, 317-20. New York: VCH Publishers.
221. Sainsbury, R. M. 2005. Reference without referents. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
222. Salmon, Nathan. 1987. Existence. In Metaphysics, mathematics, and meaning (2005), 9-49. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
223. Salmon, Nathan. 1998. Nonexistence. In Metaphysics, mathematics, and meaning (2005), 50-90. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
224. Salmon, Nathan. 2002. Mythical objects. In Metaphysics, mathematics, and meaning (2005), 91-107. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
225. Shapere, Dudley. 1971. Notes towards a post-positivistic interpretation of science. In The legacy of logical positivism, ed. P. Achinstein and S. Barker, 115-60. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press.
226. Shinosaki, Kazuhiro, Masakiyo Yamamoto, Satoshi Ukai, Shunsuke Kawaguchi, Asao Ogawa, Ryouhei Ishii, Yuko Mizuno-Matsumoto, Tsuyoshi Inouye, Norio Hirabuki, Toshiki Yoshimine, Tetsuji Kaku, Stephen E. Robinson, and Masatoshi Takeda. 2003. Desynchronization in the right auditory cortex during musical hallucinations: A MEG study. Psychogeriatrics 3: 88-92.
227. Silbersweig, D. A., E. Stern, C. Frith, C. Cahill, A. Holmes, S. Grootoonk, et al. (1995, Nov. 9). A functional neuroanatomy of hallucinations in schizophrenia. Nature 378: 176-79.
228. Sklar, Larry. 1967. Types of inter-theoretic reduction. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 18: 109-24.
229. Smith, A. D. 2002. The problem of perception. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
230. Smith, George. Forthcoming. Pending tests to the contrary: The question of mass in Newton's law of gravity.
231. Snowdon, Paul. 1980-81. Perception, vision, and causation. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 81: 175-92. Reprinted in Vision and mind: Selected readings in the philosophy of perception , ed. Alva Noëand Evan Thompson, 151-66. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2002.
232. Soames, Scott. 1999. Understanding truth. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Stebbins, G. T., C. G. Goetz, M. C. Carrillo, K. J. Bangen, D. A. Turner, G. H. Gover, and J.
233. D. E. Gabrieli. 2004. Altered cortical visual processing in PD with hallucinations: An fMRI study. Neurology 63: 1409-16.
234. Strawson, P. F. 1956. On referring. In The philosophy of language, 2nd ed. (1990), ed A. P. Martinich, 219-34. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
235. Tappolet, Christine. 1997. Mixed inferences: A problem for pluralism about truth predicates. Analysis 57(3): 209-10.
236. Tappolet, Christine. 2000. Truth pluralism and many-valued logics: A reply to Beall. Philosophical Quarterly 50: 382-83.
237. Tarski, Alfred. 1944. The semantic conception of truth. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 4: 341-75.
238. Tarski, Alfred. 1983a. On the concept of logical consequence. In Logic, semantics, metamathematics, ed. J. Corcoran, 409-20. Indianapolis, Ind.: Hackett.
239. Tarski, Alfred. 1983b. The concept of truth in formalized languages. In Logic, semantics, metamathematics, ed. J. Corcoran, 152-278. Indianapolis, Ind.: Hackett.
240. Taylor, Kenneth A. 2000. Emptiness without compromise: A referentialist semantics for empty names. In Empty names, fiction and the puzzles of non-existence, ed. Anthony Everett and Thomas Hofweber, 17-36. Stanford, Calif.: CSLI Publications.
241. Thain, M. and M. Hickman. 2001. The Penguin dictionary of biology, 10th ed. London: Penguin Books.
242. Therman, Eeva, and Millard Susman. 1993. Human chromosomes: Structure, behavior, and effects, 3rd ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
243. Thomasson, Amie L. 1999. Fiction and metaphysics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
244. Toone, B. K., E. Cooke, and M. H. Lader. 1981. Electrodermal activity in the affective disorders and schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine 11: 497-508.
245. Truesdell, C. 1991. A first course in rational continuum mechanics, 2nd ed. San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press.
246. Truesdell, C., and K. R. Rajagopal. 2000. An introduction to the mechanics of fluids. Berlin: Birkhäuser.
247. Urmson, J. O. 1976. Fiction. American Philosophical Quarterly 13: 153-57.
248. Van Fraassen, Bas. C. 1980. The scientific image. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
249. Van Inwagen, Peter. 1977. Creatures of fiction. In Ontology, identity, and modality (2001), 37-56. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
250. Van Inwagen, Peter. 1983. Fiction and metaphysics. Philosophy and literature 7: 67-77.
251. Van Inwagen, Peter. 2000. Quantification and fictional discourse. In Empty names, fiction and the puzzles of nonexistence, ed. Anthony Everett and Thomas Hofweber, 235-47. Stanford, Calif.: CSLI Publications.
252. Walton, Kendall L. 1973. Pictures and make-believe. Philosophical Review 82: 283-319.
253. Walton, Kendall L. 1978. Fearing fictions. Journal of Philosophy 75: 5-27.
254. Walton, Kendall L. 1990. Mimesis as make-believe. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
255. Walton, Kendall L. 2000. Existence as metaphor? In Empty names, fiction and the puzzles of nonexistence, ed. Anthony Everett and Thomas Hofweber, 69-94. Stanford, Calif.: CSLI Publications.
256. Waters, C. Kenneth. 1990. Why the antireductionist consensus won't survive the case of classical Mendelian genetics. PSA 1990, Philosophy of Science Association, 1: 125-39.
257. Watson, James D. 1976. Molecular biology of the gene. Menlo Park, Calif.: W. A. Benjamin.
258. Williamson, Timothy. 1994. Vagueness. London: Routledge.
259. Wilson, Mark. 2006. Wandering significance: An essay on conceptual behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
260. Wright, Crispen. 1992. Truth and objectivity. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
261. Wright, Crispen. 1999. Truth: A traditional debate reviewed. In Truth, ed. S. Blackburn and K. Simmons, 203-38. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
262. Zalta, Edward, N. 1983. Abstract objects: An introduction to axiomatic metaphysics. Dordrecht: Reidel.
263. Zalta, Edward, N. 1988. Intensional logic and the metaphysics of intentionality. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.