Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of neck pain

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

Volumn 90, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 284-299

  Cohen, Steven P ^a,b,c  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center   (United States)

^c UNIFORMED SERVICES UNIVERSITY OF THE HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BENORILATE; BOTULINUM TOXIN; CHLORMEZANONE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOBENZAPRINE; CYTOKINE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; MUSCLE RELAXANT AGENT; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PARACETAMOL; PLACEBO;

ACUPUNCTURE; ADD ON THERAPY; ANAMNESIS; BED REST; BIOLOGICAL THERAPY; CERVICAL COLLAR; CERVICAL MYELOPATHY; CERVICOBRACHIAL NEURALGIA; CHRONIC PAIN; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; DENERVATION; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE COURSE; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; ELECTRODIAGNOSIS; ELECTROSTIMULATION THERAPY; HUMAN; KINESIOTHERAPY; LOW BACK PAIN; LOW DRUG DOSE; MASSAGE; MONOTHERAPY; MUSCLE SPASM; MUSCLE TRAINING; MYOFASCIAL PAIN; NECK PAIN; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; ORTHOPEDIC MANIPULATION; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PHYSIOTHERAPY; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PREVALENCE; RADICULOPATHY; RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SPINAL CORD DISEASE; SPINAL CORD SURGERY; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; TRACTION THERAPY; TRIGGER POINT; YOGA;

DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; NECK PAIN;

EID: 84922141788     PISSN: 00256196     EISSN: 19425546     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.09.008     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (124)

1. US Burden of Disease Collaborators The state of US health, 1990-2010: burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors JAMA 310 6 2013 591 608
2. R. Fejer, K.O. Kyvik, and J. Hartvigsen The prevalence of neck pain in the world population: a systematic critical review of the literature Eur Spine J 15 6 2006 834 848
3. S. Hogg-Johnson, G. van der Velde, L.J. Carroll Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders The burden and determinants of neck pain in the general population: results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 33 4, suppl 2008 S39 S51
4. A.I. Binder Neck pain Clin Evid (online) 2008 pii:1103
5. C. Fernández-de-las-Peñas, V. Hernández-Barrera, and C. Alonso-Blanco Prevalence of neck and low back pain in community-dwelling adults in Spain: a population-based national study Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 36 3 2011 E213 E219
6. T.W. Strine, and J.M. Hootman US national prevalence and correlates of low back and neck pain among adults Arthritis Rheum 57 4 2007 656 665
7. K.M. Son, N.H. Cho, S.H. Lim, and H.A. Kim Prevalence and risk factor of neck pain in elderly Korean community residents J Korean Med Sci 28 5 2013 680 686
8. T.I. Nilsen, A. Holtermann, and P.J. Mork Physical exercise, body mass index, and risk of chronic pain in the low back and neck/shoulders: longitudinal data from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study Am J Epidemiol 174 3 2011 267 273
9. S. Kääriä, M. Laaksonen, O. Rahkonen, E. Lahelma, and P. Leino-Arjas Risk factors of chronic neck pain: a prospective study among middle-aged employees Eur J Pain 16 6 2012 911 920
10. H.K. Vincent, M.C. Adams, K.R. Vincent, and R.W. Hurley Musculoskeletal pain, fear avoidance behaviors, and functional decline in obesity: potential interventions to manage pain and maintain function Reg Anesth Pain Med 38 6 2013 481 489
11. P. Côté, G. van der Velde, and J.D. Cassidy The burden and determinants of neck pain in workers: results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders J Manipulative Physiol Ther 32 2, suppl 2009 S70 S86
12. S. May, E. Gardiner, S. Young, and J. Klaber-Moffett Predictor variables for a positive long-term functional outcome in patients with acute and chronic neck and back pain treated with a McKenzie approach: a secondary analysis J Man Manip Ther 16 3 2008 155 160
13. A. Royuela, F.M. Kovacs, C. Campillo, M. Casamitjana, A. Muriel, and V. Abraira Predicting outcomes of neuroreflexotherapy in patients with subacute or chronic neck or low back pain Spine J 14 8 2014 1588 1600
14. C. Peterson, J. Bolton, and B.K. Humphreys Predictors of outcome in neck pain patients undergoing chiropractic care: comparison of acute and chronic patients Chiropr Man Therap 20 1 2012 27
15. P. Enthoven, E. Skargren, J. Carstensen, and B. Oberg Predictive factors for 1-year and 5-year outcome for disability in a working population of patients with low back pain treated in primary care Pain 122 1-2 2006 137 144
16. P. Wilkens, I.B. Scheel, O. Grundnes, C. Hellum, and K. Storheim Prognostic factors of prolonged disability in patients with chronic low back pain and lumbar degeneration in primary care: a cohort study Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 38 1 2013 65 74
17. F.S. Kleinstueck, T. Fekete, and D. Jeszenszky The outcome of decompression surgery for lumbar herniated disc is influenced by the level of concomitant preoperative low back pain Eur Spine J 20 7 2011 1166 1173
18. R. Freynhagen, R. Baron, U. Gockel, and T.R. Tölle painDETECT: a new screening questionnaire to identify neuropathic components in patients with back pain Curr Med Res Opin 22 10 2006 1911 1920
19. M. Bennett The LANSS Pain Scale: the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs Pain 92 1-2 2001 147 157
20. S.P. Cohen, M.C. Bicket, D. Jamison, I. Wilkinson, and J.P. Rathmell Epidural steroids: a comprehensive, evidence-based review Reg Anesth Pain Med 38 3 2013 175 200
21. B. Tampin, N.K. Briffa, R. Goucke, and H. Slater Identification of neuropathic pain in patients with neck/upper limb pain: application of a grading system and screening tools Pain 154 12 2013 2813 2822
22. O. Vasseljen, A. Woodhouse, J.H. Bjørngaard, and L. Leivseth Natural course of acute neck and low back pain in the general population: the HUNT study Pain 154 8 2013 1237 1244
23. C.J. Vos, A.P. Verhagen, J. Passchier, and B.W. Koes Clinical course and prognostic factors in acute neck pain: an inception cohort study in general practice Pain Med 9 5 2008 572 580
24. G. Pernold, M. Mortimer, C. Wiktorin, E.W. Tornqvist, E. Vingård Musculoskeletal Intervention Center-Norrtälje Study Group Neck/shoulder disorders in a general population: natural course and influence of physical exercise; a 5-year follow-up Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 30 13 2005 E363 E368
25. J.O. Christensen, and S. Knardahl Time-course of occupational psychological and social factors as predictors of new-onset and persistent neck pain: a three-wave prospective study over 4 years Pain 155 7 2014 1262 1271
26. T.B. Carstensen The influence of psychosocial factors on recovery following acute whiplash trauma Dan Med J 59 12 2012 B4560
27. D.R. Gore, S.B. Sepic, G.M. Gardner, and M.P. Murray Neck pain: a long-term follow-up of 205 patients Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 12 1 1987 1 5
28. K. Radhakrishnan, W.J. Litchy, W.M. O'Fallon, and L.T. Kurland Epidemiology of cervical radiculopathy: a population-based study from Rochester, Minnesota, 1976 through 1990 Brain 117 pt 2 1994 325 335
29. E. Hsu, L. Atanelov, A.R. Plunkett, N. Chai, Y. Chen, and S.P. Cohen Epidural lysis of adhesions for failed back surgery and spinal stenosis: factors associated with treatment outcome Anesth Analg 118 1 2014 215 224
30. C. Costa Lda, C.G. Maher, and J.H. McAuley Prognosis for patients with chronic low back pain: inception cohort study BMJ 339 2009 b3829
31. D.C. Cherkin, R.A. Deyo, J.H. Street, and W. Barlow Predicting poor outcomes for back pain seen in primary care using patients' own criteria Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 21 24 1996 2900 2907
32. E. Thomas, A.J. Silman, P.R. Croft, A.C. Papageorgiou, M.I. Jayson, and G.J. Macfarlane Predicting who develops chronic low back pain in primary care: a prospective study BMJ 318 7199 1999 1662 1667
33. J.Y. Maigne, and L. Deligne Computed tomographic follow-up study of 21 cases of nonoperatively treated cervical intervertebral soft disc herniation Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 19 2 1994 189 191
34. K. Mochida, H. Komori, A. Okawa, T. Muneta, H. Haro, and K. Shinomiya Regression of cervical disc herniation observed on magnetic resonance images Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 23 9 1998 990 995
35. J.A. Saal Natural history and nonoperative treatment of lumbar disc herniation Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 21 24, suppl 1996 2S 9S
36. A. Minamide, M. Yoshida, and K. Maio The natural clinical course of lumbar spinal stenosis: a longitudinal cohort study over a minimum of 10 years J Orthop Sci 18 5 2013 693 698
37. B. Micankova Adamova, S. Vohanka, L. Dusek, J. Jarkovsky, and J. Bednarik Prediction of long-term clinical outcome in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis Eur Spine J 21 12 2012 2611 2619
38. F. Lees, and J.W. Turner Natural history and prognosis of cervical spondylosis Br Med J 2 5373 1963 1607 1610
39. Z. Kadanka, M. Mareš, and J. Bednarík Approaches to spondylotic cervical myelopathy: conservative versus surgical results in a 3-year follow-up study Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 27 20 2002 2205 2210
40. T. Shimomura, M. Sumi, and K. Nishida Prognostic factors for deterioration of patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy after nonsurgical treatment Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 32 22 2007 2474 2479
41. P. Sampath, M. Bendebba, J.D. Davis, and T.B. Ducker Outcome of patients treated for cervical myelopathy: a prospective, multicenter study with independent clinical review Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 25 6 2000 670 676
42. M. Matsumoto, K. Chiba, M. Ishikawa, H. Maruiwa, Y. Fujimura, and Y. Toyama Relationships between outcomes of conservative treatment and magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with mild cervical myelopathy caused by soft disc herniations Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 26 14 2001 1592 1598
43. K.K. Sadasivan, R.P. Reddy, and J.A. Albright The natural history of cervical spondylotic myelopathy Yale J Biol Med 66 3 1993 235 242
44. M.G. Fehlings, J.R. Wilson, S.T. Yoon, J.M. Rhee, M.F. Shamji, and B.D. Lawrence Symptomatic progression of cervical myelopathy and the role of nonsurgical management: a consensus statement Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 38 22, suppl 1 2013 S19 S20
45. S. Fukui, K. Ohseto, and M. Shiotani Referred pain distribution of the cervical zygapophyseal joints and cervical dorsal rami Pain 68 1 1996 79 83
46. C. Aprill, A. Dwyer, and N. Bogduk Cervical zygapophyseal joint pain patterns, II: A clinical evaluation Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 15 6 1990 458 461
47. D.G. Simons, J.G. Travell, and L.S. Simons 2nd ed. Travell and Simons' Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual Vol. 1 1999 Williams & Wilkins Baltimore, MD 11 93
48. P. Dreyfuss, M. Michaelsen, and D. Fletcher Atlanto-occipital and lateral atlanto-axial joint pain patterns Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 19 10 1994 1125 1131
49. A. Fast, S. Parikh, and E.L. Marin The shoulder abduction relief sign in cervical radiculopathy Arch Phys Med Rehabil 70 5 1989 402 403
50. J. Freischlag, and K. Orion Understanding thoracic outlet syndrome Scientifica (Cairo) 2014 2014 248163
51. N. Bogduk, and Y. Yoganandan Biomechanics of the cervical spine Part 3: minor injuries Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 16 4 2001 267 275
52. M. Matsumoto, E. Okada, and D. Ichihara Prospective ten-year follow-up study comparing patients with whiplash-associated disorders and asymptomatic subjects using magnetic resonance imaging Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 35 18 2010 1684 1690
53. K. Pettersson, C. Hildingsson, G. Toolanen, M. Fagerlund, and J. Björnebrink MRI and neurology in acute whiplash trauma: no correlation in prospective examination of 39 cases Acta Orthop Scand 65 5 1994 525 528
54. L. Barnsley, S. Lord, and N. Bogduk Comparative local anaesthetic blocks in the diagnosis of cervical zygapophysial joint pain Pain 55 1 1993 99 106
55. S.M. Lord, L. Barnsley, B.J. Wallis, and N. Bogduk Chronic cervical zygapophysial joint pain after whiplash: a placebo-controlled prevalence study Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 21 15 1996 1737 1744
56. L. Barnsley, S.M. Lord, B.J. Wallis, and N. Bogduk The prevalence of chronic cervical zygapophysial joint pain after whiplash Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 20 1 1995 20 25
57. A.D. Smith, G. Jull, G. Schneider, B. Frizzell, R.A. Hooper, and M. Sterling A comparison of physical and psychological features of responders and non-responders to cervical facet blocks in chronic whiplash BMC Musculoskelet Disord 14 2013 313
58. S.M. Rubinstein, J.J. Pool, M.W. van Tulder, I.I. Riphagen, and H.C. de Vet A systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of provocative tests of the neck for diagnosing cervical radiculopathy Eur Spine J 16 3 2007 307 319
59. G.A. Malanga, P. Landes, and S.F. Nadler Provocative tests in cervical spine examination: historical basis and scientific analyses Pain Physician 6 2 2003 199 205
60. C.E. Cook, E. Hegedus, R. Pietrobon, and A. Goode A pragmatic neurological screen for patients with suspected cord compressive myelopathy Phys Ther 87 9 2007 1233 1242
61. S.P. Cohen, Z.H. Bajwa, and J.J. Kraemer Factors predicting success and failure for cervical facet radiofrequency denervation: a multi-center analysis Reg Anesth Pain Med 32 6 2007 495 503
62. M. Matsumoto, Y. Fujimura, and N. Suzuki MRI of cervical intervertebral discs in asymptomatic subjects J Bone Joint Surg Br 80 1 1998 19 24
63. I.J. Lehto, M.O. Tertti, M.E. Komu, H.E. Paajanen, J. Tuominen, and M.J. Kormano Age-related MRI changes at 0.1 T in cervical discs in asymptomatic subjects Neuroradiology 36 1 1994 49 53
64. American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine Practice parameter for needle electromyographic evaluation of patients with suspected cervical radiculopathy: summary statement Muscle Nerve 22 suppl 8 1999 S209 S221
65. K. Ashkan, P. Johnston, and A.J. Moore A comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and neurophysiological studies in the assessment of cervical radiculopathy Br J Neurosurg 16 2 2002 146 148
66. L. Anderberg, M. Annertz, U. Rydholm, L. Brandt, and H. Säveland Selective diagnostic nerve root block for the evaluation of radicular pain in the multilevel degenerated cervical spine Eur Spine J 15 6 2006 794 801
67. R.C. Sasso, K. Macadaeg, D. Nordmann, and M. Smith Selective nerve root injections can predict surgical outcome for lumbar and cervical radiculopathy: comparison to magnetic resonance imaging J Spinal Disord Tech 18 6 2005 471 478
68. S.P. Cohen, and R.W. Hurley The ability of diagnostic spinal injections to predict surgical outcomes Anesth Analg 105 6 2007 1756 1775
69. T.M. Kay, A. Gross, and C.H. Goldsmith Exercises for mechanical neck disorders Cochrane Database Syst Rev 8 2012 CD004250
70. R. Sihawong, P. Janwantanakul, E. Sitthipornvorakul, and P. Pensri Exercise therapy for office workers with nonspecific neck pain: a systematic review J Manipulative Physiol Ther 34 1 2011 62 71
71. L. Bertozzi, I. Gardenghi, and F. Turoni Effect of therapeutic exercise on pain and disability in the management of chronic nonspecific neck pain: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials Phys Ther 93 8 2013 1026 1036
72. B. Kuijper, J.T. Tans, A. Beelen, F. Nollet, and M. de Visser Cervical collar or physiotherapy versus wait and see policy for recent onset cervical radiculopathy: randomised trial BMJ 339 2009 b3883
73. E.J. Thoomes, W. Scholten-Peeters, B. Koes, D. Falla, and A.P. Verhagen The effectiveness of conservative treatment for patients with cervical radiculopathy: a systematic review Clin J Pain 29 12 2013 1073 1086
74. A.D. Furlan, F. Yazdi, and A. Tsertsvadze A systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and safety of selected complementary and alternative medicine for neck and low-back pain Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012 2012 953139
75. E.L. Hurwitz, E.J. Carragee, G. van der Velde Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders Treatment of neck pain: noninvasive interventions; results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 33 4, suppl 2008 S123 S152
76. L.J. Kong, H.S. Zhan, Y.W. Cheng, W.A. Yuan, B. Chen, and M. Fang Massage therapy for neck and shoulder pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013 2013 613279
77. K.C. Patel, A. Gross, and N. Graham Massage for mechanical neck disorders Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9 2012 CD004871
78. N. Graham, A. Gross, and C.H. Goldsmith Mechanical traction for neck pain with or without radiculopathy Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 2008 CD006408
79. P. Kroeling, A. Gross, and C.H. Goldsmith Electrotherapy for neck pain Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 2009 CD004251
80. H. Cramer, R. Lauche, and C. Hohmann Randomized-controlled trial comparing yoga and home-based exercise for chronic neck pain Clin J Pain 29 3 2013 216 223
81. G. Bronfort, R. Evans, A.V. Anderson, K.H. Svendsen, Y. Bracha, and R.H. Grimm Spinal manipulation, medication, or home exercise with advice for acute and subacute neck pain: a randomized trial Ann Intern Med 156 1, pt 1 2012 1 10
82. A.P. White, P.M. Arnold, D.C. Norvell, E. Ecker, and M.G. Fehlings Pharmacologic management of chronic low back pain: synthesis of the evidence Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 36 21, suppl 2011 S131 S143
83. J. Flood The role of acetaminophen in the treatment of osteoarthritis Am J Manag Care 16 suppl, Management 2010 S48 S54
84. L.F. Hsieh, C.Z. Hong, S.H. Chern, and C.C. Chen Efficacy and side effects of diclofenac patch in treatment of patients with myofascial pain syndrome of the upper trapezius J Pain Symptom Manage 39 1 2010 116 125
85. D.G. Borenstein, and S. Korn Efficacy of a low-dose regimen of cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride in acute skeletal muscle spasm: results of two placebo-controlled trials Clin Ther 25 4 2003 1056 1073
86. H. Berry, S.P. Liyanage, R.A. Durance, J.D. Goode, and A.J. Swannell A double-blind study of benorylate and chlormezanone in musculoskeletal disease Rheumatol Rehabil 20 1 1981 46 49
87. J.K. Elenbaas Centrally acting oral skeletal muscle relaxants Am J Hosp Pharm 37 10 1980 1313 1323
88. S.P. Cohen, R. Mullings, and S. Abdi The pharmacologic treatment of muscle pain Anesthesiology 101 2 2004 495 526
89. N.A. Scott, B. Guo, P.M. Barton, and R.D. Gerwin Trigger point injections for chronic non-malignant musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review Pain Med 10 1 2009 54 69
90. A. Kamanli, A. Kaya, O. Ardicoglu, S. Ozgocmen, F.O. Zengin, and Y. Bayik Comparison of lidocaine injection, botulinum toxin injection, and dry needling to trigger points in myofascial pain syndrome Rheumatol Int 25 8 2005 604 611
91. A. Soares, R.B. Andriolo, A.N. Atallah, and E.M. da Silva Botulinum toxin for myofascial pain syndromes in adults Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 2012 CD007533
92. H. Göbel, A. Heinze, G. Reichel, H. Hefter, R. Benecke Dysport Myofascial Pain Study Group Efficacy and safety of a single botulinum type A toxin complex treatment (Dysport) for the relief of upper back myofascial pain syndrome: results from a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre study Pain 125 1-2 2006 82 88
93. T. Ojala, J.P. Arokoski, and J. Partanen The effect of small doses of botulinum toxin A on neck-shoulder myofascial pain syndrome: a double-blind, randomized, and controlled crossover trial Clin J Pain 22 1 2006 90 96
94. E. Qerama, A. Fuglsang-Frederiksen, H. Kasch, F.W. Bach, and T.S. Jensen A double-blind, controlled study of botulinum toxin A in chronic myofascial pain Neurology 67 2 2006 241 245
95. A.L. Nicol, I.I. Wu, and F.M. Ferrante Botulinum toxin type A injections for cervical and shoulder girdle myofascial pain using an enriched protocol design Anesth Analg 118 6 2014 1326 1335
96. J. De Andrés, V.M. Adsuara, S. Palmisani, V. Villanueva, and M.D. López-Alarcón A double-blind, controlled, randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin for the treatment of lumbar myofascial pain in humans Reg Anesth Pain Med 35 3 2010 255 260
97. B. Jabbari Botulinum toxin A and chronic low back pain: a randomized, double-blind study Neurology 56 10 2001 1290 1293
98. B. Jabbari, and D. Machado Treatment of refractory pain with botulinum toxins - an evidence-based review Pain Med 12 11 2011 1594 1606
99. L. Anderberg, M. Annertz, L. Persson, L. Brandt, and H. Säveland Transforaminal steroid injections for the treatment of cervical radiculopathy: a prospective and randomised study Eur Spine J 16 3 2007 321 328
100. L. Manchikanti, Y. Malla, K.A. Cash, C.D. McManus, and V. Pampati Fluoroscopic cervical interlaminar epidural injections in managing chronic pain of cervical postsurgery syndrome: preliminary results of a randomized, double-blind, active control trial Pain Physician 15 1 2012 13 25
101. L. Manchikanti, Y. Malla, K.A. Cash, C.D. McManus, and V. Pampati Fluoroscopic epidural injections in cervical spinal stenosis: preliminary results of a randomized, double-blind, active control trial Pain Physician 15 1 2012 E59 E70
102. L. Manchikanti, K.A. Cash, V. Pampati, B.W. Wargo, and Y. Malla A randomized, double-blind, active control trial of fluoroscopic cervical interlaminar epidural injections in chronic pain of cervical disc herniation: results of a 2-year follow-up [published correction appears in Pain Physician. 2013;16(6):609] Pain Physician 16 5 2013 465 478
103. A. Stav, L. Ovadia, A. Sternberg, M. Kaadan, and N. Weksler Cervical epidural steroid injection for cervicobrachialgia Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 37 6 1993 562 566
104. S.P. Cohen, S. Hayek, and Y. Semenov Epidural steroid injections, conservative treatment or combination treatment for cervical radiculopathy: a multi-center, randomized, comparative-effectiveness study Anesthesiology 121 5 2014 1045 1055
105. M.C. Bicket, A. Gupta, C.H. Brown IV, and S.P. Cohen Epidural injections for spinal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the "control" injections in randomized controlled trials Anesthesiology 119 4 2013 907 931
106. L. Manchikanti, M.V. Boswell, V. Singh, V. Pampati, K.S. Damron, and C.D. Beyer Prevalence of facet joint pain in chronic spinal pain of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions BMC Musculoskelet Disord 5 2004 15
107. S.M. Lord, L. Barnsley, B.J. Wallis, G.J. McDonald, and N. Bogduk Percutaneous radio-frequency neurotomy for chronic cervical zygapophyseal-joint pain N Engl J Med 335 23 1996 1721 1726
108. L.J. Stovner, F. Kolstad, and G. Helde Radiofrequency denervation of facet joints C2-C6 in cervicogenic headache: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study Cephalalgia 24 10 2004 821 830
109. K.H. Kim, S.H. Choi, T.K. Kim, S.W. Shin, C.H. Kim, and J.I. Kim Cervical facet joint injections in the neck and shoulder pain J Korean Med Sci 20 4 2005 659 662
110. L. Barnsley, S.M. Lord, B.J. Wallis, and N. Bogduk Lack of effect of intraarticular corticosteroids for chronic pain in the cervical zygapophyseal joints N Engl J Med 330 15 1994 1047 1050
111. L. Anderberg, M. Annertz, L. Brandt, and H. Säveland Selective diagnostic cervical nerve root block - correlation with clinical symptoms and MRI-pathology Acta Neurochir (Wien) 146 6 2004 559 565
112. R. Beynon, J. Hawkins, and R. Laing The diagnostic utility and cost-effectiveness of selective nerve root blocks in patients considered for lumbar decompression surgery: a systematic review and economic model Health Technol Assess 17 19 2013 1 88
113. L.C. Persson, C.A. Carlsson, and J.Y. Carlsson Long-lasting cervical radicular pain managed with surgery, physiotherapy, or a cervical collar: a prospective, randomized study Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 22 7 1997 751 758
114. L.C. Persson, U. Moritz, L. Brandt, and C.A. Carlsson Cervical radiculopathy: pain, muscle weakness and sensory loss in patients with cervical radiculopathy treated with surgery, physiotherapy or cervical collar: a prospective, controlled study Eur Spine J 6 4 1997 256 266
115. M. Engquist, H. Löfgren, and B. Öberg Surgery versus nonsurgical treatment of cervical radiculopathy: a prospective, randomized study comparing surgery plus physiotherapy with physiotherapy alone with a 2-year follow-up Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 38 20 2013 1715 1722
116. A. Cesaroni, and P.V. Nardi Plasma disc decompression for contained cervical disc herniation: a randomized, controlled trial Eur Spine J 19 3 2010 477 486
117. Z. Kadanka, J. Bednarík, and S. Vohánka Conservative treatment versus surgery in spondylotic cervical myelopathy: a prospective randomised study Eur Spine J 9 6 2000 538 544
118. Z. Kadaňka, J. Bednařík, O. Novotný, I. Urbánek, and L. Dušek Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: conservative versus surgical treatment after 10 years Eur Spine J 20 9 2011 1533 1538
119. Z. Kadanka, M. Mares, and J. Bednarík Predictive factors for spondylotic cervical myelopathy treated conservatively or surgically Eur J Neurol 12 1 2005 55 63
120. W. Jacobs, N.A. Van der Gaag, and A. Tuschel Total disc replacement for chronic back pain in the presence of disc degeneration Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9 2012 CD008326
121. J.I. Brox, ∅.P. Nygaard, I. Holm, A. Keller, T. Ingebrigtsen, and O. Reikerås Four-year follow-up of surgical versus non-surgical therapy for chronic low back pain Ann Rheum Dis 69 9 2010 1643 1648
122. A. Fallah, E.A. Akl, and S. Ebrahim Anterior cervical discectomy with arthroplasty versus arthrodesis for single-level cervical spondylosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis PLoS One 7 8 2012 e43407
123. L. Yu, Y. Song, X. Yang, and C. Lv Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials: comparison of total disk replacement with anterior cervical decompression and fusion Orthopedics 34 10 2011 e651 e658
124. A. Peolsson, and M. Peolsson Predictive factors for long-term outcome of anterior cervical decompression and fusion: a multivariate data analysis Eur Spine J 17 3 2008 406 414