A comparison of physical and psychological features of responders and non-responders to cervical facet blocks in chronic whiplash

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders

Volumn 14, Issue , 2013, Pages

  Smith, Ashley Dean ^a,b   Jull, Gwendolen ^a   Schneider, Geoff ^b,c   Frizzell, Bevan ^b,c   Hooper, Robert Allen ^b,c   Sterling, Michele ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^b Evidence Sport and Spinal Therapy C the Advanced Spinal Care Centre (EFW Radiology)   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

Central hyperexcitability; Facet joint injections; Neck pain; Post traumatic stress; Psychological distress; Sensory hypersensitivity; Whiplash

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BRACHIAL PLEXUS; CATASTROPHIZING; CERVICAL FACET BLOCK; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DISTRESS SYNDROME; ELECTROMYOGRAM; FEMALE; FLEXOR REFLEX; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; NOCICEPTION; PAIN THRESHOLD; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PROVOCATION TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RANGE OF MOTION; SELF REPORT; SPINAL ANESTHESIA; TREATMENT RESPONSE; WHIPLASH INJURY;

ADULT; ANESTHESIA, CONDUCTION; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CERVICAL VERTEBRAE; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; INJECTIONS, INTRA-ARTICULAR; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NOCICEPTION; PAIN THRESHOLD; RANGE OF MOTION, ARTICULAR; TREATMENT FAILURE; WHIPLASH INJURIES; ZYGAPOPHYSEAL JOINT;

EID: 84887427273     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712474     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-313     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Scientific monograph of the Quebec task force on whiplash-associated disorders: redefining "whiplash" and its management. Spitzer WO, Skovron ML, Salmi LR, Cassidy JD, Duranceau J, Suissa S, Zeiss E, Spine 1995 20 8 1S 73S 7604354
2. Blincoe L, Seay A, Zaloshnja E, Miller T, Romano E, Luchter S, Spicer R, The economic impact of motor vehicle crashes 2000 DOT HS Transportation WDDo. 2002 http://www.cita-vehicleinspection.org/Portals/cita/autofore-study/ LinkedDocuments/literature/ NHTSA%20the%20economic%20impact%20of%20motor%20vehicle%20crashes%202000%20USA%2 02002.pdf
3. Long-term disability after neck injury. a comparative study. Joslin CC, Khan SN, Bannister GC, J Bone Joint Surg Br 2004 86 7 1032 1034 10.1302/0301-620X.86B7.14633 15446533
4. The relation between initial symptoms and signs and the prognosis of whiplash. Suissa S, Harder S, Veilleux M, Eur Spine J 2001 10 1 44 49 10.1007/s005860000220 11276835
5. Course and prognostic factors for neck pain in whiplash-associated disorders (WAD): results of the bone and joint decade 2000-2010 task force on neck pain and its associated disorders. Carroll LJ, Holm LW, Hogg-Johnson S, Cote P, Cassidy JD, Haldeman S, Nordin M, Hurwitz EL, Carragee EJ, van der Velde G, Peloso PM, Guzman J, Spine 2008 33 4 83 S92 18204405
6. Central hypersensitivity in chronic pain after whiplash injury. Curatolo M, Petersen-Felix S, Arendt-Nielsen L, Giani C, Zbinden AM, Radanov BP, Clin J Pain 2001 17 4 306 315 10.1097/00002508-200112000-00004 11783810
7. Generalised muscular hyperalgesia in chronic whiplash syndrome. Koelbaek Johansen M, Graven-Nielsen T, Schou Olesen A, Arendt-Nielsen L, Pain 1999 83 2 229 234 10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00106-2 10534594
8. Sensory hypersensitivity occurs soon after whiplash injury and is associated with poor recovery. Sterling M, Jull G, Vicenzino B, Kenardy J, Pain 2003 104 3 509 517 10.1016/S0304-3959(03)00078-2 12927623
9. Evidence for spinal cord hypersensitivity in chronic pain after whiplash injury and in fibromyalgia. Banic B, Petersen-Felix S, Andersen OK, Radanov BP, Villiger PM, Arendt-Nielsen L, Curatolo M, Pain 2004 107 1-2 7 15 14715383
10. Psychologic factors are related to some sensory pain thresholds but not nociceptive flexion reflex threshold in chronic whiplash. Sterling M, Hodkinson E, Pettiford C, Souvlis T, Curatolo M, Clin J Pain 2008 24 2 124 130 10.1097/AJP.0b013e31815ca293 18209518
11. Impairment in the cervical flexors: a comparison of whiplash and insidious onset neck pain patients. Jull G, Kristjansson E, Dall'Alba P, Man Ther 2004 9 2 89 94 10.1016/S1356-689X(03)00086-9 15040968
12. Smooth pursuit neck torsion test-a specific test for whiplash associated disorders? Tjell C, Tenenbaum A, Sandstrom S, Journal of Whiplash & Related Disorders 2002 1 2 9 24
13. The relationship of cervical joint position error to balance and eye movement disturbances in persistent whiplash. Treleaven J, Jull G, LowChoy N, Man Ther 2006 11 2 99 106 10.1016/j.math.2005.04.003 15919229
14. Acute emotional response to common whiplash predicts subsequent pain complaints: a prospective study of 107 subjects sustaining whiplash injury. Drottning M, Staff P, Levin L, Malt U, Nord J Psychiatry 1995 49 293 299 10.3109/08039489509011919
15. The development of psychological changes following whiplash injury. Sterling M, Kenardy J, Jull G, Vicenzino B, Pain 2003 106 3 481 489 10.1016/j.pain.2003.09.013 14659532
16. A systematic literature review of psychological factors and the development of late whiplash syndrome. Williamson E, Williams M, Gates S, Lamb SE, Pain 2008 135 1-2 20 30 17570588
17. Chronic cervical zygapophysial joint pain after whiplash: a placebo-controlled prevalence study. Lord SM, Barnsley L, Wallis BJ, Bogduk N, Spine 1996 21 15 1737 1744 discussion 1744-1735 10.1097/00007632-199608010-00005 8855458
18. The prevalence of chronic cervical zygapophysial joint pain after whiplash. Barnsley L, Lord SM, Wallis BJ, Bogduk N, Spine 1995 20 1 20 25 discussion 26 10.1097/00007632-199501000-00004 7709275
19. Crash characteristics of whiplash associated chronic neck pain. Gibson T, Bogduk N, Macpherson J, McIntosh A, J Musculoskelet Pain 2000 8 87 95 10.1300/J094v08n01-07
20. Comparative local anaesthetic blocks in the diagnosis of cervical zygapophysial joint pain. Barnsley L, Lord S, Bogduk N, Pain 1993 55 1 99 106 10.1016/0304-3959(93)90189-V 8278215
21. The cervical zygapophysial joints as a source of neck pain. Bogduk N, Marsland A, Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1988 13 6 610 617 3175750
22. Percutaneous radio-frequency neurotomy for chronic cervical zygapophyseal-joint pain. Lord SM, Barnsley L, Wallis BJ, McDonald GJ, Bogduk N, N Engl J Med 1996 335 23 1721 1726 10.1056/NEJM199612053352302 8929263
23. Percutaneous radiofrequency neurotomy of the cervical medial branches: a validated treatment for cervical zygapophysial joint pain. Lord S, McDonald G, Bogduk N, Neurosurg Q 1998 8 4 288 308 10.1097/00013414-199812000-00004
24. An updated review of the diagnostic utility of cervical facet joint injections. Falco FJ, Datta S, Manchikanti L, Sehgal N, Geffert S, Singh V, Smith HS, Boswell MV, Pain Physician 2012 15 6 807 838 23159977
25. Diagnostic utility of facet (zygapophysial) joint injections in chronic spinal pain: a systematic review of evidence. Sehgal N, Shah RV, McKenzie-Brown AM, Everett CR, Pain Physician 2007 8 2 211 224
26. A research synthesis of therapeutic interventions for whiplash-associated disorder (WAD): part 5-surgical and injection-based interventions for chronic WAD. Teasell RW, McClure JA, Walton D, Pretty J, Salter K, Meyer M, Sequeira K, Death B, Pain Res Manag 2010 15 5 323 334 21038011
27. Psychopathology predicts the outcome of medial branch blocks with corticosteroid for chronic axial low back or cervical pain: a prospective cohort study. Wasan AD, Jamison RN, Pham L, Tipirneni N, Nedeljkovic SS, Katz JN, BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2009 10 22 10.1186/1471-2474-10-22 19220916
28. Central sensitization does not identify patients with carpal tunnel syndrome who are likely to achieve short-term success with physical therapy. Fernandez-de-Las-Penas C, Cleland JA, Ortega-Santiago R, de-la-Llave-Rincon AI, Martinez-Perez A, Pareja JA, Exp Brain Res 2010 207 1-2 85 94 20953591
29. Does the presence of sensory hypersensitivity influence outcomes of physical rehabilitation for chronic whiplash?-a preliminary RCT. Jull G, Sterling M, Kenardy J, Beller E, Pain 2007 129 1-2 28 34 17218057
30. Has central sensitization become independent of nociceptive input in chronic pancreatitis patients who fail thoracoscopic splanchnicectomy? Bouwense SA, Buscher HC, van Goor H, Wilder-Smith OH, Reg Anesth Pain Med 2011 36 6 531 536 10.1097/AAP.0b013e31822e0d4a 22005656
31. The pain catastrophizing scale: development and validation. Sullivan M, Bishop S, Pivik J, Psychol Assess 1995 7 524 532
32. The effects of disclosure on pain during dental hygiene treatment: the moderating role of catastrophizing. Sullivan MJ, Neish N, Pain 1999 79 2-3 155 163 10068161
33. Relation of cognitive coping and catastrophizing to acute pain and analgesic use following breast cancer surgery. Jacobsen PB, Butler RW, J Behav Med 1996 19 1 17 29 10.1007/BF01858172 8932659
34. An examination of the relationship between chronic pain and post-traumatic stress disorder. Otis JD, Keane TM, Kerns RD, J Rehabil Res Dev 2003 40 5 397 405 10.1682/JRRD.2003.09.0397 15080224
35. Cervical range of motion discriminates between asymptomatic persons and those with whiplash. Dall'Alba PT, Sterling MM, Treleaven JM, Edwards SL, Jull GA, Spine 2001 26 19 2090 2094 10.1097/00007632-200110010-00009 11698884
36. Development of motor system dysfunction following whiplash injury. Sterling M, Jull G, Vicenzino B, Kenardy J, Darnell R, Pain 2003 103 1-2 65 73 12749960
37. New method for the non-invasive three-dimensional measurement of human back movement. Pearcy M, Hindle R, Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 1989 4 73 79 10.1016/0268-0033(89)90042-9
38. Location of innervation zones of sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles-a basis for clinical and research electromyography applications. Falla D, Dall'Alba P, Rainoldi A, Merletti R, Jull G, Clin Neurophysiol 2002 113 1 57 63 10.1016/S1388-2457(01)00708-8 11801425
39. Quantitative sensory testing in fibromyalgia patients and in healthy subjects: identification of subgroups. Hurtig IM, Raak RI, Kendall SA, Gerdle B, Wahren LK, Clin J Pain 2001 17 4 316 322 10.1097/00002508-200112000-00005 11783811
40. Brachial plexus tension test and the pathoanatomical origin of arm pain. Elvey R, Aspects of manipulative therapy Melbourne: Lincoln Institute of Health Sciences, Glasgow E, Twomey L, 1979 105 110
41. Upper trapezius muscle activity during the brachial plexus tension test in asymptomatic subjects. Balster SM, Jull GA, Man Ther 1997 2 3 144 149 10.1054/math.1997.0294 11440527
42. The lower limb flexion reflex in humans. Sandrini G, Serrao M, Rossi P, Romaniello A, Cruccu G, Willer JC, Prog Neurobiol 2005 77 6 353 395 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.11.003 16386347
43. Defining the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) threshold in human participants: a comparison of different scoring criteria. Rhudy JL, France CR, Pain 2007 128 3 244 253 10.1016/j.pain.2006.09.024 17070999
44. The influence of acute anxiety on assessment of nociceptive flexion reflex thresholds in healthy young adults. French DJ, France CR, France JL, Arnott LF, Pain 2005 114 3 358 363 10.1016/j.pain.2004.12.034 15777861
45. The neck disability index: a study of reliability and validity. Vernon H, Mior S, J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1991 14 7 409 415 1834753
46. Measurement properties of the neck disability index: a systematic review. Macdermid JC, Walton DM, Avery S, Blanchard A, Etruw E, McAlpine C, Goldsmith CH, J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2009 39 5 400 417 10.2519/jospt.2009.2930 19521015
47. The S-LANSS score for identifying pain of predominantly neuropathic origin: validation for use in clinical and postal research. Bennett MI, Smith BH, Torrance N, Potter J, J Pain 2005 6 3 149 158 10.1016/j.jpain.2004.11.007 15772908
48. Hypoaesthesia occurs with sensory hypersensitivity in chronic whiplash-further evidence of a neuropathic condition. Chien A, Eliav E, Sterling M, Man Ther 2009 14 2 138 146 10.1016/j.math.2007.12.004 18294899
49. Goldberg D, Manual of the general health questionnaire Windsor: NFER-Nelson 1978
50. The behavioural response to whiplash injury. Gargan M, Bannister G, Main C, Hollis S, J Bone Joint Surg Br 1997 79 4 523 526 10.1302/0301-620X.79B4.6940 9250729
51. Arousal, numbing, and intrusion: symptom structure of PTSD following assault. Foa EB, Riggs DS, Gershuny BS, Am J Psychiatry 1995 152 1 116 120 7802101
52. Psychological processes related to recovery from a trauma and an effective treatment for PTSD. Foa EB, Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997 821 410 424 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48295.x 9238220
53. Psychosocial treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: a critical review. Foa EB, Meadows EA, Annu Rev Psychol 1997 48 449 480 10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.449 9046566
54. Sullivan M, The pain catastrophizing scale user manual 2009 36 http://sullivan-painresearch.mcgill.ca/pdf/pcs/PCSManual-English.pdf
55. Cervical zygapophysial joint pain maps. Cooper G, Bailey B, Bogduk N, Pain Med 2007 8 4 344 353 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2006.00201.x 17610457
56. False-positive rates of cervical zygapophysial joint blocks. Barnsley L, Clin J Pain 1993 9 124 130 10.1097/00002508-199306000-00007 8358135
57. Diagnostic nerve blocks in chronic pain. Bogduk N, Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2002 16 4 565 578 10.1053/bean.2002.0252 12516892
58. The pyrite standard: the midas touch in the diagnosis of axial pain syndromes. Carragee E, Haldeman S, Hurwitz E, Spine J 2007 7 27 31 10.1016/j.spinee.2006.07.010 17197329
59. Minimizing the source of nociception and its concurrent effect on sensory hypersensitivity: an exploratory study in chronic whiplash patients. Schneider GM, Smith AD, Hooper A, Stratford P, Schneider KJ, Westaway MD, Frizzell B, Olson L, BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010 11 29 10.1186/1471-2474-11-29 20144214
60. Factors predicting success and failure for cervical facet radiofrequency denervation: a multi-center analysis. Cohen SP, Bajwa ZH, Kraemer JJ, Dragovich A, Williams KA, Stream J, Sireci A, McKnight G, Hurley RW, Reg Anesth Pain Med 2007 32 6 495 503 18035295
61. Diagnosis of facet joint pain and prediction of success and failure for cervical facet radiofrequency denervation. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Reg Anesth Pain Med 2009 34 1 81 82 author reply 82-83 10.1097/AAP.0b013e3181926a7d 19259006
62. Systematic review of diagnostic utility and therapeutic effectiveness of cervical facet joint interventions. Falco FJ, Erhart S, Wargo BW, Bryce DA, Atluri S, Datta S, Hayek SM, Pain Physician 2009 12 2 323 344 19305483
63. Author reply to Dr. Manchikanti: diagnosis of facet joint pain and prediction of scucess and failure for cervical facet radiofrequency denervation. Cohen SP, Dragovich A, Hurley RW, Bajwa ZH, Cohen SP, Dragovich A, Hurley RW, Bajwa ZH, Reg Anesth Pain Med 2009 34 1 82 83 10.1097/AAP.0b013e3181926b1a
64. Characterization of acute whiplash-associated disorders. Sterling M, Jull G, Vicenzino B, Kenardy J, Spine 2004 29 2 182 188 10.1097/01.BRS.0000105535. 12598.AE 14722412
65. Portney L, Watkins M, Foundations of clinical research applications and practice London: Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd 1993
66. A proposed new classification system for whiplash associated disorders-implications for assessment and management. Sterling M, Man Ther 2004 9 2 60 70 10.1016/j.math.2004.01.006 15040964
67. Physical and psychological aspects of whiplash: important considerations for primary care assessment. Sterling M, Kenardy J, Man Ther 2008 13 2 93 102 10.1016/j.math.2007.11.003 18221907
68. Percutaneous radiofrequency neurotomy for chronic neck pain: outcomes in a series of consecutive patients. Barnsley L, Pain Med 2005 6 4 282 286 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2005.00047.x 16083457
69. The burden and determinants of neck pain in the general population: results of the bone and joint decade 2000-2010 task force on neck pain and its associated disorders. Hogg-Johnson S, van der Velde G, Carroll LJ, Holm LW, Cassidy JD, Guzman J, Cote P, Haldeman S, Ammendolia C, Carragee E, Hurwitz E, Nordin M, Peloso P, Spine 2008 33 4 39 S51 18204398
70. Reduced cold pressor pain tolerance in non-recovered whiplash patients: a 1-year prospective study. Kasch H, Qerama E, Bach FW, Jensen TS, Eur J Pain 2005 9 5 561 569 10.1016/j.ejpain.2004.11.011 16139185
71. Thermal thresholds and catastrophizing in individuals with chronic pain after whiplash injury. Raak R, Wallin M, Biol Res Nurs 2006 8 2 138 146 10.1177/1099800406291078 17003253
72. Physical and psychological factors maintain long-term predictive capacity post-whiplash injury. Sterling M, Jull G, Kenardy J, Pain 2006 122 1-2 102 108 16527397
73. Symptoms and signs of irritation of the brachial plexus in whiplash injuries. Ide M, Ide J, Yamaga M, Takagi K, J Bone Joint Surg Br 2001 83 2 226 229 10.1302/0301-620X.83B2.11094 11284570
74. Responses to a clinical test of mechanical provocation of nerve tissue in whiplash associated disorder. Sterling M, Treleaven J, Jull G, Man Ther 2002 7 2 89 94 10.1054/math.2002.0443 12151245
75. Performance of cervical motion in chronic whiplash patients and healthy subjects: the case of atypical patients. Prushansky T, Pevzner E, Gordon C, Dvir Z, Spine 2006 31 1 37 43 10.1097/01.brs.0000193557.47355.2f 16395174
76. Deep cervical flexor muscle dysfuntion in whiplash. Jull G, Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 2000 8 1/2 143 154
77. Quantitative sensory testing in the German research network on neuropathic pain (DFNS): standardized protocol and reference values. Rolke R, Baron R, Maier C, Tolle TR, Treede RD, Beyer A, Binder A, Birbaumer N, Birklein F, Botefur IC, Braune S, Flor H, Huge V, Klug R, Landwehrmeyer GB, Magerl W, Maihofner C, Rolko C, Schaub C, Scherens A, Sprenger T, Valet M, Wasserka B, Pain 2006 123 3 231 243 10.1016/j.pain.2006.01.041 16697110
78. Normal range of motion of the cervical spine: an initial goniometric study. Youdas JW, Garrett TR, Suman VJ, Bogard CL, Hallman HO, Carey JR, Phys Ther 1992 72 11 770 780 1409874
79. Acute stress response and recovery after whiplash injuries. A one-year prospective study. Kongsted A, Bendix T, Qerama E, Kasch H, Bach FW, Korsholm L, Jensen TS, Eur J Pain 2008 12 4 455 463 10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.07.008 17900949
80. Catastrophizing and causal beliefs in whiplash. Buitenhuis J, de Jong PJ, Jaspers JP, Groothoff JW, Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008 33 22 2427 2433 discussion 2434 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318183c6ca 18923318
81. Evidence, mechanisms, and clinical implications of central hypersensitivity in chronic pain after whiplash injury. Curatolo M, Arendt-Nielsen L, Petersen-Felix S, Clin J Pain 2004 20 6 469 476 10.1097/00002508-200411000-00013 15502692
82. Differential development of sensory hypersensitivity and a measure of spinal cord hyperexcitability following whiplash injury. Sterling M, Pain 2010 150 3 501 506 10.1016/j.pain.2010.06.003 20594646
83. Cervical musculoskeletal impairment in frequent intermittent headache: part 1: subjects with single headaches. Jull G, Amiri M, Bullock-Saxton J, Darnell R, Lander C, Cephalalgia 2007 27 7 793 802 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007. 01345.x 17598761
84. The potential contribution of stress systems to the transition to chronic whiplash-associated disorders. McLean SA, Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012 36 25 226 S232
85. Psychologic processes in daily life with chronic whiplash: relations of posttraumatic stress symptoms and fear-of-pain to hourly pain and uptime. Sterling M, Chadwick BJ, Clin J Pain 2010 26 7 573 582 10.1097/AJP. 0b013e3181e5c25e 20639737
86. Similar factors predict disability and posttraumatic stress disorder trajectories after whiplash injury. Sterling M, Hendrikz J, Kenardy J, Pain 2011 152 6 1272 1278 10.1016/j.pain.2011.01.056 21396780
87. Differential predictors of pain and disability in patients with whiplash injuries. Sullivan MJ, Stanish W, Sullivan ME, Tripp D, Pain Res Manag 2002 7 2 68 74 12185370
88. Does pain catastrophizing moderate the relationship between spinal nociceptive processes and pain sensitivity? Rhudy JL, France CR, Bartley EJ, Williams AE, McCabe KM, Russell JL, J Pain 2009 10 8 860 869 10.1016/j.jpain.2009.02.005 19638330
89. Injury mechanisms of the cervical intervertebral disc during simulated whiplash. Panjabi M, Ito S, Pearson A, Ivancic P, Spine 2004 29 11 1217 1225 10.1097/00007632-200406010-00011 15167661
90. Localized cervical facet joint kinematics under physiological and whiplash loading. Stemper B, Yoganandan N, Gennarelli T, Pintar F, J Neurosurg Spine 2005 3 471 476 10.3171/spi.2005.3.6.0471 16381210
91. Cervical spine injuries: an autopsy study of 109 blunt injuries. Taylor J, Taylor M, J Musculoskelet Pain 1996 4 4 61 79 10.1300/J094v04n04-07
92. The development of persistent pain and psychological morbidity after motor vehicle collision: integrating the potential role of stress response systems into a biopsychosocial model. McLean SA, Clauw DJ, Abelson JL, Liberzon I, Psychosom Med 2005 67 5 783 790 10.1097/01.psy.0000181276.49204.bb 16204439
93. Influence of sympathetic nervous system on sensorimotor function: whiplash associated disorders (WAD) as a model. Passatore M, Roatta S, Eur J Appl Physiol 2006 98 5 423 449 10.1007/s00421-006-0312-8 17036216
94. The relationship between sensory and sympathetic nervous system changes and posttraumatic stress reaction following whiplash injury-a prospective study. Sterling M, Kenardy J, J Psychosom Res 2006 60 4 387 393 10.1016/j.jpsychores. 2005.08.016 16581363
95. International spinal injection society guidelines for the performance of spinal injection procedures: 1. zygapophysial joint blocks. Bogduk N, Clin J Pain 1997 13 285 302 10.1097/00002508-199712000-00003 9430809
96. The utility of comparative local anesthetic blocks versus placebo-controlled blocks for the diagnosis of cervical zygapophysial joint pain. Lord SM, Barnsley L, Bogduk N, Clin J Pain 1995 11 3 208 213 10.1097/00002508-199509000-00008 8535040