Musculoskeletal pain, fear avoidance behaviors, and functional decline in obesity potential interventions to manage pain and maintain function

Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine

Volumn 38, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 481-491

  Vincent, Heather K ^a   Adams, Meredith C B ^b   Vincent, Kevin R ^a   Hurley, Robert W ^a,b  

^a Departments of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMFEBUTAMONE; AMITRIPTYLINE; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; CITALOPRAM; CORTICOSTEROID; DULOXETINE; FLUOXETINE; GABAPENTIN; HYALURONIC ACID; MILNACIPRAN; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; NORTRIPTYLINE; OPIATE; PARACETAMOL; PAROXETINE; PREGABALIN; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SERTRALINE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; VENLAFAXINE;

AEROBIC EXERCISE; AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR; BIOMECHANICS; BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION; CATASTROPHIZING; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COPING BEHAVIOR; DEPRESSION; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; FEAR; FISH; FOOD INTAKE; FRUIT; GAIT; HUMAN; KNEE PAIN; LOW BACK PAIN; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MOBILIZATION; MORBID OBESITY; MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN; OBESITY; OSWESTRY DISABILITY INDEX; PAIN; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PHYSICAL DISABILITY; PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANGE OF MOTION; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; VEGETABLE; WALKING; WEIGHT GAIN; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; AFFECT; BIOMECHANICAL PHENOMENA; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; COST OF ILLNESS; FEAR; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE; HUMANS; JOINTS; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN; OBESITY; PAIN MANAGEMENT; PAIN MEASUREMENT; PATIENT CARE TEAM; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; RISK FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84890065525     PISSN: 10987339     EISSN: 15328651     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/AAP.0000000000000013     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Verkerk K, Luijsterburg PA, Miedema HS, Pool-Goudzwaard A, Koes BW. Prognostic factors for recovery in chronic nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review. Phys Ther. 2012;92:1093-1108.
2. Ray L, Lipton RB, Zimmerman ME, Katz MJ, Derby CA. Mechanisms of association between obesity and chronic pain in the elderly. Pain. 2011;52:53-59.
3. Lementowski PW, Zelicof SB. Obesity and osteoarthritis. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2008;37:148-151.
4. Heuch I, Heuch I, Hagen K, Zwart JA. Body mass index as a risk factor for developing chronic low back pain: a follow-up in the Nord-Tr øndelag Health Study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013;38:133-139.
5. Nilsen TI, Holtermann A, Mork PJ. Physical exercise, body mass index, and risk of chronic pain in the low back and neck/shoulders: longitudinal data from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;174:267-273.
6. Grotle M, Hagen KB, Natvig B, Dahl FA, Kvien TK. Obesity and osteoarthritis in knee, hip and/or hand: an epidemiological study in the general population with 10 years follow-up. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2008;2:132.
7. Tukker A, Visscher TL, Picavet HS. Overweight and health problems of the lower extremities: osteoarthritis, pain and disability. Public Health Nutr. 2009;12:359-368.
8. Ackerman IN, Osborne RH. Obesity and increased burden of hip and knee joint disease in Australia: results from a national survey. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2012;13:254.
9. Hill CL, Gill TK, Menz HB, Taylor AW. Prevalence and correlates of foot pain in a population-based study: the North West Adelaide health study. J Foot Ankle Res. 2008;1:2.
10. Deere KC, Clinch J, Holliday K, et al. Obesity is a risk factor for musculoskeletal pain in adolescents: findings from a population-based cohort. Pain. 2012;153:1932-1938.
11. McCarthy LH, Bigal ME, Katz M Derby C, Lipton RB. Chronic pain and obesity in elderly people: results from the Einstein aging study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57:115-119.
12. Ajeganova S, Andersson ML, Hafström I, BARFOT Study Group. Association of obesity with worse disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis as well as with comorbidities: a long-term followup from disease onset. Arthritis Care Res. 2013;65:78-87.
13. Bout-Tabaku S, Briggs MS, Schmitt LC. Lower extremity pain is associated with reduced function and psychosocial health in obese children. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471:1236-1244.
14. Vincent HK, Omli MR, Day T, Hodges M, Vincent KR, George SZ. Fear of movement, quality of life, and self-reported disability in obese patients with chronic lumbar pain. Pain Med. 2011;12:154-164.
15. Anandacoomarasamy A, Caterson I, Sambrook P Fransen M, March L. The impact of obesity on the musculoskeletal system. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32:211-222.
16. Fabris SM, Faintuch J, Brienze SL, et al. Are knee and foot orthopedic problems more disabling in the superobese? Obes Surg. 2013;23:201-204.
17. Mickle KJ, Munro BJ, Lord SR, Menz HB, Steele Jr. Cross-sectional analysis of foot function, functional ability, and health-related quality of life in older people with disabling foot pain. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63:1592-1598.
18. Messier SP, Loeser RF, Miller GD, et al. Exercise and dietary weight loss in overweight and obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis: the Arthritis, Diet, and Activity Promotion Trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:1501-1510.
19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Arthritis as a potential barrier to physical activity among adults with obesity - United States, 2007 and 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60:614-618.
20. Stone AA, Broderick JE. Obesity and pain are associated in the United States. Obesity. 2012;20:1491-1495.
21. Yoshimura N, Muraki S, Oka H, et al. Accumulation of metabolic risk factors such as overweight, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and impaired glucose tolerance raises the risk of occurrence and progression of knee osteoarthritis: a 3-year follow-up of the ROAD study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2012;20:1217-1226.
22. Bay-Jensen AC, Slagboom E, Chen-An P, et al. Role of hormones in cartilage and joint metabolism: understanding an unhealthy metabolic phenotype in osteoarthritis. Menopause. 2013;20:578-586.
23. Fraser R, Ingram MC, Anderson NH, Morrison C, Davies E, Connell JM. Cortisol effects on body mass, blood pressure, and cholesterol in the general population. Hypertension. 1999;33:1364-1368.
24. Griffin TM, Fermor B, Huebner JL, et al. Diet-induced obesity differentially regulates behavioral, biomechanical, and molecular risk factors for osteoarthritis in mice. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12:R130.
25. Vincent HK, Montero C, Seay AN, et al. Both adiposity and normalized leg strength contribute to ambulatory performance in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Abstract. American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Atlanta GA, Nov 15-27 2012.
26. Vincent HK, Raiser SN, Vincent KR. The aging musculoskeletal system and obesity-related considerations with exercise. Ageing Res Rev. 2012;11:361-373.
27. Vincent KR, Vincent HK. Resistance exercise for knee osteoarthritis. PM R. 2012;4:S45-S52.
28. Vincent KR, Conrad BP, Fregly BJ, Vincent HK. The pathophysiology of osteoarthritis: a mechanical perspective on the knee joint. PM R. 2012;4:S3-S9.
29. Widhalm HK, Marlovits S,Welsch GH, et al. Obesity-related juvenile form of cartilage lesions: a new affliction in the knees of morbidly obese children and adolescents. Eur Radiol. 2012;22:672-681.
30. Vincent HK, Seay AN, Montero C, et al. Functional pain severity and mobility in overweight older men and women with chronic low-back pain - part I. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;92:430-438.
31. Vincent HK, Seay AN, Montero C, Conrad BP, Hurley RW, Vincent KR. Kinesiophobia and fear-avoidance beliefs in overweight older adults with chronic low-back pain: relationship to walking endurance - part II. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;92:439-445.
32. Naugle KM, Higgins TJ, Manini TM. Obesity and use of compensatory strategies to perform common daily activities in pre-clinically disabled older adults. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2012;54: e134-e138.
33. Sibella F, Galli M, Romei M, Montesano A, Crivellini M. Biomechanical analysis of sit-to-stand movement in normal and obese subjects. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2003;18:745-750.
34. Woo J, Leung J, Kwok T. BMI, body composition, and physical functioning in older adults. Obesity. 2007;15:1886-1894.
35. Angleman SB, Harris TB, Melzer D. The role of waist circumference in predicting disability in periretirement age adults. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006;30:364-373.
36. Ling C, Kelechi T, Mueller MJ, Brotherton S, Smith S. Gait and function in class 3 obesity. J Obes. 2012;2012:257468.
37. Apovian CM, Frey CM,Wood GC, Rogers JZ, Still CD, Jensen GL. Body mass index and physical function in older women. Obes Res. 2002;10:740-747.
38. Yamakawa K, Tsai CK, Haig AJ, et al. Relationship between ambulation and obesity in older persons with and without low back pain. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28:137-143.
39. Tomkins-Lane CC, Holz SC, Yamakawa KS, et al. Predictors of walking performance and walking capacity in people with lumbar spinal stenosis, low back pain, and asymptomatic controls. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93:647-653.
40. Harding GT, Hubley-Kozey CL, Dunbar MJ, Stanish WD, Astephen Wilson JL. Body mass index affects knee joint mechanics during gait differently with and without moderate knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2012;20:1234-1242.
41. Astephen Wilson JL, Deluzio KJ, Dunbar MJ, Caldwell GE, Hubley-Kozey CL. The association between knee joint biomechanics and neuromuscular control and moderate knee osteoarthritis radiographic and pain severity. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2011;19:186-193.
42. Miyazaki T, Wada M, Kawahara H, Sato M, Baba H, Shimada S. Dynamic load at baseline can predict radiographic disease progression in medial compartment knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;61:617-622.
43. Sharkey JR, Ory MG, Branch LG. Severe elder obesity and 1-year diminished lower extremity physical performance in homebound older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54:1407-1413.
44. Zoico E, Di Francesco V, Mazzali G, et al. High baseline values of fat mass, independently of appendicular skeletal mass, predict 2-year onset of disability in elderly subjects at the high end of the functional spectrum. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2007;19:154-159.
45. Evers Larsson U, Mattsson E. Functional limitations linked to high body mass index, age and current pain in obese women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25:893-899.
46. Tsuritani I, Honda R, Noborisaka Y, Ishida M, Ishizaki M, Yamada Y. Impact of obesity on musculoskeletal pain and difficulty of daily movements in Japanese middle-aged women. Maturitas. 2002;42:23-30.
47. Durcan L, Wilson F, Conway R, Cunnane G, O'Shea FD. Increased body mass index in ankylosing spondylitis is associated with greater burden of symptoms and poor perceptions of the benefits of exercise. J Rheumatol. 2012;39:2310-2314.
48. Focht BC, Ewing V, Gauvin L, Rejeski WJ. The unique and transient impact of acute exercise on pain perception in older, overweight, or obese adults with knee osteoarthritis. Ann Behav Med. 2002;24:201-210.
49. Hootman JM, Macera CA, Ainsworth BE, Addy CL, Martin M, Blair SN. Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injuries among sedentary and physically active adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34:838-844.
50. Monticone M, Ferrante S, Rocca B, Baiardi P, Dal Farra F, Foti C. Effect of a long-lasting multidisciplinary program on disability and fear-avoidance behaviors in patients with chronic low back pain: results of a randomized controlled trial. Clin J Pain. 2013. E-pub ahead of print, January 25, 2013.
51. Sullivan MJL, Bishop SR, Pivik J. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: development and validation. Psychol Assess. 1995;7:524-532.
52. Somers TJ, Keefe FJ, Carson JW, Pells JJ, Lacaille L. Pain catastrophizing in borderline morbidly obese and morbidly obese individuals with osteoarthritic knee pain. Pain Res Manag. 2008;13:401-406.
53. Somers TJ, Blumenthal JA, Guilak F, et al. Pain coping skills training and lifestyle behavioral weight management in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled study. Pain. 2012;153:1199-1209.
54. Wijnhoven HA, de Vet HC, Picavet HS. Sex differences in consequences of musculoskeletal pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007;32:1360-1367.
55. Allegrante JP, Marks R. Self-efficacy in management of osteoarthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2003;29:747-768, vi-vii.
56. Shelby RA, Somers TJ, Keefe FJ, Pells JJ, Dixon KE, Blumenthal JA. Domain specific self-efficacy mediates the impact of pain catastrophizing on pain and disability in overweight and obese osteoarthritis patients. J Pain. 2008;9:912-919.
57. Keijsers E, Feleus A, Miedema HS, Koes BW, Bierma-Zeinstra SM. Psychosocial factors predicted nonrecovery in both specific and nonspecific diagnoses at arm, neck, and shoulder. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010;63:1370-1379.
58. Vincent HK, Lamb KM, Day TI, Tillman SM, Vincent KR, George SZ. Morbid obesity is associated with fear of movement and lower quality of life in patients with knee pain-related diagnoses. PMR. 2010;2:713-722.
59. Irrgang JJ, Anderson AF, Boland AL, et al. Development and validation of the international knee documentation committee subjective knee form. Am J Sports Med. 2001;29:600-613.
60. Demyttenaere K, Bruffaerts R, Lee S, et al. Mental disorders among persons with chronic back or neck pain: results from the World Mental Health Surveys. Pain. 2007;129:332-342.
61. Tunks ER, Crook J, Weir R. Epidemiology of chronic pain with psychological comorbidity: prevalence, risk, course, and prognosis. Can J Psychiatry. 2008;53:224-234.
62. Berton O, Hahn CG, Thase ME. Are we getting closer to valid translational models for major depression? Science. 2012;338:75-79.
63. Amy Janke E, Kozak AT. "The more pain I have, the more I want to eat": obesity in the context of chronic pain. Obesity. 2012;20:2027-2034.
64. Wurtman RJ, Wurtman JJ. Brain serotonin, carbohydrate-craving, obesity and depression. Obes Res. 1995;3(suppl 4):477S-480S.
65. Shabbir F, Patel A, Mattison C, et al. Effect of diet on serotonergic neurotransmission in depression. Neurochem Int. 2013;62:324-329.
66. Krukowski RA, Friedman KE, Applegate KL. The utility of the Beck Depression Inventory in a bariatric surgery population. Obes Surg. 2010;20:426-431.
67. Braden JB, Young AC, Sullivan MD, Walitt B, Lacroix AZ, Martin L. Predictors of change in pain and physical functioning among post-menopausal women with recurrent pain conditions in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Cohort. J Pain. 2012;13:64-72.
68. Wright LJ, Schur E, Noonan C, Ahumada S, Buchwald D, Afari N. Chronic pain, overweight, and obesity: findings from a community-based twin registry. J Pain. 2010;11:628-635.
69. Perusse L. [Genetics of human obesity: results from genetic epidemiology studies]. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2000;61(suppl 6):24-30.
70. Sellinger JJ, Clark EA, Shulman M, et al. The moderating effect of obesity on cognitive-behavioral pain treatment outcomes. Pain Med. 2010;11:1381-1390.
71. Wachholtz A, Binks M, Eisenson H, Kolotkin R, Suzuki A. Does pain predict interference with daily functioning and weight loss in an obese residential treatment-seeking population? Int J Behav Med. 2010;17:118-124.
72. Vincent HK, Ben-David K, Cendan J, Vincent KR, Lamb KM, Stevenson A. Effects of bariatric surgery on joint pain: a review of emerging evidence. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2010;6:451-460.
73. Gudbergsen H, Boesen M, Lohmander LS, et al. Weight loss is effective for symptomatic relief in obese subjects with knee osteoarthritis independently of joint damage severity assessed by high-field MRI and radiography. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2012;20:495-502.
74. Donnelly JE, Blair SN, Jakicic JM, et al. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41:459-471.
75. Lecheminant JD, Hinman T, Pratt KB, et al. Effect of resistance training on body composition, self-efficacy, depression, and activity in postpartum women. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2012, E-pub ahead of print.
76. Jenkinson CM, Doherty M, Avery AJ, et al. Effects of dietary intervention and quadriceps strengthening exercises on pain and function in overweight people with knee pain: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2009;339:b3170.
77. Pawlowsky SB, Hamel KA, Katzman WB. Stability of kyphosis, strength, and physical performance gains 1 year after a group exercise program in community-dwelling hyperkyphotic older women. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90:358-361.
78. Assimakopoulos K, Karaivazoglou K, Panayiotopoulos S, Hyphantis T, Iconomou G, Kalfarentzos F. Bariatric surgery is associated with reduced depressive symptoms and better sexual function in obese female patients: a one-year follow-up study. Obes Surg. 2011;21:362-366.
79. Messier SP, Loeser RF, Mitchell MN, et al. Exercise and weight loss in obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis: a preliminary study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48:1062-1072.
80. Riecke BF, Christensen R, Christensen P, et al. Comparing two low-energy diets for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis symptoms in obese patients: a pragmatic randomized clinical trial. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2010;18:746-754.
81. Messier SP, Legault C, Loeser RF, et al. Does high weight loss in older adults with knee osteoarthritis affect bone-on-bone joint loads and muscle forces during walking? Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2011;19:272-280.
82. Richette P, Poitou C, Garnero P, et al. Benefits of massive weight loss on symptoms, systemic inflammation and cartilage turnover in obese patients with knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:139-144.
83. Hills AP, Shultz SP, Soares MJ, et al. Resistance training for obese, type 2 diabetic adults: a review of the evidence. Obes Rev. 2010;11:740-749.
84. Lindelof A, Nielsen CV, Pedersen BD. A qualitative, longitudinal study exploring obese adolescents' attitudes toward physical activity. J Phys Act Health. 2013;10:113-121.
85. Henwood TR, Taaffe DR. Improved physical performance in older adults undertaking a short-term programme of high-velocity resistance training. Gerontology. 2005;51:108-115.
86. Vincent HK, Bourguignon C, Vincent KR. Resistance training lowers exercise-induced oxidative stress and homocysteine levels in overweight and obese older adults. Obesity. 2006;14:1921-1930.
87. Davidson LE, Hudson R, Kilpatrick K, et al. Effects of exercise modality on insulin resistance and functional limitation in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:122-131.
88. Houston DK, Stevens J, Cai J, et al. Dairy, fruit, and vegetable intakes and functional limitations and disability in a biracial cohort: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81:515-522.
89. Alipanah N, Varadhan R, Sun K, Ferrucci L, Fried LP, Semba RD. Low serum carotenoids are associated with a decline in walking speed in older women. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13:170-175.
90. Lauretani F, Semba RD, Bandinelli S, et al. Carotenoids as protection against disability in older persons. Rejuvenation Res. 2008;11:557-563.
91. Lumeng CN, Saltiel AR. Inflammatory links between obesity and metabolic disease. J Clin Invest. 2011;121:2111-2117.
92. Ye J, McGuinness OP. Inflammation during obesity is not all bad: evidence from animal and human studies. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2013;304:E466-E477.
93. Cozzolino D, Sessa G, Salvatore T, et al. The involvement of the opioid system in human obesity: a study in normal weight relatives of obese people. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:713-718.
94. Hooten WM, Mantilla CB, Sandroni P, Townsend CO. Associations between heat pain perception and opioid dose among patients with chronic pain undergoing opioid tapering. Pain Med. 2010;11:1587-1598.
95. Lee M, Silverman SM, Hansen H, Benyamin RM, Datta S, Christo PJ. A comprehensive review of opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Pain Physician. 2011;14:145-161.
96. Hutchison MR, Shavit Y, Grace PM, Rice KC,Maier SF,Watkins LR. Exploring the neuroimmunopharmacology of opioids: an integrative review of mechanisms of central immune signaling and their implications for opioid analgesia. Pharmacol Rev. 2011;63:772-810.
97. Loram LC, Grace PM, Strand KA, et al. Prior exposure to repeated morphine potentiates mechanical allodynia induced by peripheral inflammation and neuropathy. Brain Behav Immun. 2012;26:1256-1264.
98. Nijs J, Kosek E, Van Osterwijck J, Meeus M. Dysfunctional endogenous analgesia during exercise in patients with chronic pain: to exercise or not to exercise? Pain Physician. 2012;15:E205-E213.
99. Vlaeyen JW, Kole-Snijders AM, Boeren RG, van Eek H. Fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain and its relation to behavioral performance. Pain. 1995;62:363-372.
100. Toblin RL, Mack KA, Perveen G, Paulozzi LJ. A population-based survey of chronic pain and its treatment with prescription drugs. Pain. 2011;152:1249-1255.
101. Ashworth J, Green DJ, Dunn KM, Jordan KP. Opioid use among low back pain patients in primary care: is opioid prescription associated with disability at 6-month follow-up? Pain. 2013;154:1038-1044.
102. Christie MJ. Cellular neuroadaptations to chronic opioids: tolerance, withdrawal and addiction. Br J Pharmacol. 2008;154:384-396.
103. Noqueiras R, Romero-Pico A, Vazquez MJ, Novelle MG, López M, Diéguez C. The opioid system and food intake: homeostatic and hedonic mechanisms. Obes Facts. 2012;5:196-207.
104. Yeomans MR, Gray RW. Opioid peptides and the control of human ingestive behaviour. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2002;26:713-728.
105. Skljarevski V, Desaiah D, Liu-Seifert H, et al. Efficacy and safety of duloxetine in patients with chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010;35:E578-E585.
106. Russell IJ, Mease PJ, Smith TR, et al. Efficacy and safety of duloxetine for treatment of fibromyalgia in patients with or without major depressive disorder: results from a 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose trial. Pain. 2008;136:432-444.
107. Wise TN, Perahia DG, Pangallo BA, Losin WG,Wiltse CG. Effects of the antidepressant duloxetine on body weight: analyses of 10 clinical studies. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;8:269-278.
108. Gaynor P, McCarberg B, Zheng W, Shoemaker S, Duenas H.Weight change with long-term duloxetine use in chronic painful conditions: an analysis of 16 clinical studies. Int J Clin Pract. 2011;65:341-349.
109. Bet PM, Hugtenburg JG, Penninx BW, Hoogendijk WJ. Side effects of antidepressants during long-term use in a naturalistic setting. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013:E-pub ahead of print.
110. Serretti A, Mandelli L. Antidepressants and body weight: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71:1259-1272.
111. Leucht C, Huhn M, Leucht S. Amitriptyline versus placebo for major depressive disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;12:CD009138.
112. Clauw DJ, Mease P, Palmer RH, Gendreau RM, Wang Y. Milnacipran for the treatment of fibromyalgia in adults: a 15-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose clinical trial. Clin Ther. 2008;30:1988-2004.
113. Crofford LJ, Mease PJ, Simpson SL, et al. Fibromyalgia relapse evaluation and efficacy for durability of meaningful relief (FREEDOM): a 6-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with pregabalin. Pain. 2008;136:419-431.
114. Cabrera J, Emir B, Dills D, Murphy TK, Whalen E, Clair A. Characterizing and understanding body weight patterns in patients treated with pregabalin. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012;28:1027-1037.
115. DeToledo JC, Toledo C, DeCerce J, Ramsay RE. Changes in body weight with chronic, high-dose gabapentin therapy. Ther Drug Monit. 1997;19:394-396.
116. Vincent HK, Vincent KR, Seay AN, Hurley RW. Functional impairment in obesity: a focus on knee and back pain. Pain Med. 2011;1:427-439.
117. Dasgupta B, Dolan AL, Panayi GS, Fernandes L. An initially double-blind controlled 96 week trial of depot methylprednisolone against oral prednisolone in the treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica. Br J Rheumatol. 1998;37:189-195.
118. Brill S, Swartz A, Brill G. Epidural steroid injections do not induce weight gain. Curr Drug Saf. 2007;2:113-116.
119. Balogh Z, Ruzsonyi E. Triamcinolone hexacetonide versus betamethasone. A double-blind comparative study of the long-term effects of intra-articular steroids in patients with juvenile chronic arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 1987;67:80-82.
120. Chou R, Huffman LH, American Pain Society, American College of Physicians. Nonpharmacologic therapies for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/ American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:492-504.