Nanoarchitecture of scaffolds and endothelial cells in engineering small diameter vascular grafts

Biotechnology Journal

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 96-108

  Sankaran, Krishna Kumar ^a   Subramanian, Anuradha ^a   Krishnan, Uma Maheswari ^a   Sethuraman, Swaminathan ^a  

^a SASTRA UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Endothelial cells; Extracellular matrix; Gene expression; Nanofibers; Vascular graft

Indexed keywords

ARCHITECTURE; BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS; BLOOD VESSELS; CELL ENGINEERING; CELLS; CYTOLOGY; GENE EXPRESSION; GENES; GRAFTS; NANOFIBERS; SCAFFOLDS (BIOLOGY); TISSUE; TISSUE HOMEOSTASIS;

BIOMATERIAL SCAFFOLDS; EXTRACELLULAR MATRICES; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX COMPONENTS; FUNCTIONAL ACTIVATION; SMALL DIAMETER VASCULAR GRAFTS; STRUCTURAL ARCHITECTURE; SYNTHETIC VASCULAR GRAFT; VASCULAR GRAFTS;

ENDOTHELIAL CELLS;

COLLAGEN; ELASTIN; FIBRILLIN; FIBRONECTIN; FIBULIN; LAMININ; MOLECULAR SCAFFOLD; NANOFIBER; SCLEROPROTEIN;

BLOOD VESSEL GRAFT; CELL ADHESION; CELL INFILTRATION; CELL INTERACTION; CELL MIGRATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; ENDOTHELIUM; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; FIBER; GENE CONTROL; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; MECHANOTRANSDUCTION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SHEAR STRESS; TISSUE ENGINEERING; VEIN DIAMETER; BLOOD VESSEL PROSTHESIS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; NANOMEDICINE; TISSUE SCAFFOLD;

BLOOD VESSEL PROSTHESIS; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMANS; NANOFIBERS; NANOMEDICINE; TISSUE ENGINEERING; TISSUE SCAFFOLDS;

EID: 84921492816     PISSN: 18606768     EISSN: 18607314     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400415     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. Verstraete, M., Coronary atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Recent. Prog. Med. 1990, 81, 221-227.
2. Mathers, C. D., Loncar, D., Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS. Med. 2006, 3, e442.
3. Cleary, M. A., Geiger, E., Grady, C., Best, C. et al., Vascular tissue engineering: The next generation. Trends Mol. Med. 2012, 18, 394-404.
4. Goldman, S., Zadina, K., Moritz, T., Ovitt, T. et al., Long-term patency of saphenous vein and left internal mammary artery grafts after coronary artery bypass surgery: Results from a Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2004, 7, 2149-2156.
5. Shen, Z., Pelletier, S., Mohiuddin, M., Yokoyama, H. et al., Different immune effects on cardiac allografts and xenografts induced by neonatal intrathymic inoculation with allogeneic and xenogeneic antigens. J. Heart. Lung. Transplant. 1996, 15, 1034-1038.
6. Chlupác, J., Filová, E., Bacáková, L., Blood vessel replacement: 50 years of development and tissue engineering paradigms in vascular surgery. Physiol. Res. 2009, 58, S119-S139.
7. Singha, K., Singha, M., Cardio vascular grafts: Existing problems and proposed solutions. Int. J. Biol. Eng. 2012, 2, 1-8.
8. Fisher, M. B., Mauck, R. L., Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: Recent innovations and the transition to translation. Tissue Eng. Part B Rev. 2013, 19, 1-13.
9. Sarkar, S., Schmitz-Rixen, T., Hamilton, G., Seifalian, A. M., Achieving the ideal properties for vascular bypass grafts using a tissue engineered approach: A review. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 2007, 45, 327-336.
10. Sell, S., Barnes, C., Smith, M., McClure, M. et al., Extracellular matrix regenerated: Tissue engineering via electrospun biomimetic nanofibers. Polym. Int. 2007, 56, 1349-1360.
11. Nugent, H. M., Edelman, E. R., Tissue engineering therapy for cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2003, 92, 1068-1078.
12. Perán, M., García, M. A., López-Ruiz, E., Bustamante, M. et al., Functionalized nanostructures with application in regenerative medicine. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 3847-3886.
13. Kumbar, S. G., James, R., Nukavarapu, S. P., Laurencin, C. T., Electrospun nanofiber scaffolds: Engineering soft tissues. Biomed. Mater. 2008, 3, 034002.
14. Kumbar, S. G., Nukavarapu, S. P., James, R., Hogan, M. V., Laurencin, C. T., Recent patents on electrospun biomedical nanostructures: An overview. Recent Pat. Biomed. Eng. 2008, 1, 68-78.
15. Theisen, C., Fuchs-Winkelmann, S., Knappstein, K., Efe, T. et al., Influence of nanofibers on growth and gene expression of human tendon derived fibroblast. Biomed. Eng. Online 2010, 9, 1-12.
16. Nerem, R. M., Seliktar, D., Vascular tissue engineering. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2001, 3, 225-243.
17. L'Heureux, N., Dusserre, N., Marini, A., Garrido, S., de la Fuente, L., McAllister, T., Technology insight: The evolution of tissue-engineered vascular grafts-from research to clinical practice. Nat. Clin. Pract. Cardiovasc. Med. 2007, 4, 389-395.
18. Limaye, V., Vadas, M., The vascular endothelium: Structure and function. Mechanisms of Vascular Disease. in: Fitridge, R., Thompson, M. (Eds.), A Textbook for Vascular Surgeons, Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 1-10.
19. Pries, A. R., Secomb, T. W., Gaehtgens, P., The endothelial surface layer. Eur. J. Physiol. 2000, 440, 653-666.
20. Aird, W. C., Phenotypic heterogeneity of the endothelium: I. Structure, function, and mechanisms. Circ. Res. 2007, 100, 158-173.
21. Galley, H. F., Webster, N. R., Physiology of the endothelium. Br. J. Anaesth. 2004, 93, 105-13.
22. Wilgus, T. A., Growth factor-extracellular matrix interactions regulate wound repair. Adv. Wound. Care. 2012, 1, 249-254.
23. Berthiaume, F., Moghe, P. V., Toner, M., Yarmush, M. L., Effect of extracellular matrix topology on cell structure, function, and physiological responsiveness: Hepatocytes cultured in a sandwich configuration. FASEB J. 1996, 10, 1471-1484.
24. Provenzano, P. P., Keely, P. J., Mechanical signaling through the cytoskeleton regulates cell proliferation by coordinated focal adhesion and Rho GTPase signaling. J. Cell. Sci. 2011, 124, 1195-1120.
25. Schultz, G. S., Davidson, J. M., Kirsner, R. S., Bornstein, P. et al., Dynamic reciprocity in the wound microenvironment. Wound Repair Regen. 2011, 19, 134-148.
26. Frantz, C., Stewart, K. M., Weaver, V. M., The extracellular matrix at a glance. J. Cell Sci. 2010, 123, 4195-4200.
27. Parenteau-Bareil, R., Gauvin, R., Berthod, F., Collagen based biomaterials for tissueengineering applications. Materials 2010, 3, 1863-1887.
28. Berillis, P., The role of collagen in the Aorta's structure. TOCV J. 2013, 6, 1-8.
29. Pepin, M., Schwarze, U., Superti-Furga, A., Byers, P. H., Clinical and genetic features of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV, the vascular type. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000, 9, 673-680.
30. McLean, S. E., Mecham, B. H., Kelleher, C. M., Mariani, T. J. et al., Extracellular matrix gene expression in the developing mouse aorta. Adv. Dev. Biol. 2005, 15, 81-118.
31. Marneros, A. G., Olsen, B. R., Physiological role of collagen XVIII and endostatin. FASEB J. 2005, 19, 716-728.
32. Wagenseil, J. E., Mecham, R. P., Vascular extracellular matrix and arterial mechanics. Physiol. Rev. 2009, 89, 957-989.
33. Jensen, S. A., Robertson, I. B., Handford, P. A., Dissecting the fibrillinmicrofibril: Structural insights into organization and function. Structure 2012, 20, 215-225.
34. Argraves, W. S., Greene, L. M., Cooley, M. A., Gallagher, W. M., Fibulins: Physiological and disease perspectives. EMBO Rep. 2003, 12, 1127-1131.
35. Clark, R. A., DellaPelle, P., Manseau, E., Lanigan, J. M. et al., Blood vessel fibronectin increases in conjunction with endothelial cell proliferation and capillary ingrowth during wound healing. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1982, 79, 269-276.
36. Davis, G. E., Senger, D. R., Endothelial extracellular matrix: Biosynthesis, remodeling, and functions during vascular morphogenesis and neovessel stabilization. Circ. Res. 2005, 97, 1093-1107.
37. Ingber, D. E., Prusty, D., Frangioni, J. V., Cragoe, E. J. Jr. et al., Control of intracellular pH and growth by fibronectin in capillary endothelial cells. J. Cell Biol. 1990, 110, 1803-1811.
38. Paik, J. Y., Ko, B. H., Jung, K. H., Lee, K. H., Fibronectin stimulates endothelial cell 18F-FDG uptake through focal adhesion 1kinase-mediated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/akt signaling. J. Nucl. Med. 2009, 50, 618-624.
39. Carlier, A., Geris, L., Bentley, K., Carmeliet, G. et al., MOSAIC: A multiscale model of osteogenesis and sprouting angiogenesis with lateral inhibition of endothelial cells. PLoS Comput. Biol. 2012, 8, e1002724.
40. Kubota, Y., Kleinman, H. K., Martin, G. R., Lawley, T. J., Role of laminin and basement membrane in the morphological differentiation of human endothelial cells into capillary-like structures. J. Cell. Biol. 1988, 107, 1589-1598.
41. Grant, D. S., Tashiro, K. I., Real, B. S., Yamada, Y. et al., Two different laminin domains mediate the differentiation of human endothelial cells intocapillary-like structures in vitro. Cell 1989, 58, 933-943.
42. Malinda, K. M., Nomizu, M., Chung, M., Delgado, M. et al., Identification of laminin α1 and β1 chain peptides active for endothelial cell adhesion, tube formation, and aortic sprouting. FASEB J. 1999, 13, 53-62.
43. Jakobsson, L., Domogatskaya, A., Tryggvason, K., Edgar, D. et al., Laminin deposition is dispensable for vasculogenesis but regulates blood vessel diameter independent of flow. FASEB J. 2008, 22, 1530-1539.
44. Thyboll, J., Kortesmaa, J., Cao, R., Soininen, R. et al., Deletion of the laminin alpha4 chain leads to impaired microvessel maturation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2002, 22, 1194-1202.
45. Kikkawa, Y., Akaogi, K., Mizushima, H., Yamanaka, N. et al., Stimulation of endothelial cell migration in culture by ladsin, a laminin-5-like cell adhesion protein. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Anim. 119, 32, 46-52.
46. Schnaper, H. W., Kleinman, H. K., Grant, D. S., Role of laminin in endothelial cell recognition and differentiation. Kidney Int. 1993, 43, 20-25.
47. DeHahn, K. C., Gonzales, M., Gonzalez, A. M., Hopkinson, S. B. et al., The a4 laminin subunit regulates endothelial cell survival. Exp. Cell. Res. 2004, 294, 281-289.
48. Baluk, P., Morikawa, S., Haskell, A., Mancuso, M. et al., Abnormalities of basement membrane on blood vessels and endothelial sprouts in tumors. Am. J. Pathol. 2003, 163, 1801-1815.
49. Abrahamson, D. R., Isom, K., Roach, E., Stroganova, L. et al., Laminin compensation in collagen a3(IV) knockout (Alport) glomeruli contributes to permeability defects. JASN 2007, 18, 2465-2472.
50. Paulsson, M., The role of laminin in attachment, growth, and differentiation of cultured cells: A brief review. Cytotechnology 1992, 89, 99-106.
51. Mokkapati, S., Fleger-Weckmann, A., Bechtel, M., Koch, M. et al., Basement membrane deposition of nidogen 1 but not nidogen 2 requires the nidogen binding module of the laminin γ1 chain. J. Biol. Chem. 2011, 286, 1911-1918.
52. Zhang, X., Kazerounian, S., Duquette, M., Perruzzi, C. et al., Thrombospondin-1 modulates vascular endothelial growth factor activity at the receptor level. FASEB J. 2009, 23, 3368-3376.
53. Vasita, R., Katti, D. S., Nanofibers and their applications in tissue engineering. Int. J. Nano Med. 2006, 1, 15-30.
54. Bornstein, P., Thrombospondins as matricellular modulators of cell function. J. Clin. Invest. 2001, 107, 929-934.
55. Valdembri, D., Caswell, P. T., Anderson, K. I., Schwarz, J. P. et al., Neuropilin-1/GIPC1 signaling regulates alpha 5 beta1 integrin traffic and function in endothelial cells. PLoS Biol. 2009, 7, e25.
56. Klein, S., de Fougerolles, A. R., Blaikie, P., Khan, L. et al., 51 Integrin activates an NF-B-dependent program of gene expression important for angiogenesis and inflammation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2002, 22, 5912-5922.
57. Bluyssen, H. A., Lolkema, M. P., van Beest, M., Boone, M. et al., Fibronectin is a hypoxia-independent target of the tumor suppressor VHL. FEBS Lett. 2004, 565, 137-142.
58. Kovala, T., Holmes, Z., Rossi, L., Extracellular matrix modulates cytokine gene expression in endothelial cells. FASEB J. 2012, 26, 93114.
59. Lamalice, L., Le Boeuf, F., Huot, J., Endothelial cell migration during angiogenesis. Circ. Res. 2007, 100, 782-794.
60. Liu, Y., Senger, D. R., Matrix-specific activation of Src and Rho initiates capillary morphogenesis of endothelial cells. FASEB J. 2004, 18, 457-468.
61. Estrach, S., Cailleteau, L., Franco, C. A., Gerhardt, H. et al., Laminin-binding integrins induce Dll4 expression and notch signaling in endothelial cells. Circ. Res. 2011, 109, 172-182.
62. Albig, A. R., Becenti, D. J., Roy, T. G., Schiemann, W. P., Microfibril-associate glycoprotein-2 (MAGP-2) promotes angiogenic cell sprouting by blocking notch signaling in endothelial cells. Micro. Vas. Res. 2008, 76, 7-14.
63. Preis, M., Cohen, T., Sarnatzki, Y., Yosef, Y. B. et al., Effects of fibulin-5 on attachment, adhesion, and proliferation of primary human endothelial cells. Biochem. Biophy. Res. Commun. 2006, 348, 1024-1033.
64. Rodríguez, C., Raposo, B., Martínez-González, J., Casaní, L. et al., Low density lipoproteins down regulatelysyl oxidase in vascular endothelial cells and the arterial wall. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2002, 22, 1409-1414.
65. Nayak, R., Padhye, R., Kyratzis, I. L., Truong, Y. B. et al., Recent advances in nanofibre fabrication techniques. Text. Res. J. 2012, 82, 129-147.
66. Wu, H., Fan, J., Chu, C. C., Wu, J., Electrospinning of small diameter 3-D nanofibrous tubular scaffolds with controllable nanofiber orientations for vascular grafts. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2010, 21, 3207-3215.
67. Ravi, S., Chaikof, E. L., Biomaterials for vascular tissue engineering. Regen. Med. 2010, 5, 1-21.
68. Zhang, X., Baughman, C. B., Kaplan, D. L., In vitro evaluation of electrospun silk fibroin scaffolds for vascular cell growth. Biomaterials 2008, 29, 2217-2227.
69. Liu, H., Li, X., Zhou, G., Fan, H. et al., Electrospun sulfated silk fibroin nanofibrous scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2011, 32, 3784-3793.
70. Gu, J., Yang, X., Zhu, H., Surface sulfonation of silk fibroin film by plasma treatment and in vitro antithrombogenicity study. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2002, 20, 199-202.
71. Bondar, B., Fuchs, S., Motta, A., Migliaresi, C. et al., Functionality of endothelial cells on silk fibroin nets: Comparative study of micro- and nanometricfibre size. Biomaterials 2008, 29, 561-572.
72. Wang, P., Liu Zhang, T., In vitro biocompatibility of electrospun chitosan/collagen scaffold. J. Nano. Mater. 2013, 2013, 1-8.
73. Turner, N. J., Kielty, C. M., Walker, M. G., Canfield, A. E., A novel hyaluronan-based biomaterial (Hyaff-11) as a scaffold for endothelial cells in tissue engineered vascular grafts. Biomaterials 2004, 25, 5955-5964.
74. Sankaran, K. K., Krishnan, U. M., Sethuraman, S., Axially aligned 3D nanofibrous grafts of PLA-PCL for small diameter cardiovascular applications, J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2014, 25, 1791-1827.
75. Sankaran, K. K., Vasanthan, K. S., Krishnan, U. M., Sethuraman, S., Development and evaluation of axially aligned nanofibres for blood vessel tissue engineering. J. Tissue. Eng. Regen. Med. 2014, 8, 640-651.
76. Patel, A., Fine, B., Sandig, M., Mequanint, K., Elastin biosynthesis: The missing link in tissue-engineered blood vessels. Cardiovasc. Res. 2006, 71, 40-49.
77. Wang, Z., Wang, H., Zheng, W., Zhang, J. et al., Highly stable surface modifications of poly(3-caprolactone) (PCL) films by molecular self-assembly to promote cells adhesion and proliferation. Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 8901-8903.
78. Hung, H. S., Wu, C. C., Chien, S., Hsu, S. H., The behavior of endothelial cells on polyurethane nanocomposites and the associated signaling pathways. Biomaterials 2009, 30, 1502-1511.
79. Ma, Z., Kotaki, M., Yonga, T., Heb, W. et al., Surface engineering of electrospun polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nanofibers towards development of a new material for blood vessel engineering. Biomaterials 2005, 26, 2527-2536.
80. Hoshi, R. A., Van Lith, R., Jen, M. C., Allen, J. B. et al., The blood and vascular cell compatibility of heparin-modified ePTFE vascular grafts. Biomaterials 2013, 1, 30-41.
81. Kim, H. W., Yu, H. S., Lee, H. H., Nanofibrous matrices of poly (lactic acid) and gelatin polymeric blends for the improvement of cellular responses. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2008, 87, 25-32.
82. He, W., Ma, Z., Yong, T., Teo, W. E. et al., Fabrication of collagen-coated biodegradable polymer nanofiber mesh and its potential for endothelial cells growth. Biomaterials 2005, 36, 7606-7615.
83. Ma, Z., He, W., Yong, T., Ramakrishna, S., Grafting of gelatin on electrospun poly (caprolactone) nanofibers to improve endothelial cell spreading and proliferation and to control cell Orientation. Tissue Eng. 2005, 11, 1149-1158.
84. Sands, R. W., Mooney, D. J., Polymers to direct cell fate by controlling the microenvironment. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2007, 18, 448-453.
85. Rayan, G. M., Haaksma, C. J., Tomasek, J. J., McCarthy, K. J., Basement membrane chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan and vascularization of the developing mammalian limb bud. J. Hand. Surg. Am. 2000, 150-158.
86. Zhang, Y. Z., Su, B., Venugopal, J., Ramakrishna, S. et al., Biomimetic and bioactive nanofibrous scaffolds from electrospun composite nanofibers. Int. J. Nanomed. 2007, 2, 623-638.
87. Yang, C., Sodian, R., Fu, P., Lüders, C. et al., In vitro fabrication of a tissue engineered human cardiovascular patch for future use in cardiovascular surgery. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2006, 81, 57-63.
88. Lee, K., Silva, E. A., Mooney, D. J., Growth factor delivery-based tissue engineering: General approaches and a review of recent developments. J. R. Soc. Interface 2011, 8, 153-170.
89. Mammadov, R., Mammadov, B., Guler, M. O., Tekinay, A. B., Growth factor binding on heparin mimetic peptide nanofibers. Biomacromolecules 2012, 13, 3311-3319.
90. Jia, X., Zhao, C., Li, P., Zhang, H. et al., Sustained release of VEGF by coaxial electrospun dextran/PLGA fibrous membranes in vascular tissue engineering. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2011, 22, 1811-1827.
91. Du, F., Wang, H., Zhao, W., Li, D. et al., Gradient nanofibrous chitosan/poly ε{lunate}-caprolactone scaffolds as extracellular microenvironments for vascular tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2012, 3, 762-770.
92. Ekaputra, A. K., Prestwich, G. D., Cool, S. M., Hutmacher, D. W., The three-dimensional vascularization of growth factor-releasing hybrid scaffold of poly(3-caprolactone)/collagen fibers and hyaluronic acid hydrogel. Biomaterials 2011, 32, 8108-8117.
93. Han, F., Jia, X., Dai, D., Yang, X. et al., Performance of a multilayered small-diameter vascular scaffold dual-loaded with VEGF and PDGF. Biomaterials 2013, 34, 7302-7313.
94. Yao, Y., Wang, J., Cui, Y., Xu, R. et al., Effect of sustained heparin release from PCL/chitosan hybrid small-diameter vascular grafts on anti-thrombogenic property and endothelialization. Acta Biomater. 2014, 10, 2739-2749.
95. Montero, R. B., Vial, X., Nguyen, D. T., Farhand, S. et al., bFGF-containing electrospun gelatin scaffolds with controlled nano-architectural features for directed angiogenesis. Acta Biomater. 2012, 8, 1778-1791.
96. Wang, Z., Sun, B., Zhang, M., Ou, L. et al., Functionalization of electrospun poly(e-caprolactone) scaffold with heparin andvascular endothelial growth factors for potential application as vascular grafts. J. Bioact. Compat. Polym. 2013, 28, 154-166.
97. He, S., Xia, T., Wang, H., Wei, L. et al., Multiple release of polyplexes of plasmids VEGF and bFGF from electrospun fibrous scaffolds towards regeneration of mature blood vessels. Acta Biomater. 2012, 8, 2659-2669.
98. Lee, J., Yoo, J. J., Atala, A., Lee, S. J., The effect of controlled release of PDGF-BB from heparin-conjugated electrospun PCL/gelatin scaffolds on cellular bioactivity and infiltration. Biomaterials 2012, 33, 6709-6720.
99. Williamson, M. R., Black, R., Kielty, C., PCL-PU composite vascular scaffold production for vascular tissue engineering: Attachment, proliferation and bioactivity of human vascular endothelial cells. Biomaterials 2006, 19, 3608-3616.
100. Grasl, C., Bergmeister, H., Stoiber, M., Schima, H. et al., Electrospun polyurethane vascular grafts: In vitro mechanical behavior and endothelial adhesion molecule expression. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2009, 93A, 716-723.
101. Li, S., Sengupta, D., Chien, S., Vascular tissue engineering: From in vitro to in situ. Sys. Bio. Med. 2013, 6, 61-76.
102. Jeong, S. I., Kim, S. Y., Cho, S. K., Chong, M. S. et al., Tissue-engineered vascular grafts composed of marine collagen and PLGA fibers using pulsatile perfusion bioreactors. Biomaterials 2007, 28, 1115-1122.
103. Shoajei, S., Tafazzoli-Shahdpour, M., Shokrqozar, M. A., Haqhiqhipour, N., Alteration of human umbilical vein endothelial cell gene expression in different biomechanical environments. Cell Biol. Int. 2014, 38, 577-581.
104. Ando, J., Yamamoto, K., Vascular mechanobiology endothelial cell responses to fluid shear stress. Circulation 2009, 73, 1983-1992.
105. Owatverot, T. B., Oswald, S. J., Chen, Y., Wille, J. J. et al., Effect of combined cyclic stretch and fluid shear stress on endothelial cell morphological responses. J. Biomech. Eng. 2005, 127, 374-382.
106. Topper, J. N., Cai, J., Falb, D., Gimbrone, M. A., Identification of vascular endothelial genes differentially responsive to fluid mechanical stimuli: Cyclooxygenase-2, manganese superoxide dismutase, and endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase are selectively up-regulated by steady laminar shear stress. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93, 10417-10422.
107. Goonoo, N., Bhaw-Luximon, A., Jhurry, D., In vitro and in vivo cytocompatibility of electrospun nanofiber scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 31618-31642.