Recent development on the uses of alternative fuels in cement manufacturing process

Fuel

Volumn 145, Issue , 2015, Pages 84-99

  Rahman, Azad ^a   Rasul, M G ^a   Khan, M M K ^a   Sharma, S ^a  

^a CENTRAL QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Alternative fuel; Cement; Emission; Kiln

Indexed keywords

CARBON DIOXIDE; CEMENT INDUSTRY; CEMENT MANUFACTURE; CEMENTS; FUELS; HAZARDOUS MATERIALS; HEAVY METALS; KILNS; MANUFACTURE; NEUTRON EMISSION; POLLUTION; SULFUR DIOXIDE;

ALKALINE ENVIRONMENT; CEMENT MANUFACTURING; CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS; ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS; ENVIRONMENTAL EMISSIONS; MEAT AND BONE MEAL; SUBSTITUTION RATES; THERMAL ENERGY REQUIREMENT;

ALTERNATIVE FUELS;

EID: 84920704208     PISSN: 00162361     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2014.12.029     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. H.G. van Oss, and A.C. Padovani Cement manufacture and the environment, Part I: chemistry and technology J Ind Ecol 6 1 2002 89 105
2. H.G. van Oss, and A.C. Padovani Cement manufacture and the environment, Part II: environmental challenges and opportunities J Ind Ecol 7 1 2003 93 126
3. N.A. Madlool, R. Saidur, M.S. Hossain, and N.A. Rahim A critical review on energy use and savings in the cement industries Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15 4 2011 2042 2060
4. T. Wall, Y. Liu, C. Spero, L. Elliott, S. Khare, and R. Rathnam An overview on oxyfuel coal combustion - state of the art research and technology development Chem Eng Res Des 87 2009 1003 1016
5. B.J.P. Buhre, L.K. Elliott, C.D. Sheng, R.P. Gupta, and T.F. Wall Oxy-fuel combustion technology for coal-fired power generation Prog Energy Combust Sci 3 2005 283 307
6. A.H. Al-Abbas, J. Naser, and D. Dodds CFD modelling of air-fired and oxy-fuel combustion in a large-scale furnace at Loy Yang A brown coal power station Fuel 102 2012 646 665
7. A.A. Bhuiyan, and J. Naser Numerical modelling of oxy fuel combustion, the effect of radiative and convective heat transfer and burnout Fuel 139 2015 268 284
8. N. Nikolopoulos, A. Nikolopoulos, E. Karampinis, P. Grammelis, and E. Kakaras Numerical investigation of the oxy-fuel combustion in large scale boilers adopting the ECO-Scrub technology Fuel 90 1 2011 198 214
9. A.R. Nielsen, R.W. Aniol, M.B. Larsen, P. Glarborg, and K. Dam-Johansen Mixing large and small particles in a pilot scale rotary kiln Powder Technol 210 3 2011 273 280
10. D. Lechtenberg Alternative fuels - history and outlook Global Fuels Mag 2008 28 30
11. Gossman D. Alternative fuel and economic downturns. World Cem 2009; 75-78 < http://gcisolutions.com/WCT-mar09-75-80.pdf >.
12. U. Kaantee, R. Zevenhoven, R. Backman, and M. Hupa Cement manufacturing using alternative fuels and the advantages of process modelling Fuel Process Technol 85 4 2004 293 301
13. D. Lechtenberg Spent cell linings from the aluminium smelting process as an alternative fuel and raw material for cement production Global Cem Mag 2009 36 37
14. F.A. Rodrigues, and I. Joekes Cement industry: sustainability, challenges and perspectives Environ Chem Lett 9 2011 151 166
15. Y. Zhang, S. Cao, S. Shao, Y. Chen, S. Liu, and S. Zhang Aspen plus-based simulation of a cement calciner and optimization analysis of air pollutants emission Clean Techn Environ Policy 13 3 2011 459 468
16. European Commission. Reference document on the best available techniques in the cement and lime manufacturing industries. BAT Reference Document (BREF). European IPPC Bureau, Seville, Spain; 2001.
17. CEMBUREAU, Best available techniques for the cement industry, CEMBUREAU - the European Cement Association; 1999. p. 15-43 [chapter 3].
18. H. Klee, R. Hunziker, R.V. Meer, and R. Westaway Getting the numbers right: a database of energy performance and carbon dioxide emissions for the cement industry Greenhouse Gas Meas Manage 1 2 2011 109 118
19. Murray A, Price L. Use of alternative fuels in cement manufacture: analysis of fuel characteristics and feasibility for use in the chinese cement sector. Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, LBNL-525E, June; 2008.
20. Lakshmikanth R. Impacts of cement manufacturing; 2011 < http://www.eco.neterect.co.in >.
21. M. Schneider, M. Romer, M. Tschudin, and H. Bolio Sustainable cement production - present and future Cem Concr Res 41 7 2011 642 650
22. Wellington M, Dhanjal S. Optimising alternative fuel firing. In: 21st AFCM technical symposium and exhibition in Bangkok, March 4-7, 2008 < http://www.fct-actech.com/documents/20081219%20AFCM%202008-FCT%20Conference%20paper.pdf >.
23. M.A. Trezza, and A.N. Scian Burning wastes as an industrial resource: their effect on Portland cement clinker Cem Concr Res 30 1 2000 137 144
24. Chinyama MPM. Alternative fuels in cement manufacturing. In: Manzanera M, editor. Alternative fuel. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech; 2011.
25. Akkapeddi S. Alternative solid fuels for the production of Portland cement, MSc. Thesis, Auburn University, Alabama, December, 2008 < http://etd.auburn.edu/etd/bitstream/handle/10415/1432/Akkapeddi-Srikanth-27.pdf?sequence=1 >.
26. C. Greco, G. Picciotti, R.B. Greco, and G.M. Ferreira Fuel selection and use Chap. 2.5 in innovations in Portland cement manufacturing 2004 Portland Cement Association Skokie, Illinois
27. E. Mokrzyckia, A. Uliasz-Bocheńczyk, and M. Sarna Use of alternative fuels in the polish cement industry Appl Energy 74 1-2 2003 101 111
28. Willitsch DF, Sturm G, Wurst F, Prey T. Alternative fuels in the cement-industry. Report of PMT-Zyklontechnik GmbH, Krems, Austria, 2002 (currently known as a TEC advanced process technologies GmbH) < http://www.coprocem.com/documents/alternative-fuels-in-cement-industry.pdf >.
29. WBCSD Report. Guidelines for the selection and use of fuels and raw materials in the cement manufacturing process, fuels and raw materials. December 2005 < www.wbcsdcement.org/pdf/tf2-guidelines.pdf >.
30. VDZ Activity Report 2009-2012 < http://www.vdz-online.de/fileadmin/gruppen/vdz/3LiteraturRecherche/TaeB09-12/EN/VDZ-Activity-Report-09-12.pdf >.
31. CIF industry report 2013 < http://www.cement.org.au/Portals/0/Documents/CIF%20Publications/2013%20CIF%20Industry%20Report%20(Med%20Res).pdf >.
32. Japan cement association report 2013. Use of waste and by-product < http://www.jcassoc.or.jp/cement/2eng/e-01d.html >.
33. European recovered fuel organisation, fuels from waste SRF development. In: 6th CEWEP congress 6-7 September 2012 Würzburg < http://www.cewep.eu/m-1000 >.
34. Global cement report 2011, Sweden, pp 340.
35. 2 reduction in the cement industry.
36. Oficemen report 2012. The cement industry recovers fuel < https://www.oficemen.com/reportajePag.asp?id-rep=1115 >.
37. Peter Edwards. Cement in Belgium and the Netherlands. Global Cement Magazine; 2012 [07.03.12].
38. A. Rahman, M.G. Rasul, M.M.K. Khan, and S. Sharma Impact of alternative fuels on the cement manufacturing plant performance: an overview Procedia Eng 56 2013 393 400
39. Kaantee U, Zevonhoven R, Backman R, Hupa M. Cement manufacturing using alternative fuels and the advantages of process modelling. In: Proc. of R'2002 recovery recycling re-integration, Geneva, Switzerland, February 12-15, 2002.
40. C.B. Smith, and L. Martin Lesser known energy sources: a study of biogas and tire based fuel Cogeneration Distributed Generation J 23 2 2008 35 72
41. F. Puertas, and M.T. Blanco-Varela Use of alternative fuels in cement manufacture. Effect on clinker and cement characteristics and properties Materiales de Construccion 54 274 2004 51 64
42. Ariyaratne WKH. Alternative fuels in cement kilns - characterization and experiments, MSc. Thesis, Telemark University College, Norway; 2009.
43. M.A. Karell, and M.H. Blumenthal Air regulatory impacts of the use of tire-derived fuel Environ Prog 20 2 2001 80 86
44. M. Prisciandaro, G. Mazziotti, and F. Veglio Effect of burning supplementary waste fuels on the pollutant emissions by cement plants: a statistical analysis of process data Resour Conserv Recycl 39 2 2003 161 184
45. F. Carrasco, N. Bredin, and M. Heitz Gaseous contaminant emissions as affected by burning scrap tires in cement manufacturing J Environ Qual 31 5 2002 1484 1490
46. Schrama H, Blumenthal M, Weatherhead EC. A survey of tire burning technology for the cement industry. In: IEEE cement industry technical conference, San Juan, Puerto Rico, June 4-9, 1995.
47. D. Lemarchand Burning issues Int Cem Rev 2000 65 67
48. I. Silvestravičiute, and I. Karaliunaite Comparison of end-of-life tyre treatment technologies: life cycle inventory analysis Environ Res, Eng Manage 35 1 2006 52 60
49. A. Corti, and L. Lombardi End life tyres: alternative final disposal processes compared by LCA Energy 29 2004 2089 2108
50. J.A. Conesa, A. Gálvez, F. Mateos, I. Martín-Gullón, and R. Font Organic and inorganic pollutants from cement kiln stack feeding alternative fuels J Hazard Mater 158 2-3 2008 585 592
51. Pegg MJ, Amyotte PR, Fels M, Cumming CRR, Poushay JC. An assessment of the use of tires as an alternative fuel, minister of environment and labour, Nova Scotia environment and labour, environmental monitoring and compliance report, April 2007.
52. Clark C, Meardon K, Russell D. Burning tires for fuel and tire pyrolysis: air implications EPA-450/3-91-024; 1991 < http://www.p2pays.org/ref/18/17171.pdf >.
53. M. Kara, E. Günay, Y. Tabak, U. Durgut, S. Yildiz, and V. Enç Development of refuse derived fuel for cement factories in turkey Combust Sci Technol 183 3 2010 203 219
54. F. Carrasco, X. Llauró, and M. Poch A methodological approach to knowledge-based control and its application to a municipal solid waste incineration plant Combust Sci Technol 178 4 2006 685 705
55. D.Q. Zhang, S.K. Tan, and R.M. Gersberg Municipal solid waste management in China: status, problems and challenges J Environ Manage 91 8 2010 1623 1633
56. J.D. Dorn Use of waste and recycled material in the cement industry IEEE Trans Ind Appl IA-13 6 1977 576 580
57. C.A.C. Haley Energy recovery from burning municipal solid wastes: a review Resour Conserv Recycl 4 1990 1990 77 103
58. A. Garg, R. Smith, D. Hill, P.J. Longhurst, S.J.T. Pollard, and N.J. Simms An integrated appraisal of energy recovery options in the United Kingdom using solid recovered fuel derived from municipal solid waste Waste Manage 29 8 2009 2289 2297
59. G. Genon, and E. Brizio Scenarios for RDF utilisation: reuse in technological plants or energy production WIT Trans Ecol Environ 102 2007 961 971
60. F.C. Lockwood, and J.J. Ou Review: burning refuse-derived fuel in a rotary cement kiln Proc Inst Mech Eng, Part A: J Power Energy 207 1993 65 70
61. L.A. Ruth Energy from municipal solid waste: a comparison with coal combustion technology Prog Energy Combust Sci 24 6 1998 545 564
62. European commission (EC) - directorate general environment. Refuse derived fuel, current practice and perspectives. Final Report, WRc, IFEU, ECOTEC, and Eunomia; 2003 < http://www.ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/studies/pdf/rdf.pdf >.
63. Hasanbeigi A, Lu H, Williams C, Price L. International best practices for pre-processing and co-processing municipal solid waste and sewage sludge in the cement industry, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, LBNL-5581E, July 2012.
64. G. Genon, and E. Brizio Perspectives and limits for cement kilns as a destination for RDF Waste Manage 28 11 2008 2375 2385
65. 2 emission reduction through industrial symbiosis: a cement production case study for Kawasaki Resour Conserv Recycl 54 10 2010 704 710
66. W.H. Cheung, K.K.H. Choy, D.C.W. Hui, J.F. Porter, and G. McKay Use of municipal solid waste for integrated cement production Dev Chem Eng Mineral Process 14 1-2 2006 193 202
67. K.K.H. Choy, D.C.K. Ko, W.H. Cheung, J.S.C. Fung, D.C.W. Hui, and J.F. Porter Municipal solid waste utilization for integrated cement processing with waste minimization a pilot scale proposal Trans IChemE, Part B, Process Saf Environ Prot 82 B3 2004 200 207
68. D. Mikša, M. Homšak, and N. Samec Spent potlining utilisation possibilities Waste Manage Res 21 2003 467 473
69. B.I. Silveira, A.E. Dantas, J.E. Blasquez, and R.K.P. Santos Characterization of inorganic fraction of spent pot liners: evaluation of the cyanides and fluorides content J Hazard Mater 89 2-3 2002 177 183
70. Massad EG. Energy resource vs. buried waste: spent potliner in a cement kiln. In: Proceedings of international conference on pollution prevention: clean technology and clean products, Washington DC June 10-13, 1990. P. 405-7.
71. Constans DL. Primary aluminum production wastes spent aluminum potliner, K088, GCI Tech Notes, vol. 4, No. 09; 1998 < http://gcisolutions.com/GCINotes998.html >.
72. T.K. Pong, R.J. Adrien, J. Besida, T.A. O'donnell, and D.G. Wood Spent potlining - a hazardous waste made safe Trans IChemE 78 Part B 2000 204 208
73. Alcoa: worldwide: sustainability: sustainability of operations: environmental: emissions & waste; 2012 < http://www.alcoa.com/sustainability/en/info-page/operations-env-emissions.asp >.
74. Alcoa in Australia: environment: environmental management: waste; 2012 < http://www.alcoa.com/australia/en/info-page/environ-waste.asp >.
75. Alcoa: worldwide: sustainability: sustainability approach: case studies; 2011 < http://www.alcoa.com/sustainability/en/case-studies/2011-Canadian-Smelters.asp >.
76. Kohnen RL. Disposal options for spent potliner, ERAtech Publications; 2012 < http://www.eratech.com/papers/DisposalSPL.html >.
77. D. Gossman New developments in treatment options for spent aluminum potliner GCI tech notes vol. 11 2006 Gossman Consulting, Inc. Publication 10A
78. E. Deydier, R. Guilet, S. Sarda, and P. Sharrock Physical and chemical characteristics of crude meat and bone meal combustion residue: "waste or raw material?" J Hazard Mater 121 1-3 2005 141 148
79. Z. Kowalski, and K. Krupa-Zuczek A model of the meat waste management Pol J Chem Technol 9 4 2007 91 97
80. J.A. Conesa, A. Fullana, and R. Font Dioxin production during the thermal treatment of meat and bone meal residues Chemosphere 59 1 2005 85 90
81. O. Senneca Characterisation of meat and bone mill for coal co-firing Fuel 87 15-16 2008 3262 3270
82. Ariyaratne WKH, Melaaen MC, Eine K, Tokheim LA. Meat and bone meal as a renewable energy source in cement kilns: investigation of optimum feeding rate. In: International conference on renewable energies and power quality (ICREPQ'11), Spain, April 2010.
83. I. Gulyurtlu, D. Boavida, P. Abelha, M.H. Lopes, and I. Cabrita Co-combustion of coal and meat and bone meal Fuel 84 17 2005 2137 2148
84. G. Denafas, K. Buinevičius, I. Urniežaite, R. Puškorius, and J. Rekašius Meat and bone meal incineration in terms of industrial and energetic infrastructure in Lithuania: energetic and environmental aspects Environ Res, Eng Manage 30 4 2004 36 48
85. E. Abad, K. MartÍnez, J. Caixach, and J. Rivera Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxin/polychlorinated dibenzofuran releases into the atmosphere from the use of secondary fuels in cement kilns during clinker formation Environ Sci Technol 38 18 2004 4734 4738
86. S.M. Al-Salem, P. Lettieri, and J. Baeyens Recycling and recovery routes of plastic solid waste (PSW): a review Waste Manage 29 10 2009 2625 2643
87. S.M. Al-Salem, P. Lettieri, and J. Baeyens The valorization of plastic solid waste (PSW) by primary to quaternary routes: from re-use to energy and chemicals Prog Energy Combust Sci 36 1 2010 103 129
88. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Trends in beneficial use of alternative fuels and raw materials cement sector; 2008 < http://www.epa.gov/sectors/pdf/cement-sector-report.pdf >.
89. K.H. Karstensen Formation, release and control of dioxins in cement kilns Chemosphere 70 4 2008 543 560
90. C. Strazza, A. Del Borghi, M. Gallo, and M. Del Borghi Resource productivity enhancement as means for promoting cleaner production: analysis of co-incineration in cement plants through a life cycle approach J Cleaner Prod 19 14 2011 1615 1621
91. D. Lechtenberg Dried sewage sludge as an alternative fuel Global Cem Mag 2011 36 39
92. J. Werther, and T. Ogada Sewage sludge combustion Prog Energy Combust Sci 25 1 1999 55 116
93. Y. Ninomiya, L. Zhang, T. Sakano, C. Kanaoka, and M. Masui Transformation of mineral and emission of particulate matters during co-combustion of coal with sewage sludge Fuel 83 6 2004 751 764
94. D. Fytili, and A. Zabaniotou Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods - a review Renew Sustain Energy Rev 12 1 2008 116 140
95. E. Cartmell, P. Gostelow, D. Riddell-Black, N. Simms, J. Oakey, and J. Morris Biosolids-a fuel or a waste? an integrated appraisal of five co-combustion scenarios with policy analysis Environ Sci Technol 40 3 2006 649 658
96. A. Zabaniotou, and C. Theofilou Green energy at cement kiln in cyprus - use of sewage sludge as a conventional fuel substitute Renew Sustain Energy Rev 12 2008 531 541
97. de Vos S, Görtzen J, Mulder E, Ligthart T, Hesseling W. LCA of thermal treatment of waste streams in cement kilns in Belgium, TNO report I&T-A R 2007/036, Netherland Organisation for Applied Scientific Research; 2007.
98. Australian government department of sustainability, environment, water, population and communities; 2011 < http://www.environment.gov.au/settlements/waste/tyres/index.html >.
99. J.I. Bhatty Effect of minor elements onclinker and cement performance: a laboratory analysis Concr Thinking 130 15 2006 31 34
100. C. Seyler, T.B. Hofstetter, and K. Hungerbühler Life cycle inventory for thermal treatment of waste solvent from chemical industry: a multi-input allocation model J Cleaner Prod 13 13-14 2005 1211 1224
101. C. Seyler, S. Hellweg, M. Monteil, and K. Hungerbühler Life cycle inventory for use of waste solvent as fuel substitute in the cement industry a multi-input allocation model Int J Life Cycle Assess 10 2 2005 120 130
102. T.L. Mlakar, M. Horvat, T. Vuk, A. Stergaršek, J. Kotnik, and J. Tratnik Mercury species, mass flows and processes in a cement plant Fuel 89 8 2010 1936 1945
103. T.G. Chuah, A.G.K. Wan Azlina, Y. Robiah, and R. Omar Biomass as the renewable energy sources in Malaysia: an overview Int J Green Energy 3 3 2006 323 346
104. A. Demirbas Calculation of higher heating values of biomass fuels Fuel 76 5 1997 431 434
105. Seboka Y, Getahun MA, Haile-Meskel Y. Biomass energy for cement production: opportunities in Ethiopia, CDM capacity development in eastern and southern Africa, United Nations Development Programme; 2009.
106. A. Demirbas Sustainable cofiring of biomass with coal Energy Convers Manage 44 9 2003 1465 1479
107. D.A. Tillman Biomass cofiring: the technology, the experience, the combustion consequences Biomass Bioenergy 19 6 2000 365 384
108. J.A. Suarez, and C.A. Luengo Coffee husk briquettes: a new renewable energy source Energy Sources 25 10 2003 961 967
109. J. Werther, and M. Saenger Combustion of agricultural residues Prog Energy Combust Sci 26 1 2000 1 27
110. M. Sami, K. Annamalai, and M. Wooldridge Co-firing of coal and biomass fuel blends Prog Energy Combust Sci 27 2 2001 171 214
111. G. Skodras, P. Grammelis, P. Basinas, E. Kakaras, and G. Sakellaropoulos Pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of biomass and waste-derived feedstock Ind Eng Chem Res 45 11 2006 3791 3799
112. Royo J, Canalis P, Sebastian F, Gomez F. Environmental feasibility of biomass cofiring in the cement industry-results of the tests carried out at the Cemex company plant located in Morata de Jalón (Spain). In: 15th European biomass Conference and Exhibition, Berlin, May 2007.
113. Realff, Matthew J. Carpet as an alternative fuel in cement kilns. Technical report, DOE/CH/11239-Final, Georgia Tech Research Corporation, Atlanta, GA; 2007.
114. L. Stephanie Konopa, A. James Mulholland, J. Matthew Realff, and M. Paul Lemieux Emissions from carpet combustion in a pilot-scale rotary kiln: comparison with coal and particle-board combustion J Air Waste Manage Assoc 58 2008 1070 1076
115. Cossua R, Fioreb S, Laia T, Mancinic G, Ruffinob B, Viottid P, Zanetti MC. Italian experience on automotive shredder residue: characterization and management, CRETE 2012. In: 3rd International conference on industrial and hazardous waste material; 2012.
116. Boughton B. Evaluation of shredder residue as cement manufacturing feedstock. Report of the California department of toxic substances control, March 2006.
117. H. Kurt Mackes, and R. Charles Lightburn Evaluating the use of green wood chips processed from small-diameter trees as an alternate fuel for making cement Forest Prod J 53 4 2003 42 47
118. Hains, Bryant T. Experimental study of renewable energy implementation in cement kilns through industrial-scale downdraft gasification of poultry litter, MSc Thesis, Auburn University; 2011.
119. A. Bernatik, P. Senovsky, and M. Pitt LNG as a potential alternative fuel - safety and security of storage facilities J Loss Prev Process Ind 24 2011 19 24
120. Cemex News, UK cement plant set 100% AF record, global cement magazine, April 2011. pp. 57.
121. P. Pipilikaki, M. Katsioti, D. Papageorgiou, D. Fragoulis, and E. Chaniotakis Use of tire derived fuel in clinker burning Cement Concr Compos 27 2005 843 847
122. S.D. Pohekar, and M. Ramachandran Application of multi-criteria decision making to sustainable energy planning: a review Renew Sustain Energy Rev 8 4 2004 365 381
123. Vick SC, von Steiger H. Beneficial recycling of metal refining waste via gasification. In: Conference on gasification technologies 2001, San Francisco, California, October 7-10, 2001.
124. R. Kikuchi Recycling of municipal solid waste for cement production: pilot-scale test for transforming incineration ash of solid waste into cement clinker Resour Conserv Recycl 31 2 2001 137 147
125. Z. Feng, J. Zhao, J. Rockwell, D. Bailey, and G. Huffman Direct liquefaction of waste plastics and coliquefaction of coal-plastic mixtures Fuel Process Technol 49 1996 17 30
126. M.H. Zhang, R. Lastra, and V.M. Malhotra Rice-husk ash paste and concrete: some aspects of hydration and the microstructure of the interfacial zone between the aggregate and paste Cem Concr Res 26 6 1996 963 977
127. 2 emissions from the combustion of pulverized coal, municipal waste plastics and tires Fuel 77 3 1998 183 196
128. T. Amari, N.J. Themelis, and I.K. Wernick Resource recovery from used rubber tires Resour Policy 25 3 1999 179 188
129. D.R. Schneider, and Z. Bogdan Analysis of a sustainable system for energy recovery from municipal waste in Croatia Manage Environ Qual: Int J 22 1 2011 105 120
130. I.S. Arvanitoyannis, and D. Ladas Meat waste treatment methods and potential uses Int J Food Sci Technol 43 2008 543 559
131. Lagan Cement News, April 2005 www.lagancement.com.
132. A. Aranda Usón, G. Ferreira, A.M. López-Sabirón, E.L. Sastresa, and A.S. De Guinoa Characterisation and environmental analysis of sewage sludge as secondary fuel for cement manufacturing Chem Eng Trans 29 2012 457 462
133. U.S. environmental protection agency, wastes - resource conservation - common wastes & materials: plastic; 2014 < http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/plastics.htm >.
134. Central pollution control board report, website material on plastic waste management, June 2013 < http://www.cpcb.nic.in/divisionsofheadoffice/pcp/management-plasticwaste.pdf >.
135. Technology guide ALF-Cemind, waste (used) oil co-processed as alternative fuel in cement production process, < http://www.alf-cemind.com/cd/AF-and-ARM-used-oils.htm >.