Law and Republicanism: Mapping the Issues

Legal Republicanism: National and International Perspectives

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages

  Besson, Samantha ^a   Martí, José Luis ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FRIBOURG   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^c PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Civic virtue; Equality; Freedom; Legal republicanism; Legal theory; Liberty; Non domination; Political theory; Republican law; Republican values

Indexed keywords

EID: 84920127740     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199559169.003.0001     Document Type: Chapter

References (402)

1. Arendt, H., Between Past and Future: Six Exercises in Political Thought, 2nd edn. (New York: Viking Press, 1968), 465.
2. e.g. Baron, H., The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance, 2nd edn. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966);
3. Bailyn, B., The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967);
4. Wood, G. S., The Creation of the American Republic 1776-1787 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1969);
5. Pocock, J. G. A., The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975);
6. Skinner, Q., The Foundations of Modern Political Thought: The Renaissance Volume 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978);
7. Van Gelderen, M. and Skinner, Q. (eds.), Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002);
8. Skinner, Q., Liberty before Liberalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998);
9. Bock, G., Skinner, Q., and Viroli, M. (eds.), Machiavelli and Republicanism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990);
10. Viroli, M., For Love of Country (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995);
11. Vetterli, R. and Bryner, G., In Search of the Republic: Public Virtue and the Roots of American Government (Totowa, NJ: Rowman& Littlefield, 1987);
12. Pangle, T. L., The Spirit of Modern Republicanism: The Moral Vision of the American Founders and the Philosophy of Locke (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1988);
13. Rahe, P., Republics, Ancient and Modern: Classical Republicanism and the American Revolution (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1992);
14. Nicolet, C., L'idée républicaine en France (1789-1924) (Paris: Gallimard, 1982);
15. Spitz, J.-F., La Liberté politique (Paris: Presses Universitaires Françaises, 1995);
16. Spitz, J.-F., Le moment républicain en France (Paris: Gallimard, 2005);
17. Sellers, M., American Republicanism: Roman Ideology in the United States Constitution (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1994);
18. Sellers, M., The Sacred Fire of Liberty: Republicanism, Liberalism and the Law (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998).
19. e.g. Sandel, M., Democracy's Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996);
20. Sandel, M., 'The Constitution of the Procedural Republic: Liberal Rights and Civic Virtues', Fordham Law Review, 66/1 (1997), 1;
21. Taylor, C., 'What's Wrong with Negative Liberty', in Ryan, A. (ed.), The Idea of Freedom (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979);
22. Taylor, C., 'Cross-Purposes: The Liberal-Communitarian Debate', in Rosenblum, N. (ed.), Liberalism and the Moral Life (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989);
23. Michelman, F., 'The Supreme Court 1985 Term-Foreword: Traces of Self-Government', Harvard Law Review, 100 (1986), 4;
24. Michelman, F., 'Law's Republic', Yale Law Journal, 97 (1988), 1493;
25. Sunstein, C., 'Beyond the Republican Revival', Yale Law Journal, 97 (1988), 1539;
26. Sunstein, C., The Partial Constitution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993);
27. Pettit, P., Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997);
28. Pettit, P., A Theory of Freedom: From the Psychology to the Politics of Agency (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001);
29. Habermas, J., 'Human Rights and Popular Sovereignty: The Liberal and Republican Versions', Ratio Juris, 7/1 (1994), 1;
30. Habermas, J., Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, trans. W. Rehg (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996);
31. Habermas, J., 'Constitutional Democracy: A Paradoxical Union of Contradictory Principles?', Political Theory, 29/6 (2001), 766;
32. Viroli, M., Republicanism, trans. A. Shugaar (New York: Hill& Wang, 2002);
33. Dagger, R., Civic Virtues: Rights, Citizenship, and Republican Liberalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997);
34. Kymlicka, W., Politics in the Vernacular: Nationalism, Multiculturalism, and Citizenship (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001);
35. Honohan, I., Civic Republicanism (New York: Routledge, 2002);
36. Weinstock, D. and Nadeau, C. (eds.), Republicanism: History, Theory and Practice (London: Frank Cass Publishers, 2004);
37. Honohan, I. and Jennings, J., (eds.) Republicanism in Theory and Practice (New York: Routledge, 2006);
38. Lovett, F., 'Republicanism', Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ();
39. Bellamy, R., Political Constitutionalism: A Republican Defence of the Constitutionality of Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007);
40. Laborde, C. and Maynor, J. W. (eds.), Republicanism and Political Theory (Oxford: Blackwell, 2007).
41. On the importance of historical studies in understanding this political tradition, see Honohan, Civic Republicanism (above, n. 3), 2-4.
42. See Skinner, Q., 'The Idea of Negative Liberty: Philosophical and Historical Perspectives', in Rorty, R., Schneewind, J. B., and Skinner, Q. (eds.), Philosophy in History: Essays on the Historiography of Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984);
43. Skinner, Q., 'The Republican Ideal of Political Liberty', in Bock, G., Skinner, Q., and Viroli, M. (eds.), Machiavelli and Republicanism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990);
44. Skinner, Q., 'On Justice, the Common Good, and the Priority of Liberty', in Mouffe, C. (ed.), Dimensions of Radical Democracy: Pluralism, Citizenship, Community (London: Verso, 1992), 211;
45. Skinner, Liberty before Liberalism (above, n. 2);
46. Taylor, 'What's Wrong with Negative Liberty' (above, n. 3);
47. Taylor, 'Cross-Purposes' (above, n. 3);
48. Pettit, Republicanism (above, n. 3);
49. Pettit, A Theory of Freedom (above, n. 3);
50. Habermas, 'Human Rights and Popular Sovereignty' (above, n. 3);
51. Habermas, 'Constitutional Democracy' (above, n. 3).
52. See Arendt, H., The Human Condition (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1958);
53. Arendt, H., On Revolution (New York: Penguin, 1977);
54. Dagger, Civic Virtues (above, n. 3);
55. Viroli, Republicanism (above, n. 3).
56. See Sandel, M., 'The Procedural Republic and the Unencumbered Self', Political Theory, 12 (1984), 81;
57. Sandel, Democracy's Discontent (above, n. 3);
58. Sandel, 'The Constitution of the Procedural Republic' (above, n. 3).
59. Pettit, Republicanism (above, n. 3);
60. Pettit, P., Examen a Zapatero, trans. J. L. Martí (Madrid: Temas de Hoy, 2007) (much of the material in this book will be incorporated into a book under preparation by J. L. Marti and P. Pettit on civil republicanism in Zapatero's government);
61. Sunstein, C., Republic.com (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001);
62. Bellamy, Political Constitutionalism (above, n. 3);
63. Laborde, C. and Maynor, J. W., 'The Republican Contribution to Contemporary Political Theory', in Laborde and Maynor (eds.), Republicanism and Political Theory (above n. 3)
64. see the debate on civic education through Gutmann, A., Democratic Education (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987);
65. Kymlicka, Politics in the Vernacular (above, n. 3), ch. 16.
66. Pettit, Republicanism (above, n. 3), Part II;
67. Bellamy, Political Constitutionalism (above, n. 3);
68. Bellamy, 'Republicanism and Constitutionalism', in Laborde and Maynor (eds.), Republicanism and Political Theory (above, n. 3);
69. Honohan, Civic Republicanism (above, n. 3), Part II;
70. Sellers, M., Republican Legal Theory: The History, Constitution and Purposes of Law in a Free State (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003);
71. Sellers, American Republicanism (above, n. 2);
72. Sellers, The Sacred Fire of Liberty (above, n. 2);
73. Tomkins, A., Our Republican Constitution (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2005).
74. Onuf, N. G., The Republican Legacy in International Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998);
75. Habermas, J., 'Hat die Konstitutionalisierung des Völkerrechts noch eine Chance?', in Habermas, J., Der gespaltene Westen. Kleine politische Schriften X (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 2004), 113 (translated as 'Does the Constitutionalization of International Law Still Have a Chance?', in
76. The Divided West, ed. and trans. C. Cronin (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2006), 115);
77. Habermas, J., 'Eine politische Verfassung für die pluralistische Weltgesellschaft?', in Habermas, J., Zwischen Naturalismus und Religion (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 2005), 324;
78. Habermas, J., 'Kommunikative Rationalität und grenzüberschreitende Politik: eine Replik', in Niesen, P. and Herborth, B. (eds.), Anarchie des kommunikativen Freiheit (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 2007), 406;
79. Sellers, M., Republican Principles in International Law: The Fundamental Requirements of a Just World Order (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006);
80. Bohman, J., Democracy Across Borders: From Demos to Demoi (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007);
81. Bohman, J., 'Non-Domination and Transnational Democracy', in Laborde and Maynor (eds.), Republicanism and Political Theory (above, n. 3);
82. Besson, S., 'Deliberative Demoi-cracy: Towards the Deterritorialization of Democracy', in Besson, S. and Martí, J. L. (eds.), Deliberative Democracy and Its Discontents (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006) 181
83. Besson, S., 'Institutionalizing Global Demoi-cracy', in Meyer, L. et al. (eds.), International Law, Justice and Legitimacy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming);
84. Besson, S., 'Theorizing the Sources of International Law', in Besson, S. and Tasioulas, J. (eds.), The Philosophy of International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, forthcoming).
85. Braithwaite, J. and Pettit, P., Not Just Deserts: A Republican Theory of Criminal Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990).
86. See also Pettit, P., 'Republican Theory and Criminal Punishment', Utilitas, 9 (1997);
87. Braithwaite, J. S., Regulation, Crime, Freedom (London: Ashgate, 2000);
88. Dagger, 'Republican Punishment, Consequentialist or Retributive?', in Laborde and Maynor (eds.), Republicanism and Political Theory (above, n. 3);
89. Duff, R. A., Punishment, Communication and Community (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001);
90. Duff, R. A., Answering for Crime: Responsibility and Liability in the Criminal Law (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2007);
91. Lacey, N., State Punishment: Political Principles and Community Values (London: Routledge, 1994).
92. See the most recent examples of that revival in Laborde and Maynor (eds.), Republicanism and Political Theory (above, n. 3).
93. Skinner, 'The Republican Ideal of Political Liberty' (above, n. 6);
94. Skinner, Q., 'The Paradoxes of Political Liberty', in Miller, D. (ed.), Liberty (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991);
95. Skinner, Liberty before Liberalism (above, n. 2);
96. Skinner, Q., 'A Third Concept of Liberty', Proceedings of the British Academy, 117 (2002), 237;
97. Taylor, 'What's Wrong with Negative Liberty' (above, n. 3);
98. Taylor, 'Cross-Purposes' (above, n. 3);
99. Pettit, Republicanism (above, n. 3);
100. Pettit, A Theory of Freedom (above, n. 3);
101. Habermas, 'Human Rights and Popular Sovereignty' (above, n. 3);
102. Habermas, 'Three Normative Models of Democracy' (above, n. 6);
103. Habermas, Between Facts and Norms (above, n. 3);
104. Habermas, 'Constitutional Democracy' (above, n. 3).
105. Arendt, The Human Condition (above, n. 7);
106. Arendt, On Revolution (above, n. 7);
107. Dagger, Civic Virtues (above, n. 3);
108. Viroli, Republicanism (above, n. 3).
109. Sandel, 'The Procedural Republic and the Unencumbered Self' (above, n. 8);
110. Sandel, Democracy's Discontent (above, n. 3);
111. Sandel, 'The Constitution of the Procedural Republic' (above, n. 3).
112. Sunstein, 'Beyond the Republican Revival' (above, n. 3), 1539;
113. Sunstein, The Partial Constitution (above, n. 3).
114. Laborde and Maynor, 'The Republican Contribution to Contemporary Political Theory' (above, n. 10).
115. See Taylor, 'What's Wrong with Negative Liberty' (above, n. 3);
116. Taylor, 'Cross-Purposes' (above, n. 3);
117. Spitz, J.-F., 'The Concept of Liberty in "A Theory of Justice" and Its Republican Version', Ratio Juris, 7 (1994), 331;
118. Spitz, La Liberté politique (above, n. 2);
119. Pettit, Republicanism (above, n. 3), ch. 1 and 4;
120. Skinner, 'On Justice, the Common Good, and the Priority of Liberty' (above, n. 6);
121. Skinner, Liberty before Liberalism (above, n. 2);
122. Sandel, Democracy's Discontent (above, n. 3), 25-8;
123. Viroli, Republicanism (above, n. 3), ch. 4;
124. Lovett, 'Republicanism' (above, n. 3).
125. Pettit, Republicanism (above, n. 3), 8-10;
126. also Sunstein, 'Beyond the Republican Revival' (above, n. 3);
127. Kymlicka, Politics in the Vernacular (above, n. 3), ch. 18.
128. Kymlicka, Politics in the Vernacular (above, n. 3), 387;
129. Patten, A., 'The Republican Critique of Liberalism', British Journal of Political Science, 26 (1996), 25;
130. Ackerman, B., We the People, Foundations Volume 1 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991), 29-30;
131. Sunstein, 'Beyond the Republican Revival' (above, n. 3);
132. Macedo, S., Liberal Virtues: Citizenship, Virtue, and Community in Liberal Contractualism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990);
133. Haakonssen, K., 'Republicanism', in Pettit, P. and Goodin, R. (eds.), A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993);
134. Laborde and Maynor, 'The Republican Contribution to Contemporary Political Theory' (above, n. 10). For an analysis of that debate
135. see Lovett, 'Republicanism' (above, n. 3).
136. In opposition to that idea, see Laborde and Maynor, 'The Republican Contribution to Contemporary Political Theory' (above, n. 10).
137. Pettit, Republicanism (above, n. 3), 10-11.
138. Pettit, Republicanism (above, n. 3), ch. 1 and 4;
139. Skinner, 'On Justice, the Common Good, and the Priority of Liberty' (above, n. 6);
140. Sandel, Democracy's Discontent (above, n. 3), 25-8;
141. Viroli, Republicanism (above, n. 3), ch. 4;
142. Haakonssen, 'Republicanism' (above, n. 24).
143. Sandel, 'The Procedural Republic and the Unencumbered Self' (above, n. 8);
144. Sandel, Democracy's Discontent (above, n. 3);
145. Sandel, 'The Constitution of the Procedural Republic' (above, n. 3);
146. Taylor, 'What's Wrong with Negative Liberty' (above, n. 3);
147. Taylor, 'Cross-Purposes' (above, n. 3). While distinguishing between them, Honohan claims that republicanism is a variant of communitarianism;
148. see Honohan, Civic Republicanism (above, n. 3), 8-12.
149. See Habermas, Between Facts and Norms (above, n. 3), ch. 4, Parts I and II.
150. Habermas, J., 'The European Nation-State: Its Achievements and its Limits', in Balakrishnan, G. (ed.), Mapping the Nation (London: Verso, 1996);
151. Habermas, 'Constitutional Democracy' (above, n. 3).
152. Taylor, 'Cross-Purposes' (above, n. 3).
153. Pettit, Republicanism (above, n. 3), ch. 5;
154. Honohan, Civic Republicanism (above, n. 3), 118 and 191;
155. see Pettit, Republicanism (above, n. 3), ch. 5;
156. Philips, A., 'Feminism and Republicanism: Is This a Plausible Alliance?', Journal of Political Philosophy, 8 (2000), 279.
157. Pettit, Republicanism (above, n. 3);
158. Pettit, A Theory of Freedom (above, n. 3);
159. Pettit, 'Republican Freedom: Three Axioms, Four Theorems', in Laborde and Maynor (eds.), Republicanism and Political Theory (above, n. 3);
160. Skinner, Liberty before Liberalism (above, n. 2).
161. Taylor, 'What's Wrong with Negative Liberty' (above, n. 3);
162. Taylor, 'Cross-Purposes' (above, n. 3).
163. Habermas, 'Human Rights and Popular Sovereignty' (above, n. 3);
164. Habermas, Between Facts and Norms (above, n. 3);
165. Habermas, 'Constitutional Democracy' (above, n. 3).
166. Berlin, I., 'Two Concepts of Liberty', in Four Essays on Liberty (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969), 118.
167. Skinner, 'A Third Concept of Liberty' (above, n. 16).
168. Constant, B., 'De la liberté des anciens comparée à celle des modernes', in Écrits politiques (Paris: Gallimard, 1997), 589;
169. Spitz, La Liberté politique (above, n. 2);
170. Pettit, Republicanism (above, n. 3), 36.
171. Pettit, Republicanism (above, n. 3);
172. Pettit, A Theory of Freedom (above, n. 3);
173. Skinner, 'The Republican Ideal of Political Liberty' (above, n. 6), 301-03;
174. Patten, 'The Republican Critique of Liberalism' (above, n. 24), 25, 28 and 29;
175. Lovett, 'Republicanism' (above, n. 3);
176. see also a parallel strategy in Macpherson, C. B., 'Berlin's Division of Liberty', in Macpherson, C. B. (ed.), Democratic Theory: Essays in Retrieval (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), esp. 117-19.
177. Pettit, Republicanism (above, n. 3);
178. Pettit, A Theory of Freedom (above, n. 3);
179. Pettit, 'Republican Freedom: Three Axioms, Four Theorems', in Laborde and Maynor (eds.), Republicanism and Political Theory (above, n. 3);
180. Laborde and Maynor, 'The Republican Contribution to Contemporary Political Theory' (above, n. 10);
181. Bellamy, 'Republicanism and Constitutionalism' (above, n. 11), 161 et seq.;
182. Laborde and Maynor, 'The Republican Contribution to Contemporary Political Theory' (above, n. 10).
183. Bellamy, 'Republicanism and Constitutionalism' (above, n. 11), 159.
184. Pettit, Republicanism (above, n. 3)
185. Skinner, 'On Justice, the Common Good, and the Priority of Liberty' (above, n. 6).
186. Pettit, Republicanism (above, n. 3), 17-21;
187. Pettit, A Theory of Freedom (above, n. 3), 125-9;
188. Pocock, J. G. A., 'The Machiavellian Moment Revisited: A Study in History and Ideology', Journal of Modern History, 53 (1981), 49 at 71;
189. Dagger, Civic Virtues (above, n. 3), 105;
190. Sunstein, 'Beyond the Republican Revival' (above, n. 3), 1539;
191. Sunstein, The Partial Constitution (above, n. 3).
192. Pettit, Republicanism (above, n. 3);
193. Habermas, 'Human Rights and Popular Sovereignty' (above, n. 3);
194. Habermas, Between Facts and Norms (above, n. 3);
195. Habermas, 'Constitutional Democracy' (above, n. 3);
196. Sunstein, The Partial Constitution (above, n. 3).
197. Pitkin, H. and Shumer, S., 'On Participation', Democracy, 2 (1982), 44;
198. Michelman, 'The Supreme Court 1985 Term' (above, n. 3), 33, 40-1;
199. Honohan, Civic Republicanism (above, n. 3), 188-92;
200. This concern has been addressed in detail by promoters of deliberative democracy: Knight, J. and Johnson, J., 'What Sort of Equality Does Deliberative Democracy Require?', in Bohman, J. and Rehg, W. (eds.), Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997), 279;
201. Cohen, J. and Rogers, J., On Democracy: Toward a Transformation of American Society (New York: Penguin, 1983), ch. 3;
202. Cohen, J. and Rogers, J., 'Associative Democracy', in Bardhan, P. and Roemer, J. (eds.), Market Socialism: The Current Debate (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993);
203. Bohman, J., Public Deliberation: Pluralism, Complexity, and Democracy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996), ch. 3;
204. Bohman, J., 'Deliberative Democracy and Effective Social Freedom: Capabilities, Resources and Opportunities', in Bohman and Rehg (eds.), Deliberative Democracy (above), 321;
205. Christiano, T., 'Deliberative Equality and Democratic Order', in Shapiro, I. and Hardin, R. (eds.), Political Order: Nomos XXXVII (New York: New York University Press, 1996), 251.
206. Pettit, Examen a Zapatero (above, n. 10).
207. Pettit, P., 'Freedom in the Market', Politics, Philosophy, and Economics, 5 (2006), 131.
208. List, C., 'Republican Freedom and the Rule of Law', Politics, Philosophy, and Economics, 5 (2006), 201.
209. Michelman, 'The Supreme Court 1985 Term' (above, n. 3), 4;
210. Bohman, Public Deliberation (above, n. 56);
211. Bohman, 'Deliberative Democracy and Effective Social Freedom' (above, n. 56);
212. Christiano, T., 'The Significance of Public Deliberation', in Bohman and Rehg (eds.), Deliberative Democracy (above, n. 56), 243.
213. Sandel, Democracy's Discontent (above, n. 3);
214. Pettit, Examen a Zapatero (above, n. 10);
215. Pettit, Examen a Zapatero (above, n. 10).
216. Bohman, Public Deliberation (above, n. 56), ch. 3;
217. Bohman, 'Deliberative Democracy and Effective Social Freedom' (above, n. 56);
218. Christiano, 'Deliberative Equality and Democratic Order' (above, n. 56);
219. Knight and Johnson, 'What Sort of Equality Does Deliberative Democracy Require?', in Bohman and Rehg (eds.), Deliberative Democracy (above, n. 56);
220. Cohen and Rogers, On Democracy (above, n. 56).
221. Bohman, Public Deliberation (above, n. 56), 123;
222. Bohman, 'Deliberative Democracy and Effective Social Freedom' (above, n. 56), 332.
223. Sandel, Democracy's Discontent (above, n. 3), 27.
224. Sandel, Democracy's Discontent (above, n. 3);
225. Michelman, 'The Supreme Court 1985 Term' (above, n. 3), 4;
226. Michelman, 'Law's Republic' (above, n. 3), 1493;
227. Cohen, J. and Rogers, J., 'Secondary Associations and Democratic Governance', Politics & Society, 20 (1992), 393;
228. Sunstein, The Partial Constitution (above, n. 3), ch. 1 and 133-45;
229. Pettit, Republicanism (above, n. 3);
230. Honohan, Civic Republicanism (above, n. 3), ch. 7;
231. Martí, J. L., La república deliberativa (Madrid: Marcial Pons, 2006), ch. 6.
232. On the general idea of deliberative democracy, see Gutmann, A. and Thompson, D., Democracy and Disagreement: Why Moral Conflict cannot be Avoided in Politics, and What should be Done About It? (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996);
233. Gutmann, A. and Thompson, D., Why Deliberative Democracy? (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004);
234. Bohman, Public Deliberation (above, n. 56);
235. Bohman, J., 'Survey Article: The Coming of Age of Deliberative Democracy', The Journal of Political Philosophy, 6 (1998), 400;
236. Bohman and Rehg (eds.), Deliberative Democracy (above, n. 56);
237. Elster, J. (ed.), Deliberative Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998);
238. Macedo, S. (ed.), Deliberative Politics: Essays on Democracy and Disagreement (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999);
239. Fishkin, J. and Laslett, P. (eds.), Debating Deliberative Democracy (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003);
240. Besson and Martí (eds.), Deliberative Democracy and Its Discontents (above, n. 12).
241. Honohan, Civic Republicanism (above, n. 3), 222;
242. Martí, La república deliberativa (above, n. 66), ch. 6.
243. Laborde and Maynor (eds.), Republicanism and Political Theory (above, n. 3).
244. Contrast Pettit, P., 'Depoliticizing Democracy', in Besson and Martí (eds.), Deliberative Democracy and Its Discontents (above, n. 12);
245. Sandel, Democracy's Discontent (above, n. 3);
246. Sandel, 'The Constitution of the Procedural Republic' (above, n. 3);
247. Taylor, 'What's Wrong with Negative Liberty' (above, n. 3);
248. Taylor, 'Cross-Purposes' (above, n. 3);
249. Habermas, Between Facts and Norms (above, n. 3);
250. Cohen and Rogers, 'Secondary Associations and Democratic Governance' (above, n. 66);
251. Honohan, Civic Republicanism (above, n. 3);
252. Bellamy, 'Republicanism and Constitutionalism' (above, n. 11).
253. Pettit, Republicanism (above, n. 3);
254. Pettit, Examen a Zapatero (above, n. 10);
255. Sunstein, The Partial Constitution (above, n. 3).
256. See Pettit, Republicanism (above, n. 3);
257. Honohan, Civic Republicanism (above, n. 3);
258. Lovett, 'Republicanism' (above, n. 3).
259. Estlund, D., 'Who's Afraid of Deliberative Democracy? On the Strategic/Deliberative Dichotomy in Recent Constitutional Jurisprudence', Texas Law Review, 71 (1993), 1437;
260. Estlund, D., 'Beyond Fairness and Deliberation: The Epistemic Dimension of Democratic Authority', in Bohman and Rehg (eds.), Deliberative Democracy (above, n. 56), 173;
261. Habermas, 'Human Rights and Popular Sovereignty' (above, n. 3);
262. Habermas, Between Facts and Norms (above, n. 3);
263. Habermas, 'Constitutional Democracy' (above, n. 3);
264. Lafont, C., 'Is the Ideal of a Deliberative Democracy Coherent?', in Besson and Martí (eds.), Deliberative Democracy and Its Discontents (above, n. 12), 3;
265. Martí, La república deliberativa (above, n. 66), ch. 4 and 5;
266. Martí, 'The Epistemic Conception of Deliberative Democracy Defended: Reasons, Rightness and Equal Political Liberty', in Besson and Martí (eds.), Deliberative Democracy and Its Discontents (above, n. 12).
267. Mansbridge, J., Bohman, J., Chambers, S., Estlund, D., Follesdal, A., Fung, A., Lafont, C., Manin, B., and Martí, J. L., 'The Place of Self-Interest in Deliberative Democracy', Journal of Political Philosophy, forthcoming.
268. Skinner, 'The Republican Ideal of Political Liberty' (above, n. 6), 301-03;
269. Skinner, 'On Justice, the Common Good, and the Priority of Liberty' (above, n. 6);
270. Viroli, Republicanism (above, n. 3);
271. Dagger, Civic Virtues (above, n. 3);
272. Arendt, The Human Condition (above, n. 7);
273. Arendt, On Revolution (above, n. 7);
274. Sunstein, 'Beyond the Republican Revival' (above, n. 3), 1539;
275. Taylor, 'Cross-Purposes' (above, n. 3);
276. Pettit, Republicanism (above, n. 3), ch. 8;
277. Honohan, Civic Republicanism (above, n. 3), ch. 5;
278. Lovett, 'Republicanism' (above, n. 3).
279. For general accounts of the idea of virtue, see Brennan, G. and Hamlin, A. (eds.), Democratic Devices and Desires (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000);
280. Paul, E. F., Miller, F., and Paul, J. (eds.), Virtue and Vice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998);
281. Paul, E. F., Miller, F., and Paul, J., Human Flourishing (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999);
282. Chapman, J. and Galston, W. (eds.), Virtue: Nomos XXXIV (New York: New York University Press, 1992).
283. This is a minimal list. Other authors have included many other virtues, such as a sense of belonging to the political community, communal solidarity, and overall patriotism. See Taylor, 'Cross-Purposes' (above, n. 3);
284. Taylor, C., 'Why Democracy Needs Patriotism' in Cohen, J. and Nussbaum, M. (eds.), For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism (Boston: Beacon Press, 1996);
285. Viroli, Republicanism (above, n. 3);
286. Viroli, For Love of Country (above, n. 2).
287. See some efforts in Honohan, Civic Republicanism (above, n. 3), 148 et seq;
288. Honohan, Civic Republicanism (above, n. 3), 150-8.
289. Rawls, J., A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971).
290. Honohan, I., 'Dealing with Difference: The Republican Public-Private Distinction', in Baghramian, M. and Ingram, A. (eds.), Pluralism: The Philosophy and Politics of Diversity (London: Routledge, 2000);
291. Honohan, Civic Republicanism (above, n. 3), 158;
292. Patten, 'The Republican Critique of Liberalism' (above, n. 24), 42.
293. Pateman, C., Participation and Democratic Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), 42;
294. Hirschman, A., Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970);
295. Macpherson, C. B., The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), ch. 5;
296. Manin, B., 'On Legitimacy and Political Deliberation', Political Theory, 15 (1987), 338 at 354 and 363;
297. Mansbridge, J., 'A Deliberative Theory of Interest Representation', in Petracca, M. (ed.), The Politics of Interests: Interest Groups Transformed (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992), 32;
298. Mansbridge, J., Beyond Adversary Democracy, 2nd edn. (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1983);
299. Fung, A., Empowered Participation: Reinventing Urban Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004).
300. The classic reference in Anglo-American jurisprudence is Hart, H. L. A., The Concept of Law (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961).
301. The historic champion of continental legal positivism is Kelsen, H., Reine Rechtslehre, 2nd edn. (Wien: Auflage, 1960).
302. e.g. Campbell, T., The Legal Theory of Ethical Positivism (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1996);
303. Campbell, T., Prescriptive Legal Positivism: Law, Rights and Democracy (London: UCL Press, 2004);
304. Waldron, J., Law and Disagreement (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999);
305. Waldron, J., 'Normative (or Ethical) Positivism', in Coleman, J. (ed.), Hart's Postscript: Essays on the Postscript to the Concept of Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), ch. 12;
306. Perry, S., 'Hart's Methodological Positivism', in Coleman (ed.), Hart's Postscript;
307. Murphy, L., 'The Political Question of the Concept of Law', in Coleman (ed.), Hart's Postscript;
308. Murphy, L., 'Better to See Law this Way', NYU Law Review, 83/4 (2008), 1088.
309. Waldron, Law and Disagreement (above, n. 89).
310. Fraser, A. W., Spirit of the Laws: Republicanism and the Unfinished Project of Modernity, (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1990);
311. Braithwaite, J., 'On Speaking Softly and Carrying Big Sticks: Neglected Dimensions of a Republican Separation of Powers', University of Toronto Law Journal, 47 (1997), 305.
312. See, for instance, Pettit, Republicanism (above, n. 3), Part II;
313. Honohan, Civic Republicanism (above, n. 3), Part II;
314. Sellers, Republican Legal Theory (above, n. 11);
315. Tomkins, Our Republican Constitution (above, n. 11);
316. Bellamy, Political Constitutionalism (above, n. 3).
317. Pettit, Republicanism (above, n. 3);
318. Dawood, Y., 'The Antidomination Model of the Judicial Oversight of Democracy', Georgetown Law Journal, 96:5 (2008), 1411;
319. Honohan, Civic Republicanism (above, n. 3);
320. Honohan, chapter 3 in this volume. Against that thesis: Waldron, Law and Disagreement (above, n. 89);
321. Bellamy, Political Constitutionalism (above, n. 3);
322. Bellamy, 'Republicanism and Constitutionalism' (above, n. 11);
323. Besson, S., The Morality of Conflict (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2005);
324. Gargarella, R., 'Full Representation, Deliberation, and Impartiality', in Elster (ed.), Deliberative Democracy (above, n. 66), 260;
325. Gargarella, R., 'Should Deliberative Democrats Defend the Judicial Enforcement of Social Rights?', in Besson and Martí (eds.), Deliberative Democracy and Its Discontents (above, n. 12), 232;
326. Tomkins, Our Republican Constitution (above, n. 11).
327. See Braithwaite and Pettit, Not Just Deserts (above, n. 13);
328. Pettit, P., 'Republican Theory and Criminal Punishment', Utilitas, 9 (1997);
329. Braithwaite, J. S., Regulation, Crime, Freedom (London: Ashgate, 2000);
330. Dagger, 'Republican Punishment, Consequentialist or Retributive?' (above, n. 13);
331. Duff, R. A., Punishment, Communication and Community (above, n. 13);
332. Duff, R. A., Answering for Crime (above, n. 13);
333. Lacey, State Punishment (above, n. 13).
334. See for example Onuf, The Republican Legacy in International Thought (above, n. 12);
335. Habermas, Between Facts and Norms (above, n. 3);
336. Habermas, 'Constitutional Democracy' (above, n. 3);
337. Habermas, 'Hat die Konstitutionalisierung des Völkerrechts noch eine Chance?' (above, n. 12);
338. Habermas, 'Eine politische Verfassung für die pluralistische Weltgesellschaft?' (above, n. 12);
339. Habermas, 'Kommunikative Rationalität und grenzüberschreitende Politik: eine Replik' (above, n. 12);
340. Sellers, Republican Principles in International Law (above, n. 12);
341. Besson, 'Deliberative Demoi-cracy in the European Union' (above, n. 12);
342. Besson, 'Institutionalizing Global Demoi-cracy' (above, n. 12);
343. Besson, 'Theorizing the Sources of International Law' (above, n. 12);
344. Besson, S., 'Whose Constitution(s): International Law, Constitutionalism and Democracy', in Dunoff, J. and Trachtman, J. (eds.), Ruling the World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming);
345. Deudney, D., Bounding Power: Republican Security Theory from the Polis to the Global Village (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007).
346. Waldron, Law and Disagreement (above, n. 89);
347. Besson, The Morality of Conflict (above, n. 94).
348. Waldron, Law and Disagreement (above, n. 89);
349. Waldron, J., 'The Rule of Law as a Theater for Debate', in Burley, J. (ed.), Dworkin and his Critics: With Replies by Dworkin (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), 319;
350. Waldron, J., 'The Concept and the Rule of Law', manuscript (2007);
351. Campbell, The Legal Theory of Ethical Positivism (above, n. 89);
352. Campbell, Prescriptive Legal Positivism (above, n. 89);
353. Murphy, 'The Political Question of the Concept of Law' (above, n. 89);
354. Murphy, 'Better to See Law this Way' (above, n. 89).
355. Scarpelli, U., Cos'è il positivismo giuridico (Milan: Edizioni di Communità, 1965);
356. Campbell, The Legal Theory of Ethical Positivism (above, n. 89);
357. Campbell, Prescriptive Legal Positivism (above, n. 89);
358. Waldron, Law and Disagreement (above, n. 89);
359. Waldron, 'Normative (or Ethical) Positivism' (above, n. 89).
360. Perry, 'Hart's Methodological Positivism' (above, n. 89);
361. Murphy, 'The Political Question of the Concept of Law' (above, n. 89).
362. Marmor, A., 'Legal Positivism: Still Descriptive and Morally Neutral', Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 26 (2006), 683.
363. Waldron, 'Normative (or Ethical) Positivism' (above, n. 89).
364. Dworkin, R., Justice in Robes (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006), 2-10.
365. Searle, J. R., The Construction of Social Reality (New York: Free Press, 1995).
366. Perry, 'Hart's Methodological Positivism' (above, n. 89).
367. Marmor, 'Legal Positivism' (above, n. 103), 691-2, 699.
368. Perry, 'Hart's Methodological Positivism' (above, n. 89).
369. Marmor, 'Legal Positivism' (above, n. 103), 697.
370. Dworkin, Justice in Robes (above, n. 106), 9-10.
371. Sunstein, The Partial Constitution (above, n. 3);
372. Waldron, Law and Disagreement (above, n. 89);
373. Besson, The Morality of Conflict (above, n. 94);
374. Moreso, J. J., 'Legal Positivism and Legal Disagreements', manuscript (2008).
375. Waldron, Law and Disagreement (above, n. 89), 46.
376. Waldron, 'Normative (or Ethical) Positivism' (above, n. 89), 420.
377. See, for instance, Sartori, G., Democrazia. Cosa è, 2nd edn. (Milan: Rizzoli, 2007);
378. Held, D., Models of Democracy, 3rd edn. (New York: Polity Press, 2006);
379. Arblaster, A., Democracy, 2nd edn. (London: Open University, 2002).
380. The same comparison may be found in Murphy, 'Better to See Law this Way' (above, n. 89).
381. Dworkin, R., Law's Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986);
382. and for a recent restatement, Dworkin, Justice in Robes (above, n. 106).
383. Fuller, L., The Morality of Law (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964);
384. Waldron, Law and Disagreement (above, n. 89);
385. Waldron, 'Normative (or Ethical) Positivism' (above, n. 89);
386. Waldron, 'The Rule of Law in Contemporary Liberal Theory', Ratio Juris, 2 (1989), 79;
387. Waldron, 'The Concept and the Rule of Law' (above, n. 100);
388. Campbell, The Legal Theory of Ethical Positivism (above, n. 89);
389. Campbell, Prescriptive Legal Positivism (above, n. 89).
390. Waldron, 'The Concept and the Rule of Law' (above, n. 100).
391. Waldron, 'The Rule of Law in Contemporary Liberal Theory' (above, n. 118);
392. Waldron, Law and Disagreement (above, n. 89);
393. Campbell, Prescriptive Legal Positivism (above, n. 89).
394. Pettit, Republicanism (above, n. 3), 174-6;
395. Pettit, Examen a Zapatero (above, n. 10);
396. Honohan, Civic Republicanism (above, n. 3);
397. Lovett, 'Republicanism' (above, n. 3);
398. Bellamy, Political Constitutionalism (above, n. 3);
399. Bellamy, 'Republicanism and Constitutionalism' (above, n. 11);
400. Waldron, J., 'The Rule of International Law', Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 30 (2006), 15;
401. Besson, 'Theorizing the Sources of International Law' (above, n. 12).
402. See also Besson, chapter 9 and Bohman, chapter 2 in this volume.