Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: Impact on endothelial dysfunction

Nursing Research

Volumn 64, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 53-66

  Salisbury, Dereck ^a,b   Bronas, Ulf ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^b Department of Doctoral Studies in Education   (United States)

Author keywords

Endothelium; Nursing research; Oxidative stress; Reactive nitrogen species; Reactive oxygen species

Indexed keywords

REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HUMAN; METABOLISM; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HUMANS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES;

EID: 84919458832     PISSN: 00296562     EISSN: 15389847     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/NNR.0000000000000068     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Abdollahzad, H., Eghtesadi, S.,Nourmohammadi, I., Khadem-Ansari, M., Nejad-Gashti, H., & Esmaillzadeh, A. (2009). Effect of vitamin C supplem entation on oxidative stress and lipid profiles in hemodialysis patients. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 79, 281-287. doi:10.1024/0300-9831.79.56.281
2. Alp, N. J.,&Channon, K. M. (2004). Regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by tetrahydrobiopterin in vascular disease. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 24, 413-420. doi:10.1161/01 .ATV.0000110785.96039.f6
3. Bassil, M ., Li, Y., & Anand-Srivastava, M. B. (2008). Peroxynitrite inhibits the expression of Gi? protein and adenylyl cyclase signaling in vascular smoothmuscle cells. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 294, H775-H784. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00841 .2007
4. Battelli, M. G., Bolognesi, A., & Polito, L. (2014). Pathophysiology of circulating xanthine oxidoreductase:Newemerging roles for amulti-tasking enzyme. Biochimi ca et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease, 1842, 1502-1517. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.05.022
5. Beck, D. T., Casey, D. P., Martin, J. S., Emerson, B. D., & Braith, R. W. (2013). Exercise tr aining improves endothelial function in young prehypertensives. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 238, 433-441. doi:10.1177/1535370213477600
6. Beckman, J. S., & Koppenol,W. H. (1996). Nitric oxide, superoxid e, and peroxynitrite: The good, the bad, and ugly. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, 40, C1424-C1437. Retrieved fromhttp://ajpcell.physiology.org/content/ajpcell/271/5/C1424.full.pdf
7. Berry, C. E., & Ha re, J. M. (2004). Xanthine oxidoreductase and cardiovascular disease: Molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological implications. Journal of Physiology, 555, 589-606. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2003.055913
8. Bertrand, M.E. (2004). Provision of cardiovascular protection by ACE inhibitors: A review of recent trials. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 20, 1559-1569. doi:10.1185/030079904X4185
9. Bevilacqua, M. P.,&Nel son,R.M. (1993). Selectins. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 91, 379-387. doi:10.1172/JCI116210
10. Beyer, R. E. (1994). The role of ascorbate in antioxidant protection of biomembranes: Interaction with vita min E and coenzymeQ. Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes, 26, 349-358. doi:10.1007/BF00762775
11. Bö ger, R. H.,&Bode-Böger, S.M. (2000). Asymmetric dimethylarginine, derangements of the endothelial nitri c oxide synthase pathway, and cardiovascular diseases. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis, 26, 539-545. Retrieved from http://www.med.uni-magdeburg. de/fme/institute/ikp/publikationen/auswahl2000/semin-throm-hemost539.pdf
12. Brass, E. P., Wang, H., & Hiatt, W. R. (2000). Multiple skeletal muscle mitochondrial DNA deletions in patients with unilateral peripheral arterial disease. Vascular Medicine, 5, 225-230. doi:10.1177/1358 836X0000500405
13. Brevetti,G., Schiano, V.,&Chiariello,M. (2008). Endothelial dysfunction: A key to the pathophysiology and natural history of peripheral arterial disease?. Atherosclerosis, 197, 1-11. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis .2007.11.002
14. Burton, G.W., Joyce, A., & Ingold, K. U. (1983). Is vitamin E the only lipid-soluble, chain-breaking antioxidant in human blood plasma and erythrocyte membranes? Archives of Bi ochemistry and Biophysics, 221, 281-290. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(83)90145-5
15. Cacciatore F.,Bruzzese G.,Vitale D. F.,Liguori A.,de Nigris F.,Fiorito C.,Napoli C. (2011 Effects o f ACE inhibition on circulating endothelial progenitor cells, vascular damage, and oxidative stress in hypertensive patients European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 67 877-883 10.1007/s00228-011-1029-0
16. Camell o-Almaraz, C., Gomez-Pinilla, P. J., Pozo, M. J., & Camello, P. J. (2006). Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and Ca2+ signaling. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, 291,C1082-C1088. doi:10.1152/ajp cell.00217.2006
17. Casca o, R., Rosário, H. S., & Fonseca, J. E. (2009). Neutrophils: Warriors and commanders in immune mediated inflammatory diseases. Acta Reumatologica Portuguesa, 34, 313-326.
18. Chance, B., Sies, H., & Boveris, A. (1979). Hydroperoxide metabolism in mammalian organs. Physiological Reviews, 59, 527-605. Retrieved from http://physrev.physiology.org/content/physrev/59/3/527.full.pdf
19. Cooke, J. P. (2000). Does ADMA cause endothelial dysfunction? Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 20, 2032-2037. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.20.9.2032
20. Cornelissen, V. A., & Smart, N.A. (2013). Exercise training for blood pressure: A systematic review andmeta-Analysis. Journal of the American Heart Association, 2, e004473. doi:10.1161/JAHA.112.004473
21. Coutinho, T., Rooke, T. W., & Kullo, I. J. (2011). Arterial dysfunction and functional performance in patients with peripheral artery disease: A review. Vascular Medicine, 16, 203-211. doi:10.1177/1358863X11400935
22. de Oliveira, V. N., Bessa, A., Jorge, M. L. M. P., Oliveira, R. J. D. S., de Mello, M. T., De Agostini, G. G.,...Espindola, F. S. (2012). The effect of different training programs on antioxidant status, oxi dative stress, and metabolic control in type 2 diabetes. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 37, 334-344. doi:10.1139/h2012-004
23. Doehner, W., & Landmesser, U. (2011).Xanthine oxidase anduric acid in c ardiovascular disease: Clinical impact and therapeutic options. Seminars in Nephrology, 31, 433-440. doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol .2011.08.007
24. Fleming, I.,&Busse, R. (2003).Molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 284, R1-R12. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00323.2002
25. Förstermann, U.,Mülsch, A., Böhme, E., & Busse, R. (1986). Stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase by an acetylcholine-induced endotheliumderived factor fromrabbit and canine arteries. Circulation Research, 58, 531-538. doi:10.1161/01.RES.58.4.531
26. Förstermann, U., & Münzel, T. (2006). Endothelial nitric oxide synthase in vascular disease: From marvel to menace. Circulation, 113, 1708-1714. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.602532
27. Fortuño,A., S anJosé, G.,Moreno,M. U.,Beloqui,O., Di ez, J., &Zalba,G. (2006). Phagocytic NADPH oxidase overactivity underlies oxidative stress in metabolic syndrome. Diabetes, 55, 209-215. doi:10.2337/diabetes.55.01.06.db05-0751
28. Fukai, T., & Ushio-Fukai, M. (2011). Superoxide dismutases: Role in redox signaling, vascular function, and diseases. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 15, 1583-1606. doi:10.1089/ars.2011.3999
29. Garber,C. E.,Blissmer,B.,Deschenes,M.R., Franklin,B.A.,Lamonte,M. J., Lee, I. M.,...American College of Sports Medicine. (2011). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining ca r diorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43, 1334-1359. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213fefb
30. Gaziano J. M. (2004). Vitamin E and cardiovascular disease: Observational studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1031, 280-291. doi:10.1196/annals.1331.028
31. Go, A. S., Mozaffarian, D., Roger, V. L., Benjamin, E. J., Berry, J. D., Borden, W. B.,...American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. (2013). Heart disease and stroke statistics-2013 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circula tion, 127, e6-e245. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e31828124ad
32. Gomez-Cabrera, M.-C., Domenech, E., & Viña, J. (2008). Moderate exercise is an antioxidant: Upregulation of antioxidant genes by training. Free R adical Biology&Medicine, 44, 126-131. doi:10.1016/j .freeradbiomed.2007.02.001
33. Griendling,K.K.,&Alexander, R.W. (1997). Oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 96, 3264-3265.
34. Halliwell, B. (1989). Free radicals, reactive oxygen species and human disease: A critical evaluationwith special reference to atherosclerosis. British Journal of Experimental Pathology, 70, 737-757. Ret rieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2040729/pdf/brjexppathol00150-0135.pdf
35. Halliwell, B. (1994). Free radicals and antioxidants: A personal view. Nutrition Reviews, 52, 253-265. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1994 .tb01453.x
36. Hambrecht R.,Fiehn E.Weigl C.,Gielen S.,Hamann C.,Kaiser R,Schuler G. 1998 Regular physical exercise corrects endothelial dysfunction and improves exercis e capacity in patients with chronic heart failure Circulation 98, 2709-2715 10.1161/01.CIR.98.24.2709
37. Hausenloy,D. J.,&Yellon,D.M. (2013).Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury:A neglected therapeutic target. Journal ofClinical Investigation, 123, 92-100. doi:10.1172/JCI62874
38. Higgins, P., Dawson, J., Lees, K. R., McArthur, K., Quinn, T. J., & Walters, M. R. (2012). Xanthine ox idase inhibition for the treatment of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-Analysis. Cardiovascular Therapeutics, 30, 217-226. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5922.2011.00277.x
39. Hinz, J., Rosmus, M., Popov, A., Moerer, O., Frerichs, I., & Quintel, M. (2007). Effectiveness of an intravascular cooling method compared with a conventional cooling technique in neurologic patients. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology, 19, 13 0-135. doi:10.1097/ANA.0b013e318032a208
40. Hitomi, H., Kiyomoto, H., & Nishiyama, A. (2007). Angiotensin II and oxidative stress. Current Opinion in Cardiology, 22, 311-315. doi: 10.1097/HCO.0b013e3281532b53
41. Ignarro, L. J., Bug a, G. M., Wood, K. S., Byrns, R. E., & Chaudhuri, G. (1987). Endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 84, 9265-9269.
42. Kakkar, A. K., & Lefer, D. J. (2004). Leukocyte and endothelial adhesion molecule studies in knockout mice. CurrentOpinion in Pharmacology, 4, 154-158. doi:10.101 6/j.coph.2004.01.003
43. Laursen, J.B., Somers,M.,Kurz,S.,McCann,L.,Warnholtz,A.,Freeman,B.A.,...Harrison, D. G. (2001). Endothelial regulation of vasomotion in apoEdeficient mice: Implications for interactions between pe roxynitrite and tetrahydrobiopterin. Circulation, 103, 1282-1288.
44. Leon, A. S.,&Bronas, U.G. (2009). Pathophysiology of coronary heart disease and biological mechanisms for the cardioprotective effects of regular aer obic exercise. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 3, 379-385. doi:10.1177/1559827609338145
45. Lim, S. Y., & Hausenloy, D. J. (2012). Remote ischemic conditioning: From bench to bedside. Frontiers in Physiology, 3, 27. doi:10.3389/fphys.2012.00027
46. Linke, A., Adams, V., Schulze, P. C., Erbs, S., Gielen, S., Fiehn, E.,...Hambrecht, R. (2005). Antioxidative effects of exercise training in p atients with chronic heart failure: Increase in radical scavenger enzyme activity in skeletal muscle. Circulation, 111, 1763-1770. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000165503.08661.E5
47. Mah, E., Noh, S. K., Ballard, K.D. Park, H. J., Volek, J. S.,&Bruno, R. S. (2013). Supplementation of a ?-tocopherol-rich mixture of tocopherols in healthy men protects against vascular endothelial dysfunction induced by postprandial hyperglycemia. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 24, 196-203. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.04.015
48. McCord, J. M. (1985). Oxygen-derived free radicals in postischemic tissue injury. New England Journal of Medicine, 312, 159-163. doi:10.1056/NEJM198501173120305
49. McCord, J. M., & Fridovich, I. (1968). The reduction of cytochrome c by milk xanthine oxidase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 243, 5753-5760.
50. McKechnie, R., Rubenfire, M., & Mosca, L. (2002). Antioxidant nutrient supplementation and brachial reactivity in patients with coronary artery disease. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 139, 133-139. doi:10.1067/mlc.2 002.121450
51. McKee, T., & McKee, J. R. (2009). Biochemistry, the molecular basis of life (4th ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
52. Meister, A., & Anderson, M. E. (1983). Glutathione. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 52, 711-760. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.52.070183.003431
53. Milstien, S., & Katusic, Z. (1999). Oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin by peroxynitrite: Implications for vascu lar endothelial function. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 263, 681-684. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.1422
54. Ming, X. F., Barandier, C., Viswambharan, H., Kwak, B. R., Mach, F., Mazzolai, L.,...Yang, Z. (2004). Thrombin stimulates human endothelial arginase enzymatic activity via RhoA/ROCK pathway: Implications for at herosclerotic endothelial dysfunction. Circulation, 110, 3708-3714. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000142867.26182.32
55. Mozaffarian, D., Appel, L. J., & Van Horn, L. (2011). Components of a cardioprotective diet: New insights. Circulation, 123, 2870-2891. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.968735
56. Münzel, T., Sinning, C., Post, F., Warnholtz, A., & Schulz, E. (2008). Pathophysiology, diagnosis and prognostic i mplications of endothelial dysfunction. Annals of Medicine, 40, 180-196. doi:10.1080/07853890701854702
57. Murad, F. (1999). Cellular signaling with nitric oxide and cyclic GMP. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 32, 1317-1327. doi:10.1590/S0100-879X1999001100001
58. Murray-Rust J.,Leiper J.,McAlister M.,Phelan J.,Tilley S.,Santa Maria J.,McDonald N. 2001 Str uctural insights into the hydrolysis of cellular nitric oxide synthase inhibitors by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 8, 679-683, 10.1038/90387
59. Murrow, J. R. Sher, S., Ali, S., Uphoff, I., Patel, R., Porkert, M., Quyyumi, A. A. (2012). The differential effect of statins on oxidative stress and endothelial function: Atorvastatin versus pravastatin. Journal of Clinical Lipidology, 6, 42-49. doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2011.08.006
60. Napoli, C., Bruzzese, G., Ignarro, L. J., Crimi, E., de Nigris, F., Williams-Ignarro, S.,...Liguori, A. (2008). Long-term treatmentwith sulfhydryl angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition reduces carotid intimamedia thickening and improves the nitric oxide/oxidative stress pathways in newly diagnosed patientswithmild tomoderate primary hypertension. American Heart Journal, 156, 1154.e1-115 4.e8. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2008.09.006
61. Nicholls, S. J.,& Hazen, S. L. (2005).Myeloperoxidase and cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 25, 1102-1111. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000163262.83456.6d
62. Oha ra, Y., Peterson, T. E., & Harrison, D. G. (1993). Hypercholesterolemia increases endothelial superoxide anion production. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 91, 2546-2551. doi:10.1172/JCI116491
63. Ok ado-Matsumoto, A., & Fridovich, I. (2001). Subcellular distribution of superoxide dismutases (SOD) in rat liver:Cu,Zn-SOD in mitochondria. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276, 38388-38393. doi:10.1074/jbc .M105395200
64. Padayatty, S. J., Riordan, H. D., Hewitt, S. M., Katz, A., Hoffer, L. J., & Levine, M. (2006). Intravenously administered vitamin C as cancer therapy: Three cases. Canadian Medical Associati on Journal, 174, 937-942. doi:174/7/937
65. Park, S. (2013). The effects of high concentrations of vitamin C on cancer cells. Nutrients, 5, 3496-3505. doi:10.3390/nu5093496
66. Patel, K. D., Cuv elier, S. L.,&Wiehler, S. (2002). Selectins: Criticalmediators of leukocyte recruitment. Seminars in Immunology, 14, 73-81. doi:10.1006/smim.2001.0344
67. Petrone,W. F., English, D. K.,Wong, K., &McCor d, J. M. (1980). Free radicals and inflammation: Superoxide-dependent activation of a neutrophil chemotactic factor in plasma. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 77, 1159-1163.
68. Pham-Huy, L. A., He, H., & Pham-Huy, C. (2008). Free radicals, antioxidants in disease and health. International Journal of Biomedical Science: IJBS, 4, 89-96.
69. Pipinos, I. I., Judge,A.R.,Zhu,Z., Selsby, J.T., Swanson, S.A., Johanning, J.M., Dodd, S. L. (2006).Mitochondrial defects and oxidative damage in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 41, 262-269. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbi omed.2006.04.003
70. Podrez, E. A., Abu-Soud, H. M., & Hazen, S. L. (2000). Myeloperoxidasegenerated oxidants and atherosclerosis. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 28, 1717-1725. doi:10.1016/S0891-5 849(00)00229-X
71. Polderman, K. H. (2004). Application of therapeutic hypothermia in the ICU: Opportunities and pitfalls of a promising treatment modality. Part 1: Indications and evidence. Intensive Care Medicine, 30, 556-575. doi:10.1007/s00134-003-2152-x
72. Powers, S. K., & Jackson, M. J. (2008). Exercise-induced oxidative stress: Cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production. Physiological Reviews, 88, 1243-1276. doi:10.1152/physrev.00031.2007
73. Püntmann, V. O., Hussain, M. B., Mayr, M., Xu, Q., & Singer, D. R. J. (2005). Role of oxidative stress in angiotensin-II mediated contraction of human conduit arteries in patients with cardiovascular disease. Vascular Pharmacology, 43, 277-282. doi:10.1016/j.vph.2005.08.015
74. Richter, C. (1988). Domitochondrial DNA fragments promote cancer and aging? FEBS Letters, 241, 1-5. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(88)81018-4
75. Samjoo, I. A., Safdar,A.,Hamadeh, M. J., Raha, S., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2013). The effect of endurance exercise on both skeletal muscle and systemic oxidative stress in p reviously sedentary obesemen. Nutrition & Diabetes, 3, e88. doi:10.1038/nutd.2013.30; 10.1038/nutd .2013.30
76. Samuelsson, B. (1987). An elucidation of the arachidonic acid cascade: Discovery of prostaglandins, thromboxane and leukotrienes. Drugs, 33, 2-9. doi:10.2165/00003495-198700331-00003
77. Sanz, C., Gautier, J.-F., & Hanaire, H. (2010). Physical exercise for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. D iabetes & Metabolism, 36, 346-351. doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2010.06.001
78. Scheibmeir, H. D., Christensen, K., Whitaker, S. H., Jegaethesan, J., Clancy, R., & Pierce, J. D. (2005). A review of free radicals and antioxidants for critical care nurses. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 21, 24-28. doi:10.1016/j.iccn.2004.07.007
79. Schneider M. P.,Schmidt B. M.,John S,Schmieder R. E. (20 11 Effects of statin treatment on endothelial function, oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with arterial hypertension and normal cholesterol levels Journal of Hypertension 29 1757-1764 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283 4a509a
80. Sedaghat, Z., Kadkhodaee, M., Seifi, B., Salehi, E., Najafi, A., & Dargahi, L. (2013). Remote preconditioning reduces oxidative stress, downregulates cyclo-oxygenase-2 expression and attenuates ischaemiare perfusion-induced acute kidney injury. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 40, 97-103. doi:10.1111/1440-1681 .12044
81. Skyrme-Jones, R. A., O'Brien, R. C., Berry, K. L., & Meredith, I. T. (2000). Vitam in E supplementation improves endothelial function in type I diabetes mellitus: A randomized, placebo-controlled study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 36, 94-102. doi:10 .1016/S0735-1097(00)00720-8
82. Skyschally, A.,vanCaster,P., Iliodromitis, E.K.,Schulz, R.,Kremastinos,D.T., &Heusch,G. (2009). Ischemic postconditioning: Experimental models and protocol algorithms. Basic Research in Cardiology, 104, 469-483. doi:10.10 07/s00395-009-0040-4
83. Takiguchi, S., Ayaori, M., Uto-Kondo, H., Iizuka, M., Sasaki, M., Komatsu, T.,...Ikewaki, K. (2011).Olmesartan improves endothelial function in hypertensive patients: Link with extracell ular superoxide dismutase. Hypertension Research, 34, 686-692. doi:10.1038/hr.2011.11
84. Title, L. M., Cummings, P. M., Giddens, K., Genest, J. J.,&Nassar, B. A. (2000). Effect of folic acid and antiox idant vitamins on endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 36, 758-765. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00809-3
85. Tousoulis,D., Antoniades,C., Tentolouris , C.,Goumas, G., Stefanadis, C., & Toutouzas, P. (2002). L-Arginine in cardiovascular disease: Dream or reality? Vascular Medicine, 7, 203-211. doi:10.1191/1358863x 02vm434ra
86. Valko, M., Leibfritz, D ., Moncol, J., Cronin, M. T. D., Mazur, M., & Telser, J. (2007). Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 39 44-84. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2006 .07.001
87. Versari, D., Virdis, A., Ghiadoni, L., Daghini, E., Duranti, E., Masi, S., Taddei, S. (2009). Effect of verapamil, trandolapril and their combination on vascular function and structure in essential hypertensive patients. Atherosclerosis, 205, 214-220. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis .2008.11.023
88. Vinten-Johansen, J., Zhao,Z.Q., Jiang,R.,&Zatta, A. J. (2005).Myocardial protection in reperfusion with postconditioning. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 3, 1035-1045. doi:10.1586/14779072.3 .6.1035
89. Weisiger, R. A., & Fridovich, I. (1973). Superoxide dismutase: Organelle specificity. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 248, 3582-3592.
90. Weller, A., Isenmann, S., & Vestweber, D. (1992). Cloning of the mouse endothelial selectins. Expressi on of both E-And P-selectin is inducible by tumor necrosis factor alpha. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 267, 15176-15183.
91. Yoshida, O., Kondo, T., Kureishi-Bando, Y., Sugiura, T., Maeda, K., Okumura, K .,&Murohara, T. (2010). Pitavastatin, anHMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, ameliorates endothelial function in chronic smokers. Circulation Journal: Official Journal of the Japanese Circulation Society, 74, 195-202. doi:10.1253/circj.C J-09-0345
92. Yusof, H. M., Miles, E. A., & Calder, P. (2008). Influence of very longchain n-3 fatty acids on plasma markers of inflammation inmiddleaged men. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids, 78, 219-228. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2008.02.002
93. Zarbock, A., & Ley, K. (2009). Neutrophil adhesion and activation under flow. Microcirculation, 16, 31-42. doi:10.1080/10739680802350104
94. Zhao, H. (2009). Ischemic postconditioning as a novel avenue to protect against brain injury after stroke. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 29, 873-885. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2009.13
95. Zou, M.-H., Shi, C., & Cohen, R. A. (2002). Oxidation of the zinc-thiolate complex and uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by peroxynitrite. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 109, 817-826. doi:10.1172/JCI14442