Measuring human rights

Measuring Human Rights

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-162

  Landman, Todd ^a   Carvalho, Edzia ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ESSEX   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84917288384     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203867594     Document Type: Book

References (348)

1. Abouharb, R. and Cingranelli, D. L. (2007) Human Rights and Structural Adjustment: The Impact of the IMF and World Bank, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2. Adcock, R. and Collier, D. (2001) ‘Measurement validity: A shared standard for qualitative and quantitative research’, The American Political Science Review, 95(3): 529-46.
3. Alfredsson, G. and Eide, A. (1999) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: A Common Standard of Achievement, The Hague/ Boston/ London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
4. Alston, P. (ed.) (2005) Non-State Actors and Human Rights, The Collected Courses of the Academy of European Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5. Amnesty International (2007) ‘From burning buses to caveiroes: the search for human security’ London: Amnesty International, 2 May 2007; AMR 19/010/2007.
6. Anand, S. and Sen, A. (2003) ‘Human development index: Methodology and measurement’ in S. Fukuda-Parr and A. K. Shiva Kumar (eds) (2003) Readings in Human Development, New York and New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
7. Anderson, C. J., Paskeviciute, A., Sandovici, M. E. and Tverdova, Y. V. (2005) ‘In the eye of the beholder? The foundations of subjective human rights conditions in East-Central Europe’, Comparative Political Studies, 38: 771-98.
8. Andreassen, B. A. (2003) ‘Development, capabilities, rights: What is new about the right to development and a rights approach to development?’ in M. Bergsmo (ed.) Human Rights and Criminal Justice for the Downtrodden: Essays in Honour of Asbjørn Eide, Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
9. An-Na’im, A. A. (1999) ‘The position of Islamic states regarding the Universal Declaration of Human Rights’ in P. Baehr, C. Flinterman and M. Senders (eds) Innovation and Inspiration: Fifty Years of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Amsterdam: Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences.
10. Apodaca, C. (2007) ‘Measuring the progressive realization of economic and social rights’ in S. Hertel and L. Minkler (eds) Economic Rights: Conceptual, Measurement, and Policy Issues, Cambridge University Press.
11. Asher, J. (2004) The Right to Health: A Resource Manual for NGOs, London and Washington, DC: Commonwealth Medical Trust and AAAS Science and Human Rights Program. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed on 18 February 2009).
12. Backman, G., Hunt, P., Khosla, R., Jaramillo-Strouss, C., Fikre, B. M., Rumble, C., Pevalin, D., Påez, D. A., Pineda, M. A., Frisancho, A., Tarco, D., Motlagh, M., Farcasanu, D. and Vladescu, C. (2008) ‘Health systems and the right to health: an assessment of 194 countries’, The Lancet, 372(9655): 2047.
13. Baehr, P., Flinterman, C. and Senders, M. (eds) (1999) Innovation and Inspiration: Fifty Years of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Amsterdam: Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences.
14. Balakrishnan, R. and Elson, D. (2008) ‘Auditing economic policy in the light of obligations on economic and social rights’, Essex Human Rights Review, Special Issue 5 (1) on Human Rights Perspectives: What We Have Learnt So Far. Online. Available HTTP: < ehrr.org >.
15. Balakrishnan, R., Elson, D. and Patel, R. (2009) Rethinking Macro Economic Strategies from a Human Rights Perspective (Why MES with Human Rights II). Online. Available HTTP: (accessed on 14 March 2009).
16. Baldock, J. (2007) ‘Social policy, social welfare, and the welfare state’ in J. Baldock, N. Manning and S. Vickerstaff (eds) Social Policy, 3rd edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
17. Ball, P. (2000a) ‘The Salvadoran Human Rights Commission: Data processing, data representation, and generating analytical reports’ in P. B. Ball, H. F. Spirer and L. Spirer (eds) Making the Case: Investigating Large Scale Human Rights Violations Using Information Systems and Data Analysis, Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science.
18. Ball, P. (2000b) ‘The Guatemalan Commission for historical clarification: Generating analytical reports, inter-sample analysis’ in P. B. Ball, H. F. Spirer and L. Spirer (eds) Making the Case: Investigating Large Scale Human Rights Violations Using Information Systems and Data Analysis, Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science.
19. Ball, P. and Asher, J. (2002) ‘Statistics and Slobodan: Using data analysis and statistics in the war crimes tribunal of former President Milosevic’, Chance, 15(4): 15-24.
20. Ball, P., Asher, J., Sulmont, D. and Manrique, D. (2003) How many Peruvians have Died? An Estimate of the Total Number of Victims Killed or Disappeared in the Armed Internal Conflict between 1980 and 2000, Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science.
21. Ball, P., Guberek, T., Guzmán, D., Hoover, A. and Lynch, M. (2008) Assessing Claims of Declining Lethal Violence in Colombia, Palo Alto, CA: Benetech Initiative. Available HTTP: (accessed 5 April 2009).
22. Ball, P., Kobrak, P. and Spirer, H. (1999) State Violence in Guatemala 1960-1996: A Quantitative Reflection, Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science.
23. Ball, P., Spirer, H. and Spirer, L. (2000) Making the Case: Investigating Large Scale Human Rights Violations Using Information Systems and Data Analysis, Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science.
24. Ball, P., Tabeau, E. and Verwimp, P. (2007) The Bosnian Book of Dead: Assessment of the Database. Full Report. HiCN Research Design Note 5. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 5 April 2009).
25. Ballesteros, A., Restrepo, J. A., Spagat, M. and Vargas, J. F. (2007) The Work of Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch: Evidence from Colombia, Bogota: CERAC -Centro de Recursos para el Análisis de Conflictos. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 3 April 2009).
26. Banks, A. S. (1994) Cross-Polity Time-series Data Archive, Binghamton, NY: State University of New York at Binghamton.
27. Barsh, R. L. (1993) ‘Measuring human rights: problems of methodology and purpose’, Human Rights Quarterly, 15(1): 87-121.
28. Beetham, D. (1999) Democracy and Human Rights, Cambridge: Polity.
29. Beetham, D., Carvalho, E., Landman, T. and Weir, S. (2008) Assessing the Quality of Democracy: A Practical Guide, Stockholm: International IDEA.
30. Bishop, Y. M., Feinberg, S. E. and Holland, P. H. (1975) Discrete Multivariate Analysis: Theory and Practice, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
31. Boli, J., Loya, T. A. and Loftin, T. (1999) ‘National participation in world-polity organization’ in J. Boli and G. M. Thomas (eds) Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations Since 1875, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
32. Boli-Bennett, J. (1976) The Expansion of Nation-States, 1870-1970, PhD dissertation, Department of Sociology, Stanford University.
33. Bollen, K. A. (1992) ‘Political rights and political liberties in nations: An evaluation of rights measures, 1950 to 1984’ in T. B. Jabine and R. P. Claude (eds) Human Rights and Statistics: Getting the Record Straight, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
34. Bollen, K.A. (1998) Cross National Indicators of Liberal Democracy, 1950 to 1990, Codebook, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina.
35. Booth, D. and Lucas, H. (2001) ‘Desk study of good practice in the development of PRSP indicators and monitoring systems: Initial review of PRSP documentation’, Report commissioned by DFID for the Strategic Partnership with Africa. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed on 26 February 2009).
36. Boyce, S. (2005) ‘What Kind of Indicators can best monitor the delivery of the Children’s Strategy?’, briefing paper prepared for OFMDFM by the Children’s Legal Centre and Save the Children. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed on 9 March).
37. Brockett, C. (2005) Political Movements and Violence in Central America, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
38. Brownlie, I. (2003) Principles of Public International Law, 6th edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
39. Bryman, A. and Cramer, D. (1999) Quantitative Data Analysis with SPSS: A Guide for Social Scientists, London: Routledge.
40. Buckingham, A. and Saunders, P. (2004) The Survey Methods Workbook: From Design to Analysis, Cambridge and Malden: Polity.
41. Bueno de Mesquita, B., Downs, G. W., Smith, A. and Cherif, F. M. (2005) ‘Thinking Inside the Box: A Closer Look at Democracy and Human Rights’, International Studies Quarterly, 49: 439-57.
42. Burkhart, R. E. and Lewis-Beck, M. (1994) ‘Comparative Democracy, the Economic Development Thesis’, American Political Science Review, 88(4): 903-10.
43. Burnham, G., Lafta, R., Doocy, S. and Roberts, L. (2006) ‘Mortality after the 2003 Invasion of Iraq: A cross-sectional cluster sample survey’, The Lancet, 368(9545): 1421-28.
44. Cain, M., Claude, R. P. and Jabine, T. B. (1992) ‘A guide to human rights data sources’ in T. B. Jabine and R. P. Claude (eds) Human Rights and Statistics: Getting the Record Straight, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
45. Callaway, R. L. and Harrelson-Stephens, J. (2004) ‘The path from trade to human rights: The democracy and development detour’ in S. C. Carey and S. C. Poe (eds) Understanding Human Rights Violations: New Systematic Studies, Aldershot: Ashgate.
46. Cammack, P. (1997) Capitalism and Democracy in the Third World: The Doctrine for Political Development, London and Washington: Leicester University Press.
47. Carvalho, E. (2008) ‘Measuring children’s rights: An alternative approach’, International Journal of Children’s Rights, 16(4): 545.
48. Chao, A. and Tsay, P. K. (1998) ‘A sample coverage approach to multiple systems estimation with application to census undercount’, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 93 (441): 283-93.
49. Chapman, A. (1996) 'A –violations approach— for monitoring the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights', Human Rights Quarterly, 18(1): 23-66.
50. Chapman, A. (2007) ‘The status of efforts to monitor economic, social, and cultural rights’ in S. Hertel and L. Minkler (eds) Economic Rights: Conceptual, Measurement, and Policy Issues, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
51. Chapman, A. and Russell, S. (eds) (2002) Core Obligations: Building a Framework for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Antwerp/ Oxford/ New York: Intersentia.
52. Cingranelli, D. L. and Richards, D. (2007) ‘Measuring government effort to respect economic and social human rights: A peer benchmark’ in S. Hertel and L. Minkler (eds) Economic Rights: Conceptual, Measurement, and Policy Issues, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
53. Cioffi-Revilla, C. (1990) The Scientific Measurement of International Conflict: Handbook of Datasets on Crises and Wars, 1495-1988 AD, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
54. Cioffi-Revilla, C. (1991) ‘The Long-range analysis of war’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 21: 603-29.
55. Cioffi-Revilla, C. (1996) ‘Origins and evolution of war and politics’, International Studies Quarterly, 40:1-22.
56. Cioffi-Revilla, C. (1998) Politics and Uncertainty: Theory, Models, and Applications, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
57. Cioffi-Revilla, C. and Lai, D. (1995) ‘War and politics in ancient China, 2700 B.C. to 722 B.C.: Measurement and comparative analysis’, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 39(3): 467-94.
58. Cioffi-Revilla, C. and Landman, T. (1999) ‘The rise and fall of Maya city states in the ancient Meso-American System’, International Studies Quarterly, 43: 559-98.
59. Clapham, A. (2006) Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
60. Claude, R. P. (ed.) (1976) Comparative Human Rights, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.
61. Claude, R. P. and Jabine, T. B. (1992) ‘Exploring human rights issues with statistics’ in T. B. Jabine and R. P. Claude (eds) Human Rights and Statistics: Getting the Record Straight, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
62. Clayton, R. and Pontusson, J. (1998) ‘Welfare state retrenchment revisited: Entitlement cuts, public sector restructuring, and inegalitarian trends in advanced capitalist societies’, World Politics, 51(1): 67-98.
63. Cochran, C. L. and Malone, E. F. (1995) Public Policy: Perspectives and Choices, New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
64. Committee Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT) (2005), ‘Guidelines on the form and content of initial reports under Article 19 to be submitted by States Parties to the Convention against Torture’, CAT/C/4/Rev.3. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 23 February 2009).
65. Committee on Civil and Political Rights (CCPR) (1989) ‘General Comment No. 18. Non-discrimination’, 10/11/89. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 28 January 2009).
66. Committee on Civil and Political Rights (CCPR) (1996) ‘General Comment No. 25. The right to participate in public affairs, voting rights and the right of equal access to public service (Art. 25)’, 12/07/96, CCPR/C/ 21/Rev.1/Add.7. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 28 January 2009).
67. Committee on Civil and Political Rights (CCPR) (2001) ‘Consolidated guidelines for State reports under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights’ 26/02/2001, CCPR/C/66/GUI/Rev.2. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 23 February 2009).
68. Committee on Civil and Political Rights (CCPR) (2004) ‘General Comment No. 31 [80]. Nature of the general legal obligation imposed on States Parties to the Covenant’, 25/05/2004, CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 28 January 2009).
69. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) (1989) ‘CESCR General Comment No. 1. Reporting by States Parties’, 24/02/89, E/1989/22. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 23 February 2009).
70. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) (1990) ‘CESCR General Comment No. 3. The nature of States Parties obligations (Art. 2, par. 1)’, 14/12/90, CESCR/E/1991/23. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 28 January 2009).
71. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) (1999a) ‘General Comment No. 12. The right to adequate food (Art. 11)’, 12/05/ 99, CESCR/E/C.12/1999/5. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 28 January 2009).
72. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) (1999b) ‘General Comment No. 13. The right to education (Art. 13)’, 08/12/99, CESCR/E/C.12/1999/10. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 28 January 2009).
73. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) (2000) ‘General Comment No. 14. The right to the highest attainable standard of health (Art. 12)’, 11/08/00, CESCR/E/C.12/2000/4. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 28 January 2009).
74. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (1989) ‘General Recommendation No. 9: Statistical data concerning the situation of women’ Eighth Session. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 23 February 2009).
75. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) (2000) ‘General Guidelines regarding the form and contents of reports to be submitted by State Parties under Article 9, Paragraph 1, of the Convention’ CERD/C/70/Rev.5. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 23 February 2009).
76. Committee on the Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers and members of their Families (CMW) (2008) ‘Guidelines for periodic reports to be submitted by State Parties under Article 73 of the Convention’, CMW/C/2008/1. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 23 February 2009).
77. Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) (1996) ‘General guidelines regarding the form and content of periodic reports to be submitted by State Parties under Article 44, Paragraph 1 (b), of the Convention’, UN Doc CRC/C/58. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 23 February 2009).
78. Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) (2003) ‘General Comment No. 5. General measures of implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (arts. 4, 42 and 44, para. 6)’, CRC/GC/2003/5. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 28 January 2009).
79. Conte, A. (2004) ‘Democratic and civil rights’ in A. Conte, S. Davidson and R. Burchill (eds) Defining Civil and Political Rights: The Jurisprudence of the United Nations Human Rights Committee, Aldershot: Ashgate.
80. Coppedge, M. and Reinicke, W (1988) ‘A scale of polyarchy’ in R. D. Gastil (ed.) Freedom in the World: Political Rights and Civil Liberties 1987-1988, New York: Freedom House.
81. Coppedge, M. and Reinicke, W (1990) ‘Measuring polyarchy’, Studies in Comparative International Development, 25(1): 51-72.
82. Coppedge, M. and Reinicke, W (1991) ‘Measuring polyarchy’ in A. Inkeles (ed.) On Measuring Democracy: Its Consequences and Concomitants, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
83. Cross, F. B. (1999) ‘The relevance of law in human rights protection’, International Review of Law and Economics, 19(1): 87-98.
84. Dahl, R. (1971) Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition, New Haven: Yale University Press.
85. Davenport, C. (1995) ‘Multi-dimensional threat perception and state repression’, American Journal of Political Science, 39(3): 683-713.
86. Davenport, C. (1996) '–Constitutional promises— and repressive reality: A cross-national time-series investigation of why political and civil liberties are suppressed', The Journal of Politics, 58(3): 627-54.
87. Davenport, C. and Armstrong, D. A. (2004) ‘Democracy and the violation of human rights: A statistical analysis from 1976 to 1996’, American Journal of Political Science, 48 (3): 538-54.
88. Davidson, S. (1993) Human Rights, Buckingham: Open University Press.
89. de Beco, G. (2007) ‘Measuring human rights: Underlying approach’, European Human Rights Law Review, 3: 266-78.
90. Department for International Development, UK (DFID) (2006) ‘Eliminating world poverty: Making governance work for the poor. white paper on international development’. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 26 February 2009).
91. Diamond, J. (2005) Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed, London: Viking.
92. Dixon, W. J. and Moon, B. E. (1986) ‘The military burden and basic human-needs’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 30(4): 660-84.
93. Donnelly, J. (1986) ‘International human rights: A regime analysis’, International Organization, 40: 599-642.
94. Donnely, J. (1999) ‘Non-Discrimination and sexual orientation: Making a place for sexual minorities in the global human rights regime’ in P. Baehr, C. Flinterman and M. Senders (eds) Innovation and Inspiration: Fifty Years of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Amsterdam: Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences.
95. Donnelly, J. (1999) ‘Democracy, development, and human rights’, Human Rights Quarterly, 21(3): 608-32.
96. Donnelly, J. (2003) Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice, 2nd edn, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
97. Donelly, J. (2007a) ‘The relative universality of human rights’, Human Rights Quarterly, 29: 281-306.
98. Donelly, J. (2007b) ‘The west and economic rights’ in S. Hertel and L. Minkler (eds) Economic Rights: Conceptual, Measurement, and Policy Issues, Cambridge University Press.
99. Donnelly, J. and Howard, R. E. (1988) ‘Assessing national human rights performance: A theoretical framework’, Human Rights Quarterly, 10(2): 214-48.
100. Dueck, J. (1992) ‘HURIDOCS standard formats as a tool in the documentation of human rights violations’ in T. B. Jabine and R. P. Claude (eds) Human Rights and Statistics: Getting the Record Straight, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
101. Duff, E. and McCamant, J., with Morales, W. (1976) Violence and Repression in Latin America, New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
102. Eide, A. (1989) ‘Realization of social and economic rights: The minimum threshold approach’, International Commission of Jurists Review, 43: 40-52.
103. Eide, A. (2001) ‘Economic, social and cultural rights as human rights’ in A. Eide, C. Krause and A. Rosas (eds) Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Textbook, 2nd edn, Dordrecht/ Boston/ London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
104. Ennew, J. (1997) ‘Monitoring children’s rights: Indicators for children’s rights project’, Childwatch International. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 9 March 2009).
105. Fein, H. (1995) ‘More murder in the middle: Life integrity violations and democracy in the world’, Human Rights Quarterly, 17(1): 170-91.
106. Fitzgibbon, R. H. (1967) ‘Measuring democratic change in Latin America’, Journal of Politics, 29: 129-66.
107. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2008) The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2008: High Food Prices and Food Security - Threats and Opportunities, Rome: FAO.
108. Foweraker, J. and Krznaric, R. (2003) ‘Differentiating the democratic performance of the West’, European Journal of Political Research, 42(3): 313-40.
109. Foweraker, J. and Landman, T. (1997) Citizenship Rights and Social Movements: A Comparative and Statistical Analysis, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
110. Foweraker, J. and Landman, T. (2000) Citizenship Rights and Social Movements: A Comparative and Statistical Analysis, paperback edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
111. Francisco, R. (2000) 'Why are collective conflicts –stable—?' in C. Davenport (ed.) Paths to State Repression: Human Rights Violations and Contentious Politics, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
112. Francisco, R. (2004a) ‘After the massacre: Mobilization in the wake of harsh repression’, Mobilization, 2(2): 107-26.
113. Francisco, R. (2004b) ‘The dictator’s dilemma’ in C. Davenport, H. Johnston and C. Mueller (eds) Repression and Mobilization, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
114. Freedman, L. P. (1999) ‘Reflections on emerging frameworks of health and human rights’ in J. M. Mann, S. Gruskin, M. A. Grodin and G. J. Annas (eds) Health and Human Rights: A Reader, New York and London: Routledge.
115. Freeman, M. (2002) Human Rights: An Interdisciplinary Approach, Cambridge, UK and Malden, MA: Polity.
116. Fukuda-Parr, S., Raworth, K. and Shiva Kumar, A. K. (2003) ‘Using the HDI for policy analysis’ in S. Fukuda-Parr and A. K. Shiva Kumar (eds) Readings in Human Development, New York and New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
117. Fundar - Centro de Análisis e Investigación, the International Budget Project, and International Human Rights Internship Program (2004) Dignity Counts: A Guide to Using Budget Analysis to Advance Human Rights, Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 15 March 2009).
118. Gastil, R. D. (1978) Freedom in the World: Political Rights and Civil Liberties, 1978, Boston: G. K. Hall.
119. Gastil, R. D. (1980) Freedom in the World: Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
120. Gastil, R. D. (1988) Freedom in the World: Political and Civil Liberties, 1986-1987, New York: Freedom House.
121. Gastil, R. D. (1990) ‘The comparative survey of freedom: Experiences and suggestions’ Studies in Comparative International Development, 25: 25-50.
122. Gibney, M. and Dalton, M. (1996) ‘The political terror scale’ in D. Cingranelli, Human Rights and Developing Countries, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
123. Gibney, M., Dalton, M. and Vockell, M. (1992) ‘USA refugee policy: A human rights analysis update’, Journal of Refugee Studies, 5(1): 37-46.
124. Gibney, M. and Stohl, M. (1988) ‘Human rights and US refugee policy’ in M. Gibney (ed.) Open Borders? Closed Societies? The Ethical and Political Issues, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
125. Gibson, J. S. (1996) Dictionary of International Human Rights Law, Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.
126. Giffard, C. (2002) Torture Reporting Handbook, Colchester, UK: Human Rights Centre, University of Essex.
127. Giles, J. (2008) ‘The forensic humanitarian’, New York Times Magazine, 17 February 2008.
128. Goertz, G. (2006) Social Science Concepts: A User’s Guide, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
129. Goldstein, R. J. (1992) ‘The limitations of using quantitative data in studying human rights abuses’ in T. B. Jabine and R. P. Claude (eds) Human Rights and Statistics: Getting the Record Straight, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
130. González Peña, A. and Restrepo, J. A. (2006) ‘Desmovilización de las AUC: Mayor Seguridad Humana?’ UN Periódico, 97 (September).
131. Goodin, R. E., Headey, B., Muffels, R. and Dirven, H.-J. (2000) ‘The real worlds of welfare capitalism’ in C. Pierson and F. G. Castles (eds) The Welfare State Reader, Oxford and Malden: Polity.
132. Green, M. (2001) ‘What we talk about when we talk about indicators: Current approaches to human rights measurement’, Human Rights Quarterly, 23: 1062-97.
133. Greer, D. (1935) The Incidence of Terror During the French Revolution: A Statistical Interpretation, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
134. Gruskin, S. and Tarantola, D. (2005) ‘Health and human rights’ in S. Gruskin, M. A. Grodin, G. J. Annas and S. P. Marks (eds) Perspectives on Health and Human Rights, New York and London: Routledge.
135. Gruskin, S., Grodin, M. A., Annas, G. J. and Marks, S. P. (eds) (2005) Perspectives on Health and Human Rights, New York and London: Routledge.
136. Gurr, T. R. (1969) ‘A comparative study of civil strife’ in H. D. Graham and T. R. Gurr (eds) Violence in America: Historical and Comparative Perspectives, New York: Signet.
137. Gurr, T.R., (1970) Why Men Rebel, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
138. Guzmán, D., Guberek, T., Hoover, A. and Ball, P. (2007) Missing People in Casanare, Palo Alto, CA: Human Rights Data Analysis Group. Palo Alto, CA: Benetech Initiative. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 4 April 2009).
139. Hafner-Burton, E. M. (2005) ‘Right or robust? The sensitive nature of political repression in an era of globalization’, Journal of Peace Research, 42(6): 679-98.
140. Hafner-Burton, E. M. and Tsutsui, K. (2005) ‘Human rights practices in a globalizing world: The paradox of empty promises’, American Journal of Sociology, 110(5): 1373-1411.
141. Hafner-Burton, E.M. and Tsutsui, K. (2007) ‘Justice lost! The failure of international human rights law to matter where needed most’, Journal of Peace Research, 44(4): 407-25.
142. Hafner-Burton, E. M., Tsutsui, K. and Meyer, J. W. (2008) ‘International human rights law and the politics of legitimation: Repressive states and human rights treaties’, International Sociology, 23(1): 115-41.
143. Hannum, H. (1998) ‘The UDHR in national and international law’, Health and Human Rights: An International Journal, 3(2): 144-59.
144. Hasenclever, A., Mayer, P. and Rittberger, V. (2000) ‘Integrating theories ofinternational regimes’, Review of International Studies, 26(1): 3-33.
145. Hathaway, O. (2002) ‘Do treaties make a difference? Human rights treaties and the problem of compliance’, Yale Law Journal, 111: 1932-2042.
146. Hathaway, O. (2003) ‘The cost of commitment’, Stanford Law Review, 55:1821-62.
147. Hathaway, O. (2007) ‘Why do countries commit to human rights treaties?’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51(4): 588-621.
148. Hayner, P. B. (2002) Unspeakable Truths: Facing the Challenge of Truth Commissions, New York: Routledge.
149. Helliwell, J. F. (1994) ‘Empirical linkages between democracy and economic growth’, British Journal of Political Science, 24: 225-48.
150. Henderson, C. (1991) ‘Conditions affecting the use of political repression’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 35(1): 120-42.
151. Henderson, J.F. (1993) ‘Population pressures and political repression’, Social Science Quarterly, 74: 322-33.
152. Higgins, R. (1999) ‘The continuing universality of the Universal Declaration’ in P. Baehr, C. Flinterman and M. Senders (eds) Innovation and Inspiration: Fifty Years of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Amsterdam: Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences.
153. Hofferbert, R. I. and Cingranelli, D. L. (1996) ‘Democratic institutions and respect for human rights’ in D. L. Cingranelli (ed.) Human Rights and Developing Countries, Vol. 4, Greenwich, Connecticut and London, England: Jai Press Inc.
154. Hofrenning, D. J. B. (1990) ‘Human Rights and foreign aid: A comparison of the Reagan and Carter Administrations’, American Politics Research, 18: 514-26.
155. Holmes, S. (1999) The Cost of Rights: Why Liberty Depends on Taxes, New York: W. W. Norton.
156. Hoover, A., Silva, R., Guberek, T. and Guzmán, D. (2009) 'The –Dirty War— Index and the Real World of Armed Conflict', analytical paper published by the Human Rights Data Analysis Group, Palo Alto, CA: Benetech Initiative (www.benetech.org).
157. Huckerby, J. and Rodley, N. (2009) ‘Outlawing torture: The story of Amnesty International’s efforts to shape the UN Convention against Torture’ in D. R. Hurwitz, M. L. Satterthwaite and D. Ford (eds) Human Rights Advocacy Stories, New York: Thomson Reuters/Foundation Press.
158. Human Rights Watch (2005) Chad: The Victims of Hissene Habré Still Awaiting Justice, July, Vol. 17, No. 10(A), New York: Human Rights Watch.
159. Human Rights Watch (2006) Judge, Jury, and Executioner: Torture and Extrajudicial Killings by Bangladesh’s Elite Security Force, December, Vol 18, No. 16(C), New York: Human Rights Watch. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed on 4 April 2009).
160. Human Rights Watch (2007). World Report 2007, New York: Human Rights Watch.
161. Hunt, P. (2003a) ‘Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on the right to health’, United Nations Commission on Human Rights, E/CN.4/2003/58. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 4 February 2009).
162. Hunt, P. (2003b) ‘Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on the right to health’, United Nations General Assembly, A/58/427. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 4 February 2009).
163. Hunt, P. (2004a) ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Paul Hunt’, United Nations General Assembly, UN Doc. A/59/422. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 4 February 2009).
164. Hunt, P. (2004b) ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Paul Hunt’, United Nations Commission on Human Rights, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2004/49. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 4 February 2009).
165. Hunt, P. (2005) ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Paul Hunt’, United Nations Commission on Human Rights, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2005/51. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 4 February 2009).
166. Hunt, P. (2006) ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right of Everyone to the Enjoyment of the Highest Attainable Standard of Physical and Mental Health Mr. Paul Hunt’, United Nations Commission on Human Rights, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2006/48. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 4 February 2009).
167. Hunt, P. (2007) ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Highest Attainable Standard of Health’, United Nations General Assembly, UN Doc. A/62/214. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 4 February 2009).
168. Hunt, P. (2008) Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Paul Hunt, United Nations Human Rights Council, UN Doc. A/HRC/7/11. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 4 February 2009).
169. Hunt, P., Osmani, S. and Nowak, M. (2002) Draft Guidelines: A Human Rights Approach to Poverty Reduction Strategies, Prepared for the Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights, New York and Geneva: United Nations.
170. Ignatieff, M. (2001) Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
171. Inglehart, R. (1997) Modernization and Postmodernization, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
172. Institute for Democracy in South Africa (Idasa) (2001) Budgeting for Child Socio-economic Rights: Government Obligations and the Child’s Right to Social Security and Education, Children’s Budget Unit, Budget Information Service, Idasa.
173. International Labour Organization (ILO) (2006) Training Materials for a Global Alliance against Forced Labour, Turin: International Training Centre of the ILO.
174. International Working Group for Disease Monitoring and Forecasting (1995a) ‘Capture-recapture and multiple-record systems estimation I: History and theoretical development’, American Journal of Epidemiology, 142 (10): 1047-58.
175. International Working Group for Disease Monitoring and Forecasting (1995b) ‘Capture-recapture and multiple-record systems estimation II: applications in human diseases’, American Journal of Epidemiology, 142 (10): 1059-77.
176. Jabine, T. B. and Claude, R. P. (eds) (1992) Human Rights and Statistics: Getting the Record Straight, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
177. Jaggers, K. and Gurr, T. R. (1995) ‘Tracking democracy’s third wave with the Polity III data’, Journal of Peace Research, 32(4): 469-82.
178. Jahan, S. (2003) ‘Evolution of the Human Development Index’ in S. Fukuda-Parr and A. K. Shiva Kumar (eds) Readings in Human Development, New York and New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
179. Johnson, K. F. (1976) ‘Scholarly images of Latin American political democracy in 1975’, Latin American Research Review, 11(2):129-40.
180. Johnson, K. F. (1977) ‘Research perspectives on the revised Fitzgibbon-Johnson index of the image of political democracy in Latin America, 1945-79’, J. A. Wilkie and K. Ruddle (eds) Quantitative Latin American Studies, Statistical Abstract of Latin America, Los Angeles: UCLA.
181. Johnson, K. F. (1981) ‘The 1980 image-index survey of Latin American political democracy’, Latin American Research Review, 16: 193-201.
182. Johnson, N. F., Spagat, M., Gourley, S., Onnela, J-P. and Reinert, G. (2008) ‘Bias in epidemiological studies of conflict mortality’, Journal of Peace Research, 45 (5): 653-63.
183. Kaase, M. and Newton, K. (1995) Beliefs in Government, New York: Oxford University Press.
184. Kalyvas, S. N. (2006) The Logic of Violence in Civil War, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
185. Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A. and Zoido-Lobaton, P. (1999a) ‘Aggregating governance indicators’, Policy Research Working Paper No. 2195, Washington, DC: The World Bank.
186. Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A. and Zoido-Lobaton, P. (1999b) ‘Governance matters’, Policy Research Working Paper No. 2196, Washington, DC: The World Bank.
187. Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A. and Zoido-Lobaton, P. (2000) ‘Governance matters: From measurement to action’, Finance and Development, 37(2): 10-12.
188. Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A. and Zoido-Lobaton, P. (2002) ‘Governance matters II: Updated indicators for 2000-2001’, Policy Research Working Paper No. 2772, Washington, DC: The World Bank.
189. Keck, M. and Sikkink, K. (1998) ‘Transnational advocacy networks in the movement society’ in D. S. Meyer and S. Tarrow (eds) The Social Movement Society: Contentious Politics for a New Century, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
190. Keith, L. C. (1999a) ‘The United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Does it make a difference in human rights behavior?’, Journal of Peace Research, 36(1): 95-118.
191. Keith, L. C. (1999b) 'Constitutional provisions for individual human rights (1976-96): Are they more than mere –window dressing—?', Political Research Quarterly, 55: 111-43.
192. Kimenyi, M. S. (2007) ‘Economic rights, human development effort, and institutions’ in S. Hertel and L. Minkler (eds) Economic Rights: Conceptual, Measurement, and Policy Issues, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
193. Knack, S. (2002) Governance and Growth: Measurement and Evidence, Forum Series on the Role of Institutions in Promoting Growth, Washington, DC: IRIS Center and USAID.
194. Koopmans, R. (1996) ‘New social movements and changes in political participation in Western Europe’, West European Politics, 19(1): 28-50.
195. Kritz, N. J. (ed.) (1995) Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes, Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.
196. Kuhn, T. (1962) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
197. Kulas, J. (2008) SPSS Essentials: Managing and Analyzing Social Sciences Data, John Wiley and Sons.
198. Künnemann, R. and Epal-Ratjen, S. (2004) The Right to Food: A Resource Manual for NGOs, Washington, DC: AAAS Science and Human Rights Program and HURIDOCS. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed on 18 February 2009).
199. Landman, T. (2000) Issues and Methods in Comparative Politics: An Introduction, London: Routledge.
200. Landman, T. (2002) ‘Comparative politics and human rights’, Human Rights Quarterly, 24(4): 890-923.
201. Landman, T. (2003) Issues and Methods in Comparative Politics: An Introduction, 2nd edn, London: Routledge.
202. Landman, T. (2004) ‘Measuring human rights: Principle, practice and policy’, Human Rights Quarterly, 26: 906-31.
203. Landman, T. (2005a) Protecting Human Rights: A Comparative Study, Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
204. Landman, T. (2005b) ‘Review article: The political science of human rights’, British Journal of Political Science, 35(3): 549-72.
205. Landman, T. (2006a) Studying Human Rights, London and New York: Routledge.
206. Landman, T. (2006b) Human Rights and Social Exclusion Indicators: Concepts, Best Practices, and Methods for Implementation, report prepared for the UK Department for International Development (DFID), on file with authors.
207. Landman, T. (2008) Issues and Methods in Comparative Politics: An Introduction, 3rd edn, London: Routledge.
208. Landman, T. (2009) ‘Measuring human rights’ in M. Goodhart (ed.) Human Rights: Politics and Practice, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
209. Landman, T. and Häusermann, J. (2003) Map-Making and Analysis of the Main International Initiatives on Developing Indicators on Democracy and Good Governance, University of Essex - Human Rights Centre and EUROSTAT.
210. Landman, T. and Larizza, M. (2009) ‘Inequality and human rights: Who controls what, when, and how’, International Studies Quarterly 53(3): 535-57.
211. La Porte, R., Yip, P. S. F., Bruno, G., Tajlma, N., Seben, G. A. F., Buddand, S. T., Cormack, R. M, Unwin, N., Chang, Y.-F., Fienberg, S. E., Junker, B. W., Libman, I. M. and McCarty, D. J. (1995) ‘Capture-Recapture and Multiple-Record Systems Estimation I: History and Theoretical Development’, American Journal of Epidemiology, 142 (10): 1047-1158.
212. Lasswell, H. D. (1951) Politics: Who Gets What, When, and How, Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
213. Lauren, P. G. (1998) The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
214. Lipset, S. M. (1959) ‘Some social requisites from democracy: Economic development and political legitimacy’, The American Political Science Review, 53: 69-105.
215. Lynn, P. (2003) ‘Development of a sampling method for household surveys in post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina’, ISER Working Paper No. 2003-26, Colchester: ISER. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 4 April 2009).
216. Macintyre, A. (1971) ‘Is a science of comparative politics possible?’ in A. Macintyre, Against the Self-Images of the Age, London: Duckworth.
217. Malanczuk, P. (1997) Akehurst’s Modern Introduction to International Law, 7th revised edn, London: Routledge.
218. Malhotra, R. and Fasel, N. (2005) ‘Quantitative human rights indicators: A survey of major initiatives’, paper presented at the Nordic Network Seminar in Human Rights Research, 10-13 March, 2005, Abo, Finland.
219. Mann, J. M. (1999) ‘Medicine and public health, ethics and human rights’ in J. M. Mann, S. Gruskin, M. A. Grodin and G. J. Annas (eds) Health and Human Rights: A Reader, New York and London: Routledge.
220. Mann, J. M., Gruskin, S., Grodin, M. A. and Annas, G. J. (eds) (1999) Health and Human Rights: A Reader, New York and London: Routledge.
221. Mayer, L. C. (1989) Redefining Comparative Politics: Promise versus Performance, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
222. Mazariegos, O. (2000) ‘The International Center for Human Rights Investigations: Generating analytical reports’ in P. Ball, H. Spirer and L. Spirer (eds) Making the Case: Investigating Large Scale Human Rights Violations Using Information Systems and Data Analysis, Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science.
223. McCamant, J. F. (1981) ‘Social science and human rights’, International Organization, 35(3): 531-52.
224. Meyer, W. (1996) ‘Human rights and MNCs: Theory versus quantitative analysis’, Human Rights Quarterly, 18(2): 368-97.
225. Meyer, W. (1998) Human Rights and International Political Economy in Third World Nations, London: Praeger.
226. Meyer, W. (1999a) 'Confirming, infirming, and –falsifying— theories of human rights: Reflections on Smith, Bolyard, and Ippolito through the lens of Lakatos', Human Rights Quarterly, 21(1): 220-28.
227. Meyer, W. (1999b) ‘Human rights and international political economy in third world nations: Multinational corporations, foreign aid, and repression’, Human Rights Quarterly, 21(3): 824-30.
228. Miles, I. (1985) Social Indicators for Human Development, London: Frances Pinter.
229. Milner, W. T., Leblang, D., Poe, S. C. and Smith, K. (2004) ‘Providing subsistence rights: Do states make a difference?’ in S. C. Carey and S. C. Poe (eds) Understanding Human Rights Violations: New Systematic Studies, Aldershot: Ashgate.
230. Milner, W T., Poe, S. C. and Leblang, D. (1999) ‘Security rights, subsistence rights, and liberties: A theoretical survey of empirical landscape’, Human Rights Quarterly, 21(2): 403-43.
231. Mitchell, C., Stohl, M., Carleton, D. and Lopez, G. (1986) ‘State terrorism: Issues of concept and measurement’ in M. Stohl and G. Lopez (eds) Government Violence and Repression: An Agenda for Research, New York: Greenwood Press.
232. Mitchell, R. (2004) ‘Quantitative analysis in international environmental politics: toward a theory of relative effectiveness’ in A. Underdal and O. Young (eds) Regime Consequences: Methodological Challenges and Research Strategies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
233. Mitchell, N. (2004) Agents of Atrocity: Leaders, Followers, and the Violation of Human Rights in Civil War, London: Palgrave.
234. Mitchell, N. and McCormick, J. M. (1988) ‘Economic and political explanations of human rights violations’, World Politics, 40: 476-98.
235. Mokhiber, C. G. (2005) ‘Toward a measure of dignity: indicators for rights-based development’ in S. Gruskin, M. A. Grodin, G. J. Annas and S. P. Marks (eds) Perspectives on Health and Human Rights, New York and London: Routledge.
236. Montgomery, J. D. (1999) ‘Fifty years of human rights: An emergent global regime’, Policy Sciences, 32(1): 79-93.
237. Moon, B. and Dixon, W. (1985) ‘Politics, the state, and basic human needs: A cross-national study’, American Journal of Political Science, 29(4): 661-94.
238. Moon, B. and Dixon W. (1992) ‘Basic needs and growth-welfare trade-offs’, International Studies Quarterly, 36(2): 191-212.
239. Moore, W. (2006) ‘Synthesis v. Purity and Large-N Studies: How might we assess the gap between promise and performance?’ Human Rights and Human Welfare, 6: 89-97.
240. Moravcsik, A. (2000) ‘The origins of human rights regimes: Democratic delegation in postwar Europe’, International Organization, 54 (Spring): 217-52.
241. Morsink, J. (1999) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Origins, Drafting & Intent, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
242. Muller, E. N. and Seligson, M. A. (1987) ‘Inequality and insurgency’, American Political Science Review, 81(2): 425-51.
243. Munck, G. and Verkuilen, J. (2002) ‘Conceptualizing and measuring democracy: evaluating alternative indices’, Comparative Political Studies, 35: 5-34.
244. Nankani, G., Page, J. and Judge, L. (2005) ‘Human rights and poverty reduction strategies: Moving towards convergence’ in P. Alston and M. Robinson (eds) Human Rights and Development: Towards Mutual Reinforcement, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press and Center for Human Rights and Global Justice, New York University School of Law.
245. Neumayer, E. (2005) ‘Do international human rights treaties improve respect for human rights?’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 49(6): 925-53.
246. Nickel, J. W. (2006) ‘Human Rights’, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Online Available HTTP: (accessed 10 December 2008).
247. Nickel, J.W. (2007) Making Sense of Human Rights, 2nd edn, Malden, Oxford and Victoria: Blackwell Publishing.
248. Norton, A. and Elson, D. (2002) ‘What’s behind the budget? Politics, rights and accountability in the budget process’, Overseas Development Institute. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 4 March 2009).
249. Nowak, M. (2003) Introduction to the International Human Rights Regime, The Raoul Wallenberg Institute Human Rights Library, Volume 14, Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
250. O’Sullivan, G. (2000) ‘The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission: Database representation’ in P. B. Ball, H. F. Spirer and L. Spirer (eds) Making the Case: Investigating Large Scale Human Rights Violations Using Information Systems and Data Analysis, Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science.
251. Payne, L. (2000) Uncivil Movements: The Armed Right Wing and Democracy in Latin America, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
252. Peterson, C. G. J. (1896) ‘The yearly immigration of young plaice into the Limfjord from the German Sea’, Report of the Danish Biological Station to the Ministry of Fisheries, 6: 1-48.
253. Physicians for Human Rights (1998) The Taliban’s War on Women: A Health and Human Rights Crisis in Afghanistan, Boston, MA and Washington, DC: Physicians for Human Rights.
254. Physicians for Human Rights (2002) War-related Sexual Violence in Sierra Leone: A Population-based Assessment, Boston, MA and Washington, DC: Physicians for Human Rights.
255. Physicians for Human Rights (2007) Epidemic of Inequality: Women’s Rights and HIV?AIDS in Botswana & Swaziland, Boston, MA and Washington, DC: Physicians for Human Rights.
256. Pickvance, C. (2007) ‘The impact of social policy’ in J. Baldock, N. Manning and S. Vickerstaff (eds) Social Policy, 3rd edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
257. Piron, L.-H. and Watkins, F. (2004) ‘DFID human rights review: A review of how DFID has integrated human rights into its work’, Overseas Development Institute, report prepared for the Department for International Development (DFID). Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 26 February 2009).
258. Poe, S. (1991) ‘Human rights and the allocation of US military assistance’, Journal of Peace Research, 28(2): 205-16.
259. Poe, S. (1992) ‘Human rights and economic aid allocation under Ronald Reagan and Jimmy Carter’, American Journal of Political Science, 36(1): 147-67.
260. Poe, S. and Sirirangsi, R. (1993) ‘Human rights and U.S. economic aid to Africa’, International Interactions, 18(4): 1-14.
261. Poe, S. and Sirirangsi, R. (1994) ‘Human rights and U.S. economic aid during the Reagan years’, Social Science Quarterly, 75: 494-509.
262. Poe, S. and Tate, C. N. (1994) ‘Repression of human rights to personal integrity in the 1980s: A global analysis’, American Political Science Review, 88: 853-72.
263. Poe, S., Tate, C. N. and Keith, L. C. (1999) ‘Repression of the human right to personal integrity revisited: A global cross-national study covering the years 1976-93’, International Studies Quarterly, 43: 291-313.
264. Pritchard, K. (1986) ‘Comparative human rights: An integrative explanation’, Politikon: South African Journal of Political Science, 13(2): 24-37.
265. Raworth, K., (2001) ‘Measuring human rights’, Ethics & International Affairs, 15(1), 111-31.
266. Raworth, K. and Stewart, D. (2003) ‘Critiques of the Human Development Index: A review’ in S. Fukuda-Parr and A. K. Shiva Kumar (eds) Readings in Human Development, New York and New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
267. Restrepo, J., Spagat, M. and Vargas, J. F. (2006) ‘Severity of the Colombian conflict: Cross-country data sets versus new micro data’, Journal of Peace Research, 43 (1): 99-115.
268. Rich, R. (2002) ‘Solidarity rights give way to solidifying rights’, Research Paper, Centre for Democratic Institutions.
269. Richards, D. (2006) 'What do citizens mean when they say –Human Rights—? A comparative examination of the formation of citizen attitudes about, and understandings of, human rights', paper presented at the 2006 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, PA, 30 August-3 September.
270. Rights-based Municipal Assessment and Planning (RMAP) (2004) Methodology and Tools for Human-Rights Based Assessment & Analysis, 2004, UNDP and OHCHR.
271. Risse, T., Ropp, S. C. and Sikkink, K. (eds) (1999) The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
272. Robinson, M. (2005) ‘What rights can add to good development practice’ in P. Alston and M. Robinson (eds) Human Rights and Development: Towards Mutual Reinforcement, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press and Center for Human rights and Global Justice, New York University School of Law.
273. Rodley, N. S. (2003) ‘United Nations human rights treaty bodies and special procedures of the Commission on Human Rights - complementarity or competition?’, Human Rights Quarterly, 25(4): 882-908.
274. Rosas, A. and Scheinin, M. (2001) ‘Implementation mechanisms and remedies’ in A. Eide, C. Krause and A. Rosas, (eds) Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Textbook, 2nd edn, Dordrecht/ Boston/ London, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
275. Rosenblum, J. (2004) Monitoring Labor Rights: A Resource Manual for NGOs, Washington, DC: AAAS Science and Human Rights Program and HURIDOCS. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 18 February 2009).
276. Rubin, B. R. and Newberg, P. R. (1980) ‘Statistical analysis for implementing human rights policy’ in P. R. Newberg (ed.) The Politics of Human Rights, New York: New York Press.
277. Ryan, J. E. (1994) ‘Survey methodology’, Freedom Review, 25(1): 9-13.
278. Samuelson, D. A. and Spirer, H. F. (1992) ‘Use of incomplete and distorted data in inference about human rights violations’ in T. B. Jabine and R. P. Claude (eds) Human Rights and Statistics: Getting the Record Straight, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
279. Sartori, G. (1970) ‘Concept misinformation in comparative politics’, American Political Science Review, 64: 1033-53.
280. Seltzer, W. and Anderson, M. (2008) ‘Using population data systems to target vulnerable population subgroups and individuals: Issues and incidents’ in J. Asher, D. Banks and F. J. Scheuren (eds) Statistical Methods for Human Rights, New York: Springer.
281. Sengupta, A. (2003) ‘Development cooperation and the right to development’ in M. Bergsmo (ed.) Human Rights and Criminal Justice for the Downtrodden: Essays in Honour of Asbjørn Eide, Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
282. Sepulveda, M. (2003) The Nature of the Obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Antwerp/ Oxford/ New York: Intersentia.
283. Sherman, E. F. (1994) ‘The US death penalty reservation to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Exposing the limits of the flexible system governing treaty formation’, Texas International Law Journal, 29: 69-93.
284. Shrestha, B. and Oiron, O. (2006) ‘Regional capacity building workshop on child rights based monitoring and evaluation tools and mechanisms’, report prepared for Save the Children Sweden.
285. Shue, H., (1996) Basic Rights, 2nd edn, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
286. Silva, R. and Ball, P. (2006) The Profile of Human Rights Violations in Timor-Leste, 1974-1999. A Report by the Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group to the Commission on Reception, Truth and Reconciliation of Timor-Leste, Palo Alto, CA: Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 4th April 2009).
287. Silva, R. and Ball, P. (2007) ‘The demography of conflict-related mortality in Timor-Leste (1974-99): Empirical quantitative measurement of civilian killings, disappearances & famine-related deaths’ in J. Asher, D. Banks and F. J. Scheuren (eds) Statistical Methods for Human Rights, New York: Springer.
288. Simmons, B. A. (2000) ‘International law and state behavior: commitment and compliance in international monetary affairs’, American Political Science Review, 94(4): 819-35.
289. Skocpol, T. (1979) States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
290. Small, M. and Singer, J. D. (1983) Resort to Arms: Internationaland Civil Wars, 1816-1980, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
291. Smith, J., Bolyard, M. and Ippolito, A. (1999) ‘Human rights and the global economy: A response to Meyer’, Human Rights Quarterly, 21(1): 207-19.
292. Spagat, M. and CERAC (2006) Colombia’s Paramilitary DDR: Quiet and Tentative Success, Bogatá, Colombia: Centro de Recursos para el Análisis de Conflictos.
293. Spirer, H. F. and Seltzer, W. (2008) ‘Obtaining evidence for the International Criminal Court using data and quantitative analysis’ in J. Asher, D. Banks and F. J. Scheuren (eds) Statistical Methods for Human Rights, New York: Springer.
294. Steiner, H. J. and Alston, P. (1996) International Human Rights in Context: Law, Politics, Morals. Text and Materials, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
295. Stohl, M. and Carleton, D. (1985) ‘The foreign policy of human rights: Rhetoric and reality from Jimmy Carter to Ronald Regan’, Human Rights Quarterly, 7(2): 205-29.
296. Stohl, M., Carleton, D. and Johnson, S. (1984) ‘Human rights and US foreign assistance from Nixon to Carter’, Journal of Peace Research, 21(3): 215-26.
297. Stohl, M., Carleton, D., Lopez, G. and Samuels, S. (1986) ‘State violations of human rights: issues and problems of measurement’, Human Rights Quarterly, 8: 592-606.
298. Suesser, J. R. and Suarez de Miguel, R. (2008) ‘Metagora: An experiment in the measurement of democratic governance’ in J. Asher, D. Banks and F. J. Scheuren (eds) Statistical Methods for Human Rights, New York: Springer.
299. Suksi, M. (1993) Bringing in the People: A Comparison of Constitutional Forms and Practices of the Referendum, Dordrecht: Nijhoff.
300. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) (2003) Digging Deeper: Four Reports on Democratic Governance in International Development Cooperation Summary, Stockholm: Division for Democratic Governance, Sida.
301. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) (2005) Sida at Work: A Guide to Principles, Procedures and Working Methods, Stockholm: Sida.
302. Symonides, J. (ed.) (2003) Human Rights: International Protection, Monitoring, Enforcement, Aldershot: Ashgate and UNESCO Publishing.
303. Tarrow, S. (1989) Democracy and Disorder: Protest and Politics in Italy, 1965-1975, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
304. Tashakkori, A. and Teddlie, C. (1998) Mixed Methodology: Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, London, Thousand Oaks and New Delhi: Sage Publications.
305. Taylor, C. and Hudson, M. (1972) World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators, 2nd edn, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
306. Taylor, C. and Jodice, D. A. (1983) World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators: Political Protest and Government Change, 3rd edn, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
307. Thompson, K. and Giffard, C. (2002) Reporting Killings as Human Rights Violations, Colchester, UK: Human Rights Centre, University of Essex.
308. Tilly, C. (1993) European Revolutions, 1492-1992: The Making of Europe, Oxford: Blackwell.
309. Tilly, C., Tilly, L. and Tilly, R. (1975) The Rebellious Century 1830-1930, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
310. Titmuss, R. (1968) ‘Universalism versus selection’ extract reproduced in C. Pierson and F. G. Castles (eds) (2000) The Welfare State Reader, Oxford and Malden: Polity Press.
311. ul Haq, M. (2003) ‘The birth of the Human Development Index’ in S. Fukuda-Parr and A. K. Shiva Kumar (eds) Readings in Human Development, New York and New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
312. United Nations (UN) (2006) ‘Report on indicators for monitoring compliance with international human rights instruments’, HRI/MC/2006/7, Eighteenth meeting of chairpersons of the human rights treaty bodies and Fifth inter-committee meeting of the human rights treaty bodies, Geneva. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 15 March 2009).
313. United Nations (UN) (2008) ‘Report on indicators for promoting and monitoring the implementation of human rights’, HRI/MC/2008/3, Twentieth meeting of chairpersons of the human rights treaty bodies and Seventh inter-committee meeting of the human rights treaty bodies, Geneva. Available HTTP: (accessed 15 March 2009).
314. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (2009) The State of the World’s Children 2009: Maternal and Newborn Health, UNICEF.
315. United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) (2008) Progress of the World’s Women 2005: Women, Work & Poverty, UNIFEM.
316. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (1998) Integrating Human Rights with Sustainable Human Development: A UNDP Policy Document, New York: UNDP. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 16 March 2009).
317. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2000) Human Development Report 2000, New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press.
318. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2002) Handbook on Monitoring and Evaluating for Results, New York: United Nations Development Programme Evaluation Office.
319. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2004) Governance Indicators: A Users’ Guide, New York: UNDP Oslo Governance Centre.
320. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2006) Indicators for Human Rights Based Approaches to Development in UNDP Programming: A User’s Guide, New York: UNDP.
321. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (2009) Education for All Global Monitoring Report. Overcoming Inequality: Why Governance Matters, UNESCO.
322. United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) (2005) ‘In larger freedom: Towards development, security and human rights for all. Report of the Secretary General’, UN Docs A/59/2005.
323. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (2006) The State of the World’s Refugees: Human Displacement in the New Millennium, UNHCR.
324. United States Agency for International Development (USAID) (1998) Handbook of Democracy and Governance Program Indicators, Washington, DC: Center for Democracy and Governance, Technical Publications Series, USAID. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 16 March 2009).
325. United States Department of State (2007) Country Practices on Human Rights: Brazil, Washington, DC: The United States Department of State. (www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78882.htm).
326. Van Bueren, G. (2002) ‘The minimum core obligations of states under Article 10(3) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’ in A. Chapman and S. Russell (eds) Core Obligations: Building a Framework for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Antwerp/ Oxford/ New York: Intersentia.
327. Van Deth, J. (2009) ‘Equivalence in Comparative Politics’ in Todd Landman and Neil Robinson (eds) The Sage Handbook of Comparative Politics, London: Sage (forthcoming).
328. Vogt, W. P. (1999) Dictionary of Statistics and Methodology: A Nontechnical Guide for the Social Sciences, London: Sage.
329. Vreeland, J. R. (2008) ‘Political institutions and human rights: Why dictatorships enter into the United Nations Convention against Torture’, International Organization, 62 (01): 65-101.
330. Waltz, S. (2002) ‘Reclaiming and rebuilding the history of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights’, Third World Quarterly, 23(3): 437-48.
331. Ward, K. (2000) ‘The United Nations Mission for the Verification of Human Rights in Guatemala: Database representation’ in P. Ball, H. Spirer and L. Spirer (eds) Making the Case: Investigating Large Scale Human Rights Violations Using Information Systems and Data Analysis, Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science.
332. Wantchekon, L. and Healy, A. (1999) 'The –Game— of Torture', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 43(5), 596-609.
333. Weisberg, H. (2005) The Total Survey Error Approach: A Guide to the New Science of Survey Research, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
334. Weiss, T. (2000) ‘Governance, Good Governance and Global Governance: Conceptual and Actual Challenges’, Third World Quarterly, 21(5): 795-814.
335. Whiteley, P. (1999) ‘The origins of social capital’ in J. Van Deth, M. Maraffi, K. Newton and P. Whiteley (eds) Social Capital and European Democracy, London: Routledge.
336. Whiteley, P. (2000) ‘Economic growth and social capital’, Political Studies, 48: 443-66.
337. Wickham-Crowley, T. (1993) Guerillas and Revolution in Latin America, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
338. Wilkie, J. A. and Ruddle, K. (1992), Quantitative Latin American Studies, Statistical Abstract of Latin America, Los Angeles: UCLA.
339. Wilson, R. A. (2001) The Politics of Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: Legitimizing the Post-Apartheid State, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
340. Wolf, E. (1969) Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century, New York: Harper and Row.
341. Womack, J. (1969) Zapata and the Mexican Revolution, New York: Knopf.
342. World Bank (2007) ‘Country Policy and Institutional Assessments. 2007 assessment questionnaire’. Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 5 April 2009).
343. World Health Organization (WHO) (2008) The World Health Report 2008. Primary Health Care: Now More than Ever, WHO.
344. Zaller, J. and Feldman, S. (1992) ‘A simple theory of survey response: Answering questions versus revealing preferences’, American Journal of Political Science, 36: 579-616.
345. Zanger, S. C. (2000a) ‘Good governance and European aid: The impact of political conditionally’, European Union Politics, 1(3): 293-317.
346. Zanger, S. C. (2000b) ‘A global analysis of the effect of regime change on life integrity violations, 1977-93’, Journal of Peace Research, 37(2): 213-33.
347. Zeller, R. and Carmines, E. (1980) Measurement in the Social Sciences: The Link between Theory and Data, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
348. Zwane, E. and van der Heijden, P. (2005) ‘Population estimation using the multiple system estimator in the presence of continuous variables’, Statistical Modelling, 5: 39-52.