Human rights and MNCs: Theory versus quantitative analysis

Human Rights Quarterly

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 368-397

  Meyer, William H ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT; HUMAN RIGHTS; MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISE;

EID: 0030448179     PISSN: 02750392     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/hrq.1996.0020     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Kathleen Pritchard, Human Rights and Development: Theory and Data, in HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT 329 (David Forsythe ed., 1989).
2. Matthew Lippmann, Multinational Corporations and Human Rights, in HUMAN RIGHTS AND THIRD WORLD DEVELOPMENT 252 (George W. Shepherd & Ved Nanda eds., 1985).
3. See id. for a more detailed summary.
4. Rex Martin, Human Rights and Civil Rights, in THE PHILOSOPHY OF HUMAN RIGHTS 75 (Morton E. Winston ed., 1989).
5. Id. at 79.
6. Id.
7. Id. at 80 (quoting Joel Feinberg, Voluntary Euthanasia and the Inalienable Right to Life, 7 PHILOSOPHY & PUB. AFF. 93, 96 (1978)).
8. Martin, supra note 5, at 80.
9. See also Jack Donnelly, Human Rights and Human Dignity: An Analytic Critique of Non-Western Conceptions of Human Rights, 76 AM. POL. SCI. REV. 303, 306 (1982).
10. THOMAS DONALDSON, CORPORATIONS AND MORALITY (1982); PETER FRENCH, COLLECTIVE AND CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY (1984); LARRY MAY, THE MORALITY OF GROUPS (1987); LESTER THUROW, HEAD TO HEAD: THE COMING ECONOMIC BATTLE AMONG JAPAN, EUROPE, AND AMERICA (1992).
11. THOMAS DONALDSON, CORPORATIONS AND MORALITY (1982); PETER FRENCH, COLLECTIVE AND CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY (1984); LARRY MAY, THE MORALITY OF GROUPS (1987); LESTER THUROW, HEAD TO HEAD: THE COMING ECONOMIC BATTLE AMONG JAPAN, EUROPE, AND AMERICA (1992).
12. THOMAS DONALDSON, CORPORATIONS AND MORALITY (1982); PETER FRENCH, COLLECTIVE AND CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY (1984); LARRY MAY, THE MORALITY OF GROUPS (1987); LESTER THUROW, HEAD TO HEAD: THE COMING ECONOMIC BATTLE AMONG JAPAN, EUROPE, AND AMERICA (1992).
13. THOMAS DONALDSON, CORPORATIONS AND MORALITY (1982); PETER FRENCH, COLLECTIVE AND CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY (1984); LARRY MAY, THE MORALITY OF GROUPS (1987); LESTER THUROW, HEAD TO HEAD: THE COMING ECONOMIC BATTLE AMONG JAPAN, EUROPE, AND AMERICA (1992).
14. See infra text accompanying notes 29, 30.
15. FRENCH, supra note 11, at viii.
16. See also CARL WELLMAN, A THEORY OF RIGHTS 145 (1985).
17. FRENCH, supra note 11, at 38.
18. Id. at 35, 2.
19. Id. at 43.
20. Id. at 41.
21. Id.
22. Id. at 43-44.
23. WILLIAM BOCARD, THE BHOPAL TRAGEDY: LANGUAGE, LOGIC AND POLITICS IN THE PRODUCTION OF A HAZARD 4 (1989).
24. Id.
25. Id. at 11, 13-15.
26. Id.
27. Id. at 4-5.
28. Id. at 28.
29. See generally DONALDSON, supra note 11; MAY, supra note 11.
30. FRENCH, supra note 11, at 166; DONALDSON, supra note 11, at 22.
31. FRENCH, supra note 11, at 173-86.
32. Id. at 173.
33. THUROW, supra note 11.
34. THUROW, supra note 11, at 118.
35. Id. at 120.
36. Id. at 118.
37. See generally THUROW, supra note 11.
38. HANS J. MORGENTHAU, POLITICS AMONG NATIONS: THE STRUGGLE FOR POWER AND PEACE (1985).
39. THUROW, supra note 11, at 119-21.
40. JOSEPH S. NYE, JR., BOUND TO LEAD (1990).
41. Id. at 178, 204, 251.
42. Id. at 178, 193.
43. DONALDSON, supra note 11, at 11.
44. See infra pt. IV (B) & (C) for a review of these studies.
45. Notable exceptions to the general lack of attention to multinational corporations (MNCs) and human rights can be found in David Kowalewski's studies of MNCs and inequality in the Caribbean, and his research on MNCs and repression in Asia. DAVID KOWALEWSKI, TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS AND CARIBBEAN INEQUALITIES (1982); David Kowalewski, Asian State Repression and Strikes against Transnationals, in DEPENDENCE, DEVELOPMENT AND STATE REPRESSION 67 (George A. Lopez & Michael Stohl eds., 1989).
46. Notable exceptions to the general lack of attention to multinational corporations (MNCs) and human rights can be found in David Kowalewski's studies of MNCs and inequality in the Caribbean, and his research on MNCs and repression in Asia. DAVID KOWALEWSKI, TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS AND CARIBBEAN INEQUALITIES (1982); David Kowalewski, Asian State Repression and Strikes against Transnationals, in DEPENDENCE, DEVELOPMENT AND STATE REPRESSION 67 (George A. Lopez & Michael Stohl eds., 1989).
47. See, e.g., Samir Amin, Toward an Alternative Strategy for Auto-centered Development, in TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS AND WORLD ORDER 404 (George Modelski ed., 1979); FERNANDO HENRIQUE CARDOSO & ENZO FALETTO, DEPENDENCY AND DEVELOPMENT IN LATIN AMERICA (1971); Osvaldo Sunkel, Big Business and "Dependencia," in TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS AND WORLD ORDER, supra at 216.
48. See, e.g., Samir Amin, Toward an Alternative Strategy for Auto-centered Development, in TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS AND WORLD ORDER 404 (George Modelski ed., 1979); FERNANDO HENRIQUE CARDOSO & ENZO FALETTO, DEPENDENCY AND DEVELOPMENT IN LATIN AMERICA (1971); Osvaldo Sunkel, Big Business and "Dependencia," in TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS AND WORLD ORDER, supra at 216.
49. See, e.g., Samir Amin, Toward an Alternative Strategy for Auto-centered Development, in TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS AND WORLD ORDER 404 (George Modelski ed., 1979); FERNANDO HENRIQUE CARDOSO & ENZO FALETTO, DEPENDENCY AND DEVELOPMENT IN LATIN AMERICA (1971); Osvaldo Sunkel, Big Business and "Dependencia," in TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS AND WORLD ORDER, supra at 216.
50. See Pritchard, supra note 2.
51. Id.
52. DANIEL LERNER, THE PASSING OF TRADITIONAL SOCIETY: MODERNIZING THE MIDDLE EAST (1964). (The politically stable middle class represents the political side of Lerner's "cognitive flexibility" created by modernization.)
53. Office of Public Communication, United States Department of State, Caribbean Basin Initiative, GIST, Apr. 1990.
54. Stephen Hymer, The Multinational Corporation and the Law of Uneven Development, in TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS AND WORLD ORDER, supra note 44, at 386.
55. Id. at 386.
56. Id. at 387.
57. Id. at 393 (citing Alfred D. Chandler & Fritz Redlich, Recent Developments in American Business Administration and Their Conceptualization, Bus. HIST. REV., Spr. 1961, at 103).
58. Id. at 393 (citing Alfred D. Chandler & Fritz Redlich, Recent Developments in American Business Administration and Their Conceptualization, Bus. HIST. REV., Spr. 1961, at 103).
59. Id. at 393-94.
60. Id. at 395.
61. Id. at 396.
62. Id.
63. JAMES A. CAPORASO, A CHANCING INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOR (1987).
64. For examples of the works of several dependency theorists, see supra note 44.
65. Hymer, supra note 49, at 400.
66. Id.
67. LARS SCHOULTZ, HUMAN RIGHTS AND UNITED STATES POLICY TOWARD LATIN AMERICA 168-210 (1981).
68. Ronald Muller, Poverty is the Product, in TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS AND WORLD ORDER, supra note 44, at 245.
69. JOAN EDELMAN SPERO, THE POLITICS OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS (1990).
70. ROBERT S. WALTERS & DAVID H, BLAKE, THE POLITICS OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS 170 (4th ed. 1992).
71. NOAM CHOMSKY, THE CULTURE OF TERRORISM (1988); NOAM CHOMSKY, THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1979); NOAM CHOMSKY & EDWARD S. HERMAN, THE WASHINGTON CONNECTION AND THIRD WORLD FASCISM (1979).
72. NOAM CHOMSKY, THE CULTURE OF TERRORISM (1988); NOAM CHOMSKY, THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1979); NOAM CHOMSKY & EDWARD S. HERMAN, THE WASHINGTON CONNECTION AND THIRD WORLD FASCISM (1979).
73. NOAM CHOMSKY, THE CULTURE OF TERRORISM (1988); NOAM CHOMSKY, THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1979); NOAM CHOMSKY & EDWARD S. HERMAN, THE WASHINGTON CONNECTION AND THIRD WORLD FASCISM (1979).
74. THE SOUTH COMMISSION, THE CHALLENGE TO THE SOUTH 208, 233 (1990); see also WALTERS & BLAKE, supra note 64, at 193-94.
75. CHARLES DORAN ET AL., NORTH-SOUTH RELATIONS: STUDIES IN DEPENDENCY REVERSAL (1983).
76. A best-case test is one that would most fairly and clearly evaluate the validity of a given claim of the basis of its own arguments. I want to conduct a series of tests that will produce results directly relevant to the empirical claims imbedded in the theories outlined in this paper.
77. Richard P. Claude & Thomas B. Jabine, Editors' Introduction, Symposium: Statistical Issues in the Field of Human Rights, 8 HUM. RTS. Q. 551 (1986).
78. Id. at 553.
79. Id. (emphasis added); see also HUMAN RIGHTS AND STATISTICS (Richard P. Claude & Thomas B. Jabine eds., 1992).
80. Id. (emphasis added); see also HUMAN RIGHTS AND STATISTICS (Richard P. Claude & Thomas B. Jabine eds., 1992).
81. See, e.g., FREEDOM IN THE WORLD: POLITICAL RIGHTS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES (annual surveys produced by Freedom House in New York).
82. Claude & Jabine, supra note 69, at 558 (summarizing Harry M. Scoble & Laurie S. Wiseberg, Problems of Comparative Research on Human Rights, in GLOBAL HUMAN RIGHTS: PUBLIC POLICIES, COMPARATIVE MEASURES, AND NGO STRATEGIES 147, 167 (Ved P. Nanda et al. eds., 1981)).
83. Robert Justin Goldstein, The Limitations of Using Quantitative Data in Studying Human Rights Abuses, 8 HUM. RTS. Q. 607, 610 (1986).
84. Claude & Jabine, supra note 69, at 554-55.
85. Goldstein, supra note 74, at 607-08.
86. Pritchard, supra note 2, at 331.
87. Claude & Jabine, supra note 69, at 556.
88. Id. at 554.
89. Goldstein, supra note 74, at 626-27.
90. Pritchard, supra note 2; Bruce E. Moon & William Dixon, Politics, the State and Basic Human Needs: A Cross National Study, 29 AM. J. POL. SCI. 661 (1985); M.D. MORRIS, MEASURING THE CONDITIONS OF THE WORLD'S POOR: THE PHYSICAL QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX (1979); Paul Sieghart, Economic Development, Human Rights and the Omlette Thesis, 1 DEV. POL'Y REV. (1983); James C. Strouse & Richard P. Claude, Empirical Comparative Rights Research: Some Preliminary Tests of Development Hypotheses, in COMPARATIVE HUMAN RIGHTS 51 (Richard P. Claude ed., 1976); see also HUMAN RIGHTS: THEORY AND MEASUREMENT (David Louis Cingranelli ed., 1988).
91. Pritchard, supra note 2; Bruce E. Moon & William Dixon, Politics, the State and Basic Human Needs: A Cross National Study, 29 AM. J. POL. SCI. 661 (1985); M.D. MORRIS, MEASURING THE CONDITIONS OF THE WORLD'S POOR: THE PHYSICAL QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX (1979); Paul Sieghart, Economic Development, Human Rights and the Omlette Thesis, 1 DEV. POL'Y REV. (1983); James C. Strouse & Richard P. Claude, Empirical Comparative Rights Research: Some Preliminary Tests of Development Hypotheses, in COMPARATIVE HUMAN RIGHTS 51 (Richard P. Claude ed., 1976); see also HUMAN RIGHTS: THEORY AND MEASUREMENT (David Louis Cingranelli ed., 1988).
92. Pritchard, supra note 2; Bruce E. Moon & William Dixon, Politics, the State and Basic Human Needs: A Cross National Study, 29 AM. J. POL. SCI. 661 (1985); M.D. MORRIS, MEASURING THE CONDITIONS OF THE WORLD'S POOR: THE PHYSICAL QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX (1979); Paul Sieghart, Economic Development, Human Rights and the Omlette Thesis, 1 DEV. POL'Y REV. (1983); James C. Strouse & Richard P. Claude, Empirical Comparative Rights Research: Some Preliminary Tests of Development Hypotheses, in COMPARATIVE HUMAN RIGHTS 51 (Richard P. Claude ed., 1976); see also HUMAN RIGHTS: THEORY AND MEASUREMENT (David Louis Cingranelli ed., 1988).
93. Pritchard, supra note 2; Bruce E. Moon & William Dixon, Politics, the State and Basic Human Needs: A Cross National Study, 29 AM. J. POL. SCI. 661 (1985); M.D. MORRIS, MEASURING THE CONDITIONS OF THE WORLD'S POOR: THE PHYSICAL QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX (1979); Paul Sieghart, Economic Development, Human Rights and the Omlette Thesis, 1 DEV. POL'Y REV. (1983); James C. Strouse & Richard P. Claude, Empirical Comparative Rights Research: Some Preliminary Tests of Development Hypotheses, in COMPARATIVE HUMAN RIGHTS 51 (Richard P. Claude ed., 1976); see also HUMAN RIGHTS: THEORY AND MEASUREMENT (David Louis Cingranelli ed., 1988).
94. Pritchard, supra note 2; Bruce E. Moon & William Dixon, Politics, the State and Basic Human Needs: A Cross National Study, 29 AM. J. POL. SCI. 661 (1985); M.D. MORRIS, MEASURING THE CONDITIONS OF THE WORLD'S POOR: THE PHYSICAL QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX (1979); Paul Sieghart, Economic Development, Human Rights and the Omlette Thesis, 1 DEV. POL'Y REV. (1983); James C. Strouse & Richard P. Claude, Empirical Comparative Rights Research: Some Preliminary Tests of Development Hypotheses, in COMPARATIVE HUMAN RIGHTS 51 (Richard P. Claude ed., 1976); see also HUMAN RIGHTS: THEORY AND MEASUREMENT (David Louis Cingranelli ed., 1988).
95. LUCIAN PYE, THE CONCEPT OF POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT, ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE (1965).
96. Pritchard, supra note 2, at 329.
97. William Butler, Human Rights and Foreign Policy, Address at the Salzburg Seminar, Session 273: Human Rights Across Cultures and Political Systems, Salzburg, Austria (30 May 1989).
98. SAMUEL P. HUNTINCTON & JOAN NELSON, NO EASY CHOICE: POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (1976).
99. Rhoda Howard, The Full-Belly Thesis: Should Economic Rights Take Priority Over Civil and Political Rights? Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa, 5 HUM. RTS. Q. 467 (1983).
100. Id.
101. Pritchard, supra note 2, at 329.
102. A bivariate correlation measures the degree to which two variables (e.g., X and Y) are associated with each other. Positive correlations indicate that a higher X value is associated with a higher Y value. Negative correlations indicate that a higher X value is associated with a lower Y value.
103. Hans Park, Correlates of Human Rights: Global Tendencies, 9 HUM. RTS. Q. 405 (1987).
104. Id.
105. Pritchard, supra note 2, at 335.
106. Variance explained is that part of the variance in a dependent (determined) variable that is associated with the sum total of variance in the independent (determining) variable(s). R2 is the symbol for variance explained.
107. For a bivariate relationship, variance explained (R2) is equal to the correlation coefficient squared. MICHAEL S. LEWIS-BECK, APPLIED REGRESSION: AN INTRODUCTION 25 (1980).
108. Park, supra note 90, at 410.
109. Id.
110. Multivariate analyses employ more than two variables.
111. Steven C. Poe & Neal Tate, Repression of Human Rights to Personal Integrity in the 1980s: A Global Analysis, 88 AM. POL. SCI. REV. 853 (1994).
112. Id.; Conway Henderson, Conditions Affecting the Use of Political Repression, 35 J. CONFLICT RESOL. 120 (1991).
113. Id.; Conway Henderson, Conditions Affecting the Use of Political Repression, 35 J. CONFLICT RESOL. 120 (1991).
114. Henderson, supra note 99.
115. Id.; Conway Henderson, Population Pressures and Political Repression, 74 SOC. SCI. Q. 322 (1993).
116. Henderson, supra note 99, at 120.
117. Poe & Tate, supra note 98.
118. Id. at 861.
119. Id.
120. Id. See ROBERT S. PINDYKE & DANIEL L. RUBINFELD, ECONOMETRIC MODELS AND ECONOMIC FORECASTS (1976) for a discussion of variance explained in relation to nonsignificant independent variables.
121. Civil-political (C/P) rights are sometimes also termed first generation rights. Economic and social (or socioeconomic) are sometimes also termed second generation rights.
122. Hymer, supra note 49, at 388.
123. Data for total foreign investment in third world nations (US DFI plus non-US DFI) are not generally available. US foreign investment by country serves as the most accurate available indicator of total DFI. US DFI is the single largest source of total DFI.
124. Sheila Page, Developing Country Attitudes Toward Foreign Investment, in DEVELOPING WITH FOREIGN INVESTMENT 28 (Vincent Cable & Bishnodat Persaude eds., 1987).
125. John F. McCamant, A Critique of Present Measures of 'Human Rights Development' and an Alternative, in GLOBAL HUMAN RIGHTS: PUBLIC POLICIES, COMPARATIVE MEASURES, AND NGO STRATEGIES 130 (Ved P. Nanda et al. eds., 1981).
126. JORGE I. DOMINGUEZ, ENHANCING GLOBAL HUMAN RIGHTS 32 (1979).
127. Pritchard, supra note 2, at 331.
128. McCamant, supra note 111, at 130.
129. DOMINGUEZ, supra note 112, at 31-32.
130. McCamant, supra note 111, at 132.
131. Poe & Tate, supra note 98, at 857. While there is an almost endless debate in the prior literature over the validity and reliability of indices of rights such as that published by Freedom House and others, I choose not to involve myself in that debate for the purposes of this study. Beyond the reasons listed above, use of indicators such as the PQLI and Freedom House rankings allow for replication and cumulation of quantitative research on human rights.
132. CHOMSKY & HERMAN, supra note 65.
133. See Jeffrey Sachs, Making the Brady Plan Work, 68 FOREIGN AFF. 87, 91-92 (1989); see also Sigrun I. Skogly, Structural Adjustment and Development: Human Rights - An Agenda for Change, 15 HUM. RTS. Q. 751 (1993); Sigrun I. Skogly, Human Rights and Economic Efficiency: The Relationship between Social Cost of Adjustment and Human Rights Protection, in HUMAN RIGHTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES YEARBOOK 1994, at 43 (Peter Baehr et al. eds., 1994).
134. See Jeffrey Sachs, Making the Brady Plan Work, 68 FOREIGN AFF. 87, 91-92 (1989); see also Sigrun I. Skogly, Structural Adjustment and Development: Human Rights - An Agenda for Change, 15 HUM. RTS. Q. 751 (1993); Sigrun I. Skogly, Human Rights and Economic Efficiency: The Relationship between Social Cost of Adjustment and Human Rights Protection, in HUMAN RIGHTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES YEARBOOK 1994, at 43 (Peter Baehr et al. eds., 1994).
135. See Jeffrey Sachs, Making the Brady Plan Work, 68 FOREIGN AFF. 87, 91-92 (1989); see also Sigrun I. Skogly, Structural Adjustment and Development: Human Rights - An Agenda for Change, 15 HUM. RTS. Q. 751 (1993); Sigrun I. Skogly, Human Rights and Economic Efficiency: The Relationship between Social Cost of Adjustment and Human Rights Protection, in HUMAN RIGHTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES YEARBOOK 1994, at 43 (Peter Baehr et al. eds., 1994).
136. See CAPORASO, supra note 57.
137. Nations in the samples: 1985 sample (N = 52); Algeria, Argentina, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, Burundi, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Egypt, Ghana, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Malaysia, Mauritania, Mexico, Morocco, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe. 1990 sample (N = 39): Argentina, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Egypt, Ghana, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Singapore, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe. These samples contain developing nations from all regions of the third world. They also represent slightly less than half of all developing countries. Problems with availability of data preclude taking a random sample that has sufficient size. Data collection began by gathering information on all eighty-eight developing countries for which Freedom House, the Commerce Department, the World Bank, and AID publish data (see sources listed infra, note 116). I sought to make the study as inclusive as possible. I performed listwise deletion then eliminated cases with missing data for any of the variables. There are sound statistical reasons for preferring listwise deletion. Furthermore, I chose not to substitute alternative indicators for missing data as has been commonly done in prior studies using multiple regression (see for example, Poe & Tate, supra note 89). This process left fifty-two nations for the 1985 data and thirty-nine nations for the 1990 data. While not a random sample, this group of developing countries is large enough and diverse enough to allow for robust testing. Conclusions drawn from these samples therefore apply to the third world as a whole.
138. The sampling for this study was done during 1992-1993, at which time the most recent available data for the combined indicators (dependent variables) was the year 1990. I also went back five years to 1985 data (dependent variables) for a second sample. Comparing results from the 1985 and 1990 data allow us to see if the trends in the data hold up over time. An obvious next step to follow up on this study would be to analyze data for 1995, when they become available. Such a follow-up study would also indicate whether the prior relationships between DFI, rights, GNP, aid, and debt identified here have changed during the post Cold War era.
139. A lag of at least two years would seem necessary to allow the effects of DFI to find their way into a nation's political economy. A lag of more than three years runs the risk of compounding the effects of DFI with too many other extraneous factors (changes in government, etc.).
140. Poe & Tate, supra note 98; David L. Banks, The Analysis of Human Rights Data Over Time, 8 HUM. RTS. Q. 654 (1986).
141. The terms multivariate regression and multiple regression are synonymous with multivariate analysis; see supra note 92.
142. LEWIS-BECK, supra note 94, at 25.
143. Parameter estimates are the numerical values given to slope estimates in multiple regression.
144. Data on civil liberties and political rights are from RAYMOND D. GASTIL, FREEDOM IN THE WORLD: POLITICAL RIGHTS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES 1984-85, at 22-23 (1985) and FREEDOM HOUSE SURVEY TEAM, FREEDOM IN THE WORLD: POLITICAL RIGHTS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES 1990-91, at 454-56 (1991). Data on GNP are measured per capita; GASTIL, supra, at 14-19; FREEDOM HOUSE SURVEY TEAM, supra, at 457-59. All data on foreign investment are measured in US dollars or total employees and are from the BUREAU OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, U.S. DIRECT INVESTMENT ABROAD (1983 and 1987). Data on total public debt, illiteracy, infant mortality, and life expectancy are from WORLD BANK, WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORTS (1983, 1985, 1987, 1990). Data on total foreign aid in US dollars are from the AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND THE NATIONAL INTEREST (1989).
145. Data on civil liberties and political rights are from RAYMOND D. GASTIL, FREEDOM IN THE WORLD: POLITICAL RIGHTS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES 1984-85, at 22-23 (1985) and FREEDOM HOUSE SURVEY TEAM, FREEDOM IN THE WORLD: POLITICAL RIGHTS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES 1990-91, at 454-56 (1991). Data on GNP are measured per capita; GASTIL, supra, at 14-19; FREEDOM HOUSE SURVEY TEAM, supra, at 457-59. All data on foreign investment are measured in US dollars or total employees and are from the BUREAU OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, U.S. DIRECT INVESTMENT ABROAD (1983 and 1987). Data on total public debt, illiteracy, infant mortality, and life expectancy are from WORLD BANK, WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORTS (1983, 1985, 1987, 1990). Data on total foreign aid in US dollars are from the AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND THE NATIONAL INTEREST (1989).
146. Data on civil liberties and political rights are from RAYMOND D. GASTIL, FREEDOM IN THE WORLD: POLITICAL RIGHTS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES 1984-85, at 22-23 (1985) and FREEDOM HOUSE SURVEY TEAM, FREEDOM IN THE WORLD: POLITICAL RIGHTS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES 1990-91, at 454-56 (1991). Data on GNP are measured per capita; GASTIL, supra, at 14-19; FREEDOM HOUSE SURVEY TEAM, supra, at 457-59. All data on foreign investment are measured in US dollars or total employees and are from the BUREAU OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, U.S. DIRECT INVESTMENT ABROAD (1983 and 1987). Data on total public debt, illiteracy, infant mortality, and life expectancy are from WORLD BANK, WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORTS (1983, 1985, 1987, 1990). Data on total foreign aid in US dollars are from the AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND THE NATIONAL INTEREST (1989).
147. Standardized coefficients are the slope estimates measured in terms of units of standard deviations. Values for the intercept (constant) in each equation are not reported because there is no intuitive interpretation for those numbers. A given intercept would equal the estimated value for the human rights indicator(s) of a nation with no GNP, no DFI, no aid, and no debt. Obviously, there could not be such a country (hence the nonintuitive nature of intercepts in these data).
148. Correlation coefficients are the same thing as bivariate (or multivariate) correlations.
149. Adjusted for sample size and for the number of independent variables in the model.
150. See supra note 128 for a list of the sources used.
151. This would indicate that employment is a better gauge than net income when measuring the impact of foreign investment on socioeconomic welfare in the third world. Employment is also a more satisfactory operationalization of DFI than is income when comparing foreign investment to civil and political rights (see Table 1).