A comprehensive review of the structure elucidation and biological activity of triterpenoids from Ganoderma spp

Molecules

Volumn 19, Issue 11, 2014, Pages 17478-17535

  Xia, Qing ^a   Zhang, Huazheng ^a   Sun, Xuefei ^a   Zhao, Haijuan ^a   Wu, Lingfang ^a   Zhu, Dan ^a   Yang, Guanghui ^a   Shao, Yanyan ^a   Zhang, Xiaoxue ^a   Mao, Xin ^a   Zhang, Lanzhen ^a   She, Gaimei ^a  

^a BEIJING UNIVERSITY OF CHINESE MEDICINE   (China)

Author keywords

13c NMR data; Bioactivity; Chemical structure; Ganoderma; Triterpenes

Indexed keywords

HERBACEOUS AGENT; TRITERPENE;

ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; GANODERMA; HUMAN; MOUSE; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION;

ANIMALS; DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL; GANODERMA; HUMANS; MICE; STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP; TRITERPENES;

EID: 84914689484     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14203049     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/molecules191117478     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Xie, J.T.; Wang, C.Z.; Wicks, S.; Yin, J.J.; Kong, J.; Li, J.; Li, Y.C.; Yuan, C.S. Ganoderma lucidum extract inhibits proliferation of SW 480 human colorectal cancer cells. Exp. Oncol. 2006, 28, 25-29.
2. Liu, G.Q.; Zhang, K.C. Mechanisms of the anticancer action of Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss. ex Fr.) Karst: A new understanding. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 2005, 47, 129-135.
3. Yuen, J.W.M.; Gohel, M.D.I. Anticancer effects of Ganoderma lucidum: A review of scientific evidence. Nutr. Cancer 2005, 53, 11-17.
4. Petrova, R.D.; Wasser, S.P.; Mahajna, J.A.; Denchev, C.M.; Nevo, E. Potential role of medicinal mushrooms in breast cancer treatment: Current knowledge and future perspectives. Int. J. Med. Mushrooms 2005, 7, 141-155.
5. Lin, Z.B.; Zhang, H.N. Antitumor and immunoregulatory activities of Ganoderma lucidum and its possible mechanisms. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 2004, 25, 1387-1395.
6. Gao, Y.H.; Zhou, S.F. Chemopreventive and tumoricidal properties of lingzhi mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (W.Curt.:Fr.) Lloyd (Aphyllophoromy cetideae). Part II. mechanism considerations (review). Int. J. Med. Mushrooms 2004, 6, 219-230.
7. Lee, S.Y.; Rhee, H.M. Cardiovascular effects of mycelium extract of Ganoderma lucidum: Inhibition of sympathetic outflow as a mechanism of its hypotensive action. Chem. Pharm. Bull . 1990, 38, 1359-1364.
8. National Pharmacopoeia Committee. In Chinese Pharmacopoeia, 2010 ed.; Chemical Industry Press: Beijing, China, 2010; Part 1, pp. 174-175.
9. Kubota, T.; Asaka, Y.; Miura, I.; Mori, H. Structure of Ganoderic acid A and B, two new lanostane type bitter triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum (FR.) Karst. Helv. Chim. Acta 1982, 65, 611-619.
10. Luo, J.; Lin, Z.B. Advances of pharmacological effects of triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum . Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 2002, 37, 574-578.
11. Xie, J.T.; Wang, C.Z.; Wicks, S.; Yin, J.J.; Kong, J.; Li, J.; Li Y.C.; Yuan, C.S. Anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor-promoting effects of triterpene acids and sterols from the fungus Ganoderma lucidum. Chem. Biodivers. 2007, 4, 224-231.
12. Boh, B.; Berovic, M.; Zhang, J.; Lin, Z.B. Ganoderma lucidum and its pharmaceutically active compounds. Biotechnol. Annu. Rev. 2007, 13, 265-301.
13. Xu, Z.; Chen, X.; Zhong, Z.; Chen, L.; Wang, Y. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides: Immunomodulation and potential anti-tumor activities. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2011, 39, 15-27.
14. Liby, K.T.; Yore, M.M.; Sporn, M.B. Triterpenoids and rexinoids as multifunctional agents for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2007, 7, 357-369.
15. Hill, R.A.; Connolly, J.D. Triterpenoids. Nat. Prod. Rep. 2012, 29, 780-818.
16. Lee, I.; Ahn, B.; Choi, J.; Hattori, M.; Min, B.; Bae, K. Selective cholinesterase inhibition by lanostane triterpenes from fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2011, 21, 6603-6607.
17. Lee, I.; Seo, J.; Kim, J.; Kim, H.; Youn, U.; Lee, J.; Jung, H.; Na, M.; Hattori, M.; Min, B.; et al. Lanostane triterpenes from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum and their inhibitory effects on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. J. Nat. Prod. 2010, 73, 172-176.
18. El-Mekkawy, S.; Meselhy, M.R.; Nakamura, N.; Tezuka, Y.; Hattori, M.; Kakiuchi, N.; Shimotohno, K.; Kawahata, T.; Otake, T. Anti-HIV-1 and anti-HIV-1-protease substances from Ganoderma lucidum. Phytochemistry 1998, 49, 1651-1657.
19. Kikuchi, T.; Kanomi, S.; Murai, Y.; Kadota, S.; Tsubono, K.; Ogita, Z. Constituents of the fungus Ganoderma lucidum (FR.) Karst. III. Structure of Ganolucidic acids A and B, new lanostane-type triterpenoids. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1986, 34, 4030-4036.
20. Kikuchi, T.; Matsuda, S.; Murai, Y.; Ogita, Z. Ganoderic acid G and I and Ganolucidic acid A and B, new triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1985, 33, 2628-2631.
21. Kohda, H.; Tokumoto, W.; Sakamoto, K.; Fujii, M.; Hirai, Y.; Yamasaki, K.; Komoda, Y.; Nakamura, H.; Ishihara, S. The biologically active constituents of Ganoderma lucidum (FR.) Karst. histamine release-inhibitory triterpenes. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1985, 33, 1367-1374.
22. 2, E, I, and K, Lucidenic acid F and related compounds. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1986, 34, 3695-3712.
23. Morigiwa, A.; Kitabatake, K.; Fujimoto, Y.; Ikekawa, N. Angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitory triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1986, 34, 3025-3028.
24. Luo, J.; Lin, Z.B. Srncture identification of triterpenes from fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum by NMR spectra and X-ray diffraction analysis. Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs 2002, 33, 197-200.
25. Gao, J.J.; Min, B.S.; Ahn, E.M.; Nakamura, N.; Lee, H.K.; Hattori, M. New triterpene aldehydes, lucialdehydes A-C, from Ganoderma lucidum and their cytotoxicity against murine and human tumor cells. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2002, 50, 837-840.
26. Cheng, C.R.; Yue, Q.X.; Wu, Z.Y.; Song, X.Y.; Tao, S.J.; Wu, X.H.; Xu, P.P.; Liu, X.; Guan, S.H.; Guo, D.A. Cytotoxic triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum. Phytochemistry 2010, 71, 1579-1585.
27. Kinge, T.R.; Mih, A.M. Secondary metabolites of oil palm isolates of Ganoderma zonatum Murill. from Cameroon and their cytotoxicity against five human tumour cell lines. Afr. J Biotechnol . 2011, 10, 8440-8447.
28. Guan, S.H.; Yang, M.; Liu, X.; Xia, J.M.; Wang, X.M.; Jin, H.; Guo, D.A. Two new lanostanoid triterpenes from fruit body of Ganoderma lucidum-The major componet of Sunrecome. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2006, 1, 177-181.
29. Fatmawati, S.; Shimizu, K.; Kondo, R. Ganoderic acid Df, a new triterpenoid with aldose reductase inhibirory activity from the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum. Fitoterapia 2010, 86, 1033-1036.
30. Kikuchi, T.; Kanomi, S.; Murai, Y.; Kadota, S.; Tsubono, K.; Ogita, Z.I. Constituents of the fungus Ganoderma lucidum (FR.) Karst. II.: Structure of Ganoderic acids F, G, and H, Lucidenic acids D2 and E2, and related compounds. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1986, 34, 4018-4029.
31. Komoda, Y.; Nakamura, H.; Ishihara, S.; Uchida, M.; Kohda, H.; Yamasaki, K. Structure of new terpenoid constituents of Ganoderma lucidum (FR.) Karst (polyporaceae). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1985, 33, 4829-4835.
32. Guan, S.H.; Xia, J.M.; Yang, M.; Wang, X.M.; Liu, X.; Guo, D.A. Cytotoxic lanostanoid triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 2008, 10, 695-700.
33. Sato, N.; Zhang, Q.; Ma, C.M.; Hattori, M. Anti-human immunodeficiency virus-1 protease activity of new lanos-tane-type triterpenoids from Ganoderma sinense. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2009, 57, 1076-1080.
34. Wang, F.; Liu, J.K. Highly oxygenated lanostane triterpenoids from the fungus Ganoderma applanatum. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2008, 56, 1035-1037.
35. Li, C.J.; Li, Y.M.; Sun, H.H. New ganoderic acids, bioactive triterpenoid metabolites from the mushroom Ganoder-ma lucidum. Nat. Prod. Res. 2006, 20, 985-991.
36. Luo, J.; Zhao, Y.Y.; Lin, Z.B. A new lanostane-type triterpene from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 2002, 4, 129-134.
37. Min, B.S.; Gao, J.J.; Nakamura, N.; Hattori, M. Triterpenes from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum and their cytotoxicity against Meth-A and LLC tumor cells. Chem. Pharm. Bull . 2000, 48, 1026-1033.
38. Min, B.S.; Nakamura, N.; Miyashiro, H.; Bae, KW.; Hattori, M. Triterpenes from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum and their inhibitory activity against HIV-1 protease. Chem. Pharm. Bull . 1998, 46, 1607-1612.
39. Nishitoba, T.; Oda, K.; Sato, H.; Sakamura, S. Novel triterpeniods from the fungus Ganoderma lucidum. Agric. Biol. Chem. 1988, 52, 367-372.
40. Nishitoba, T.; Sato, H.; Oda, K.; Sakamura, S. Novel triterpeniods and a steroid from the fungus Ganoderma luci-dum. Agric. Biol. Chem. 1988, 52, 211-216.
41. Nishitoba, T.; Sato, H.; Shirasu, S.; Sakamura, S. Novel triterpeniods from the mycelial mat at the previous stage of fruiting of Ganoderma lucidum. Agric. Biol. Chem. 1987, 51, 619-622.
42. Niedermeyer, T.H.J.; Lindequist, U.; Renate, M.; Gordes, D.; Schmidt, E.; Thurow, K.; Lalk, M. Antiviral terpenoid constituents of Ganoderma pfeifferi. J. Nat. Prod. 2005, 68, 1728-1731.
43. Nishitoba, T.; Sato, H.; Sakamura, S. Novel mycelial components, Ganoderic acid Mg, Mh, Mi, Mj, and Mk, from the fungus Ganoderma lucidum. Agric. Biol. Chem. 1987, 51, 1149-1153.
44. González, A.G.; León, F.; Rivera, A.; Muñoz, C.M.; Bermejo, J. Lanostanoid triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum. J. Nat. Prod. 1999, 62, 1770-1701.
45. Cai, H.; Wang, F.S.; Yang, J.S.; Zhang, Y.M.; Hu, K.; Zhao, Y.J.; Bai, Y.; Zhang, Z.X. Studies on the triterpenoid constituents from the fruiting body Ganoderma lucidum (FR) Karst. Chin. J. Vet. Sci. 1997, 17, 511-513.
46. Isaka, M.; Chinthanom, P.; Kongthong, S.; Srichomthong, K.; Choeklin, R. Lanostane triterpenes from cultures of the basidiomycete Ganoderma orbiforme BCC 22324. Phytochemistry 2013, 87, 133-139.
47. Liu, J.Q.; Wang, C.F.; Li, Y.; Luo, H.R.; Qiu, M.H. Isolation and bioactivity evaluation of terpenoids from the medicinal fungus Ganoderma sinense. Planta Med. 2012, 78, 368-376.
48. Ma, B.J.; Zhou, Y.; Ruan, Y.; Ma, J.C.; Ren, W.; Wen, C.N. Lanostane-type triterpenes from the sporoderm-broken spor-es of Ganoderma lucidum. J. Antibiot. 2012, 65, 165-167.
49. Li, Y.B.; Liu, R.M.; Zhong, J.J. A new ganoderic acid from Ganoderma lucidum mycelia and its stability. Fitoterapia 2013, 84, 115-122.
50. Hirotani, M.; Asaka, I.; Ino, C.; Furuya, T.; Shiro, M. Ganoderic acid derivatives and ergosta-4,7,22-triene-3,6-dione from Ganoderma lucidum. Phytochemistry 1987, 26, 2797-2803.
51. Shim, S.H.; Ryu, J.; Kim, J.S.; Kang, S.S.; Xu, Y.; Jung, S.H.; Lee, Y.S.; Lee, S.; Shin, K.H. New lanostane-type triterpenoids from Ganoderma applanatum. J. Nat. Prod. 2004, 67, 1110-1113.
52. Nishitoba, T.; Goto, S.; Sato, H.; Sakamura, S. Bitter triterpenoids from the fungus Ganoderma applanatum. Phytochemistry 1989, 28, 193-197.
53. Hao, R.X.; Zhang, J.S.; Tang, Q.J.; Hu, L.H.; Zheng, Z.P.; Pan, Y.J. Isolation, purification and identification of two new triterpenoid constituents from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. Mycosystema 2006, 25, 599-602.
54. Kikuchi, T.; Matsuda, S.; Kadota, S.; Murai, Y.; Ogita, Z. Ganoderic acid D, E, F, and H and Lucidenic acid D, E, and F, new triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1985, 33, 2624-2627.
55. Hirotani, M.; Furuya, T. Ganoderic acid derivatives, highly oxygenated lanostane-type triterpenoids, from Ganoderma lucidum. Phytochemistry 1986, 25, 1189-1193.
56. Wang, C.F.; Liu, J.Q.; Yan, Y.X.; Chen, J.C.; Lu, Y.; Guo, Y.H.; Qiu, M.H. Three new triterpenoids containing four-membered ring from the fruiting body of Ganoderma sinense . Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 1656-1659.
57. Ma, J.Y.; Ye, Q.; Hua, Y.J.; Zhang, D.C.; Cooper, R.; Chang, M.N.; Chang, J.Y.; Sun, H.H. New lanostanoids from the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. J. Nat. Prod. 2002, 65, 72-75.
58. Chen, M.; Zhang, M.; Sun, S.; Xia, B.; Zhang, H.Q. A new triterpene from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. Acta Pharm. Sin. 2009, 44, 768-770.
59. Liu, C.; Chen, R.Y. A new triterpene from fungal fruiting bodies of Ganoderma sinense . Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs 2010, 41, 8-11.
60. Su, H.J.; Fann, Y.F.; Chung, M.I.; Won, S.J.; Lin, C.N. New lanostanoids of Ganoderma tsugae. J. Nat. Prod. 2000, 63, 514-516.
61. Lin, C.N.; Fann, Y.F.; Chung, M.I. Steroids of formosan Ganoderma Tsugae. Phytochemistry 1997, 46, 1143-1146.
62. Niu, X.M.; Li, S.H.; Xiao, W.L.; Sun, H.D.; Che, C.T. Two new lanostanoids from Ganoderma resinaceum. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 2007, 9, 659-664.
63. 16,17 double bond from Ganoderma lucidum. Magn. Reson. Chem. 2007, 45, 789-791.
64. Nishitoba, T.; Sato, H.; Sakamura, S. Triterpenoids from the fungus Ganoderma lucidum. Phytochemistry 1987, 26, 1777-1784.
65. Li, Y.Y.; Mi, Z.Y.; Tang, Y.; Wang, G.; Li, D.S.; Tang, Y.J. Lanostanoids isolated from Ganoderma lucidum mycelium cultured by submerged fermentation. Helv. Chim. Acta 2009, 92, 1586-1593.
66. Chairul, S.M.; Hayashi, Y. Lanostanoid triterpenes from Ganoderma applanatum. Phytochemistry 1994, 35, 1305-1308.
67. Chen, R.Y.; Yu, D.Q. Studies on the triterpenoid constituents of the spores from Ganoderma lucidum karst. J. Chin. Pharm. Sci. 1993, 2, 91-96.
68. Gan, K.H.; Kuo, S.H.; Lin, C.N. Steroidal constituents of Ganoderma applanatum and Ganderma neo-japonicum. J. Nat. Prod. 1998, 61, 1421-1422.
69. De Silva, E.D.; van der Sar, S.A.; Santha, R.L.; Wijesundera, R.L.; Cole, A.L.; Blunt, J.W.; Munro, M.H. Lanostane triterpenoids from the Sri Lankan Basidiomycete Ganoderma applanatum. J. Nat. Prod. 2006, 69, 1245-1248.
70. Qiao, Y.; Zhang, X.M.; Dong, X.C.; Qiu, M.H. A new 18(13-12β)-abeo-lanostadiene triterpenoid from Ganoderma fornicatum. Helv. Chim. Acta 2006, 89, 1038-1041.
71. Lin, L.J.; Shiao, M.S. Seven new triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum. J. Nat. Prod. 1988, 51, 918-924.
72. Hirotani, M.; Ino, C.; Furuya, T. Comparative study on the strain-specific triterpenoid components of Ganoderma lucidum. Phytochemistry 1993, 33, 379-382.
73. Zhang, X.Q.; Ip, F.C.F.; Zhang, D.M.; Chen, L.X.; Zhang, W.; Li, Y.L.; Ip, N.Y.; Ye, W.C. Triterpenoids with neurotrophic activity from Ganoderma lucidum. Nat. Prod. Res. 2011, 25, 1607-1613.
74. Li, C.J.; Yin, J.H.; Guo, F.J.; Zhang, D.C.; Sun, H.H. Ganoderic acid Sz, a new lanostanoid from the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Nat. Prod. Res. 2005, 19, 461-465.
75. Gonzalez, A.G.; Leon, F.; Rivera, A.; Padron, J.I.; Ganzalez-Plata, J.; Zuluaga, J.C.; Quintana, J.; Estevez, F.; Bermejo, J. New lanostanoids from the Fungus Ganoderma concinna. J. Nat. Prod. 2002, 65, 417-421.
76. Arisawa, M.; Fujita, A.; Saga, M.; Fukumura, H.; Hayashi, T.; Shimizu, M.; Morita, N. Three new lanostanoids from Ganoderma lucidum. J. Nat. Prod. 1986, 49, 621-625.
77. Sato, H.; Nishitoba, T.; Shirasu, S.; Oda, K.; Sakamura, S. Ganoderiol A and B, new triteroenoids from the fungus Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi). Afr. Biol. Chem. 1986, 50, 2887-2890.
78. Shiao, M.S.; Lin, L.J. Two new triterpenes of the fungus Ganoderma lucidum. J. Nat. Prod. 1987, 50, 886-890.
79. Keller, A.C.; Keller, J.; Maillard, M.P.; Hostettmann, K. A lanostane-type steroid from the fungus Ganoderma carnosum. Phytochemistry 1997, 46, 963-965.
80. Hirotani, M.; Ino, C.; Furuya, T.; Shiro, M. Ganoderic acids T, S and R, new triterpenoids from the cultured mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1986, 34, 2282-2285.
81. Shiao, M.S.; Lin, L.J.; Yeh, S.F. Triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum. Phytochemistry 1988, 27, 2911-2914.
82. Lin, L.J.; Shiao, M.S.; Yea, S.F. Triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum. Phytochemistry 1988, 27, 2269-2271.
83. Gerhäuser, C.; Zhang, W.D.; Ho-Chong-Line, N.; Fourasté, I. New lanostanoids from Ganoderma lucidum that induce NAD(P)H: Quinine oxidoreductase in cultured hepalclc 7 murine hepatoma cells. Planta Med. 2000, 66, 681-684.
84. Shiao, M.S.; Lin, L.J.; Yea, S.F. Triterpenes in Ganoderma lucidum. Phytochemistry 1988, 27, 873-875.
85. Yang, S.X.; Yu, Z.C.; Lu, Q.Q.; Shi, W.Q.; Laatsch, H.; Gao, J.M. Toxic lanostane triterpenes from the basidiomycete Ganoderma amboinense. Phytochem. Lett. 2012, 5, 576-580.
86. Qiao, Y.; Zhang, X.M.; Qiu, M.H. Two novel lanostane triterpenoids from Ganoderma Sinense. Molecules 2007, 12, 2038-2046.
87. Fujita, A.; Arisawa, M.; Saga, M.; Hayashi, T.; Fukumura, H.; Morita, N. Two new lanostanoids from Ganoderma lucidum. J. Nat. Prod. 1986, 49, 1122-1125.
88. Li, C.H.; Chen, P.Y.; Chang, U.M.; Kan, L.S.; Fang, W.H.; Tsai, K.S.; Lin, S.B. Ganoderic acid X, a lanostanoid triterpene, inhibits topoisomerases and induces apoptosis of cancer cells. Life Sci. 2005, 77, 252-265.
89. Liu, J.; Kurashiki, K.; Shimizu, K.; Kondo, R. Structure-activity relationship for inhibition of 5α-reductase by triterpenoids isolated from Ganoderma lucidum. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2006, 14, 8654-8660.
90. Akihisa, T.; Tagata, M.; Ukiya, M.; Tokuda, H.; Suzuki, T.; Kimura, Y. Oxygenated lanostane-type triterpenoids from the fungus Ganoderma lucidum. J. Nat. Prod. 2005, 68, 559-563.
91. Wu, T.S.; Shi, L.S.; Kuo, S.C. Cytotoxicity of Ganoderma lucidum Triterpenes. J. Nat. Prod. 2001, 64, 1121-1122.
92. Weng, C.J.; Chau, C.F.; Chen, K.D.; Chen, D.H.; Yen, G.C. The anti-invasive effect of lucidenic acids isolated from a new Ganoderma lucidum strain. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2007, 51, 1472-1477.
93. Li, P.; Deng, Y.P.; Wei, X.X.; Xu, J.H. Triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum and their cytotoxic activities. Nat. Prod. Res. 2013, 27, 17-22.
94. Nishitoba, T.; Sato, H.; Kasai, T.; Kawagishi, H.; Sakamura, S. New bitter C27 and C30 terpenoids from the fungus Ganodema lucidum(Reishi). Agric. Biol. Chem. 1984, 48, 2905-2907.
95. Iwatsuki, K.; Akihisa, T.; Tokuda, H.; Ukiya, M.; Oshikubo, M.; Kimura, Y.; Asano, T.; Nomura, A.; Nishino, H. Lucidenic acids P and Q, methyl lucidenate P, and other triterpenoids from the fungus Ganoderma lucidum and their inhibitory effects on epstein-barr virus activation. J. Nat. Prod. 2003, 66, 1582-1585.
96. Lee, I.; Kim, H.; Youn, U.; Kim, J.; Min, B.; Jung, H.; Na, M.; Hattori, M.; Bae, K. Effect of lanostane triterpenes from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. Planta Med. 2010, 76, 1558-1563.
97. El Dine, R.S.; el Halawany, A.M.; Nakamura, N.; Ma, C.M.; Hattori, M. New lanostane triterpene lactones from the vietnamese mushroom Ganoderma colossum (FR.) C. F. BAKER. Chem. Pharm. Bull . 2008, 56, 642-646.
98. Kleinwächter, P.; Anh, N.; Kiet, T.T.; Schlegel, B.; Dahse, H.M.; Härtl, A.; Gräfe, U. Colossolactones, new triterpenoid Metabolites from a Vietnamese mushroom Ganoderma colossum. J. Nat. Prod. 2001, 64, 236-239.
99. Chen, R.Y.; Yu, D.Q. Application of 2D NMR techniques in the structure determination of Ganosporelactone A and B. Acta Pharm. Sin. 1991, 26, 430-436.
100. Sato, N.; Ma, C.M.; Komatsu, K.; Hattori, M. Triterpene-farnesyl hydroquinone conjugates from Ganoderma sinense. J. Nat. Prod. 2009, 72, 958-961.
101. Tokuyama, T.; Hayashi, Y.; Nishizawa, M.; Tokuda, H.; Chairul, S.M.; Hayashi, Y. Applanoxidic acids A, B, C, and D, biologically active tetracyclic triterpenes from Ganoderma applanatum. Phytochemistry 1991, 30, 4105-4109.
102. El Dine, R.S.; el Halawany, A.M.; Ma, C.M.; Hattori, M. Anti-HIV-1 protease activity of lanostane triterpenes from the vietnamese mushroom Ganoderma colossum. J. Nat. Prod. 2008, 71, 1022-1026.
103. Leon, F.; Valenica, M.; Rivera, A.; Nieto, I.; Quintana, J.; Estevez, F.; Bermejo, J. Novel cytostatic lanostanoid triterpenes from Ganoderma australe. Helv. Chim. Acta 2003, 86, 3088-3095.
104. Wang, F.S.; Cai, H.; Yang, J.S.; Zhang, Y.M.; Zhao, Y.J. Triterpenoids from the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum. J. Chin. Pharm. Sci. 1997, 6, 192-197.
105. Niu, X.M.; Qiu, M.H.; Lu, Z.G.; Lu, Y.; Cao, P.; Zheng, Q. Two novel 3,4-seco-trinorlanostane triterpenoids isolated from Ganoderma fornicatum. Tetrahedron Lett. 2004, 45, 2989-2993.
106. Peng, X.R.; Liu, J.Q.; Xia, J.J.; Yang, Y.H.; Qiu, M.H. Two new triterpenoids from Ganoderma cochlear. Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs 2012, 43, 1045-1049.
107. Su, C.H.; Lai, M.N.; Chan, M.H. Hepato-protective triterpenoids from Ganoderma tsugae Murrill. In Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products; Chang, S., Buswell, J.A., Chiu, S., Eds.; The Chinese University Press: Hong Kong, China, 1993; pp. 275-283.
108. Fatmawati, S.; Shimizu, K.; Kondo, R.; Ganoderol, B. A potent α-glucosidase inhibitor isolated from the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum. Phytomedicine 2011, 18, 1053-1055.