Dedicated clock/timing-circuit theories of time perception and timed performance

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

Volumn 829, Issue , 2014, Pages 75-99

  van Rijn, Hedderik ^a   Gu, Bon Mi ^b   Meck, Warren H ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^b DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Adaptive control of thought rational cognitive architecture; Interval timing; Scalar timing theory; Striatal beat frequency theory

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR THEORY; BIOLOGICAL RHYTHM; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; DECISION MAKING; DECLARATIVE MEMORY; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; HUMAN; LATENT PERIOD; MEMORY CONSOLIDATION; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NERVE CONDUCTION; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PERFORMANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCALAR TIMING THEORY; STRIATAL BEAT FREQUENCY THEORY; TIME PERCEPTION; TIMED PERFORMANCE; WORKING MEMORY; ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; COGNITION; INFORMATION SCIENCE; MOTOR ACTIVITY; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS; COGNITION; HUMANS; INFORMATION THEORY; MODELS, NEUROLOGICAL; MOTOR ACTIVITY; TIME PERCEPTION;

EID: 84914113556     PISSN: 00652598     EISSN: 22148019     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1782-2_5     Document Type: Article

References (163)

1. Salvucci DD, Taatgen NA, Kushleyeva Y. Learning when to switch tasks in a dynamic multitasking environment. In: Proceedings of the seventh international conference on cognitive modeling. Trieste: Edizioni Goliardiche; 2006. p. 268-73.
2. Levelt WJM. Speaking: from intention to articulation. Cambridge: MIT Press; 1993.
3. Boisvert MJ, Veal AJ, Sherry DF. Floral reward production is timed by an insect pollinator. Proc Biol Sci. 2007;274(1620):1831-7.
4. Boisvert MJ, Sherry DF. Interval timing by an invertebrate, the bumble bee Bombus impatiens. Curr Biol. 2006;16(16):1636-40.
5. Henderson J, Hurly TA, Bateson M, Healy SD. Timing in free-living rufous hummingbirds, Selasphorus rufus. Curr Biol. 2006;16(5):512-5.
6. Matell MS, Meck WH. Neuropsychological mechanisms of interval timing behavior. Bioessays. 2000;22(1):94-103.
7. Killeen PR, Fetterman JG. A behavioral theory of timing. Psychol Rev. 1988;95(2):274-95.
8. Fetterman JG, Killeen PR. Categorical scaling of time: implications for clock-counter models. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 1995;21(1):43-63.
9. Karmarkar UR, Buonomano DV. Timing in the absence of clocks: encoding time in neural network states. Neuron. 2007;53(3):427-38.
10. Grondin S. Timing and time perception: a review of recent behavioral and neuroscience findings and theoretical directions. Atten Percept Psychophys. 2010;72(3):561-82.
11. Ivry RB, Schlerf JE. Dedicated and intrinsic models of time perception. Trends Cogn Sci. 2008;12 (7):273-80.
12. Buhusi CV, Meck WH. What makes us tick? Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005;6(10):755-65.
13. Creelman CD. Human discrimination of auditory duration. J Acoust Soc Am. 1962;34:582-93.
14. Treisman M. Temporal discrimination and the indifference interval. Implications for a model of the "internal clock". Psychol Monogr. 1963;77(13):1-31.
15. Allan LG, Kristofferson AB. Psychophysical theories of duration discrimination. Atten Percept Psychophys. 1974;16:26-34.
16. Gibbon J, Church RM. Sources of variance in an information processing theory of timing. In: Roitblat HL, Bever TG, Terrace HS, editors. Animal cognition. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum; p. 465-88.
17. Gibbon J, Church RM, Meck WH. Scalar timing in memory. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1984;423:52-77.
18. Gibbon J. Scalar expectancy theory and Weber's law in animal timing. Psychol Rev. 1977;84:279-325.
19. Gibbon J. Origins of scalar timing. Learn Motiv. 1991;22:3-38.
20. Church RM. Properties of the internal clock. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1984;423:566-82.
21. Allman MJ, Teki S, Griffiths TD, Meck WH. Properties of the internal clock: first-and secondorder principles of subjective time. Annu Rev Psychol. 2014;65:743-71.
22. Gibbon J, Church RM. Representation of time. Cognition. 1990;37(1-2):23-54.
23. Gibbon J, Church RM. Comparison of variance and covariance patterns in parallel and serial theories of timing. J Exp Anal Behav. 1992;57(3):393-406.
24. Church RM. A concise introduction to scalar timing theory. In: Meck WH, editor. Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing. Boca Raton: CRC; p. 3-22.
25. Wearden JH. Applying the scalar timing model to human time psychology: progress and challenges. In: Helfrich H, editor. Time and mind II: information processing perspectives. Göttingen: Hogrefe & Huber; 2003. p. 21-39.
26. Meck WH. Selective adjustment of the speed of internal clock and memory processes. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 1983;9(2):171-201.
27. Meck WH, Church RM, Gibbon J. Temporal integration in duration and number discrimination. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 1985;11(4):591-7.
28. Buhusi CV, Aziz D, Winslow D, Carter RE, Swearingen JE, Buhusi MC. Interval timing accuracy and scalar timing in C57BL/6 mice. Behav Neurosci. 2009;123(5):1102-13.
29. Cheng RK, Meck WH. Prenatal choline supplementation increases sensitivity to time by reducing nonscalar sources of variance in adult temporal processing. Brain Res. 2007;1186:242-54.
30. Melgire M, Ragot R, Samson S, Penney TB, Meck WH, Pouthas V. Auditory/visual duration bisection in patients with left or right medial-temporal lobe resection. Brain Cogn. 2005;58(1):119-24.
31. Sun JZ, Wang GI, Goyal VK, Varshney LR. A framework for Bayesian optimality of psychophysical laws. J Math Psychol. 2012;56(6):495-501.
32. Dehaene S. The neural basis of the Weber-Fechner law: a logarithmic mental number line. Trends Cogn Sci. 2003;7(4):145-7.
33. Gibbon J, Church RM. Time left: linear versus logarithmic subjective time. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 1981;7(2):87-107.
34. Wearden JH. Traveling in time: a time-left analogue for humans. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 2002;28(2):200-8.
35. Dehaene S. Subtracting pigeons: logarithmic or linear? Psychol Sci. 2001;12(3):244-6.
36. Meijering B, Van Rijn H. Experimental and computational analyses of strategy usage in the time-left task. In: Taatgen NA, Van Rijn H, editors. Proceedings of the 31th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society 2009. p. 1615-20.
37. Cerutti DT, Staddon JE. Immediacy versus anticipated delay in the time-left experiment: a test of the cognitive hypothesis. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 2004;30(1):45-57.
38. Machado A, Vasconcelos M. Acquisition versus steady state in the time-left experiment. Behav Processes. 2006;71(2-3):172-87.
39. Church RM, Miller KD, Meck WH, Gibbon J. Symmetrical and asymmetrical sources of variance in temporal generalization. Anim Learn Behav. 1991;19(3):207-14.
40. Rakitin BC, Gibbon J, Penney TB, Malapani C, Hinton SC, Meck WH. Scalar expectancy theory and peak-interval timing in humans. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 1998;24(1):15-33.
41. Meck WH. Choline uptake in the frontal cortex is proportional to the absolute error of a temporal memory translation constant in mature and aged rats. Learn Motiv. 2002;33:88-104.
42. Meck WH, Angell KE. Repeated administration of pyrithiamine leads to a proportional increase in the remembered durations of events. Psychobiology. 1992;20(1):39-46.
43. Meck WH, Church RM, Wenk GL, Olton DS. Nucleus basalis magnocellularis and medial septal area lesions differentially impair temporal memory. J Neurosci. 1987;7(11):3505-11.
44. Allman MJ, Meck WH. Pathophysiological distortions in time perception and timed performance. Brain. 2012;135:656-77.
45. Meck WH. Neuropsychology of timing and time perception. Brain Cogn. 2005;58(1):1-8.
46. Meck WH, Benson AM. Dissecting the brain's internal clock: how frontal-striatal circuitry keeps time and shifts attention. Brain Cogn. 2002;48(1):195-211.
47. Balci F, Meck WH, Moore H, Brunner D. Timing deficits in aging and neuropathology. In: Bizon JL, Woods A, editors. Animal models of human cognitive aging. Totowa: Humana Press; 2009. p. 161-201.
48. Lustig C, Meck WH. Paying attention to time as one gets older. Psychol Sci. 2001;12(6):478-84.
49. Lustig C, Meck WH. Modality differences in timing and temporal memory throughout the lifespan. Brain Cogn. 2011;77(2):298-303.
50. Penney TB, Gibbon J, Meck WH. Differential effects of auditory and visual signals on clock speed and temporal memory. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2000;26(6):1770-87.
51. Wearden JH, Lejeune H. Scalar properties in human timing: conformity and violations. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2008;61(4):569-87.
52. Buhusi CV, Meck WH. Differential effects of methamphetamine and haloperidol on the control of an internal clock. Behav Neurosci. 2002;116(2): 291-7.
53. Cheng RK, Ali YM, Meck WH. Ketamine "unlocks" the reduced clock-speed effects of cocaine following extended training: evidence for dopamine-glutamate interactions in timing and time perception. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2007;88(2):149-59.
54. Coull JT, Cheng RK, Meck WH. Neuroanatomical and neurochemical substrates of timing. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011;36(1):3-25.
55. Meck WH. Neuropharmacology of timing and time perception. Cogn Brain Res. 1996;3(3-4):227-42.
56. Williamson LL, Cheng RK, Etchegaray M, Meck WH. "Speed" warps time: methamphetamine's interactive roles in drug abuse, habit formation, and the biological clocks of circadian and interval timing. Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2008;1(2):203-12.
57. Droit-Volet S, Meck WH. How emotions colour our perception of time. Trends Cogn Sci. 2007;11 (12):504-13.
58. Lui MA, Penney TB, Schirmer A. Emotion effects on timing: attention versus pacemaker accounts. PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e21829.
59. Coull JT. fMRI studies of temporal attention: allocating attention within, or towards, time. Cogn Brain Res. 2004;21(2):216-26.
60. Henry MJ, Herrmann B. Low-frequency neural oscillations support dynamic attending in temporal context. Timing Time Percept. 2014;2(1):62-86.
61. Nobre K, Coull J. Attention and time. New York: Oxford University Press; 2010.
62. Buhusi CV, Meck WH. Relative time sharing: new findings and an extension of the resource allocation model of temporal processing. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2009;364(1525):1875-85.
63. Wearden JH. "Beyond the fields we know. . .": exploring and developing scalar timing theory. Behav Processes. 1999;45(1-3):3-21.
64. Meck WH. Attentional bias between modalities: effect on the internal clock, memory, and decision stages used in animal time discrimination. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1984;423:528-41.
65. Penney TB, Allan LG, Meck WH, Gibbon J. Memory mixing in duration bisection. In: Rosenbaum DA, editor. Timing of behavior: neural, psychological, and computational perspectives. Cambridge: MIT Press; 1998. p. 165-93.
66. Allan LG, Gibbon J. Human bisection at the geometric mean. Learn Motiv. 1991;22:39-58.
67. Penney TB, Gibbon J, Meck WH. Categorical scaling of duration bisection in pigeons (Columba livia), mice (Mus musculus), and humans (Homo sapiens). Psychol Sci. 2008;19(11):1103-9.
68. Allan LG, Gerhardt K. Temporal bisection with trial referents. Percept Psychophys. 2001;63(3):524-40.
69. Ng KK, Tobin S, Penney TB. Temporal accumulation and decision processes in the duration bisection task revealed by contingent negative variation. Front Integr Neurosci. 2011;5:77.
70. Macar F, Vidal F. The CNV peak: an index of decision making and temporal memory. Psychophysiology. 2003;40(6):950-4.
71. Meck WH, Penney TB, Pouthas V. Cortico-striatal representation of time in animals and humans. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2008;18(2):145-52.
72. Roberts S, Pashler H. How persuasive is a good fit? A comment on theory testing. Psychol Rev. 2000;107(2):358-67.
73. Kononowicz TW, Van Rijn H. Slow potentials in time estimation: the role of temporal accumulation and habituation. Front Integr Neurosci. 2011;5:48.
74. Van Rijn H, Kononowicz TW, Meck WH, Ng KK, Penney TB. Contingent negative variation and its relation to time estimation: a theoretical evaluation. Front Integr Neurosci. 2011;5:91.
75. Taatgen NA, Van Rijn H, Anderson J. An integrated theory of prospective time interval estimation: the role of cognition, attention, and learning. Psychol Rev. 2007;114(3):577-98.
76. Matell MS, Meck WH. Cortico-striatal circuits and interval timing: coincidence detection of oscillatory processes. Cogn Brain Res. 2004;21(2):139-70.
77. Van Rijn H, Anderson JR. Modeling lexical decision as ordinary retrieval. In: Detje F, Doerner D, Schaub H, editors. Proceedings of the 5th international conference on cognitive modeling. Bamberg: Universitaetsverlag Bamberg; 2003. p. 55.
78. Anderson JR. How can the human mind occur in the physical universe? New York: Oxford University Press; 2007.
79. Anderson JR, Bothell D, Byrne MD, Douglass S, Lebiere C, Qin Y. An integrated theory of the mind. Psychol Rev. 2004;111(4):1036-60.
80. Jones L, Wearden JH. Double standards: memory loading in temporal reference memory. Q J Exp Psychol B. 2004;57(1):55-77.
81. Jones LA, Wearden JH. More is not necessarily better: examining the nature of the temporal reference memory component in timing. Q J Exp Psychol B. 2003;56(4):321-43.
82. Gibbon J, Malapani C, Dale CL, Gallistel C. Toward a neurobiology of temporal cognition: advances and challenges. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1997;7(2):170-84.
83. Van Rijn H, Taatgen NA. Timing of multiple overlapping intervals: how many clocks do we have? Acta Psychol (Amst). 2008;129(3):365-75.
84. Buhusi CV, Oprisan SA. Time-scale invariance as an emergent property in a perceptron with realistic, noisy neurons. Behav Processes. 2013;95:60-70.
85. Oprisan SA, Buhusi CV. Modeling pharmacological clock and memory patterns of interval timing in a striatal beat-frequency model with realistic, noisy neurons. Front Integr Neurosci. 2011;5:52.
86. Oprisan SA, Buhusi CV. What is all the noise about in interval timing? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2014;369:20120459.
87. Anderson JR, Bothell D, Lebiere C, Matessa M. An integrated theory of list memory. J Mem Lang. 1998;38(4):341-80.
88. Van Maanen L, Van Rijn H, Taatgen N. RACE/A: an architectural account of the interactions between learning, task control, and retrieval dynamics. Cogn Sci. 2012;36(1):62-101.
89. Gonzalez C, Lerch JF, Lebiere C. Instance-based learning in dynamic decision making. Cogn Sci. 2003;27:591-635.
90. Van Maanen L, Van Rijn H. The locus of the Gratton effect in picture-word interference. Top Cogn Sci. 2010;2(1):168-80.
91. Meck WH, Church RM, Olton DS. Hippocampus, time, and memory. Behav Neurosci. 1984;98(1):3-22.
92. Olton DS, Wenk GL, Church RM, Meck WH. Attention and the frontal cortex as examined by simultaneous temporal processing. Neuropsychologia. 1988;26(2):307-18.
93. Meck WH, Church RM, Matell MS. Hippocampus, time, and memory-A retrospective analysis. Behav Neurosci. 2013;127(5):642-54.
94. Borst JP, Taatgen NA, Stocco A, van Rijn H. The neural correlates of problem states: testing FMRI predictions of a computational model of multitasking. PLoS One. 2010;5(9):e12966.
95. Borst JP, Taatgen NA, van Rijn H. The problem state: a cognitive bottleneck in multitasking. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2010;36(2):363-82.
96. Bobko DJ, Schiffman HR, Castino RJ, Chiappetta W. Contextual effects in duration experience. Am J Psychol. 1977;90(4):577-86.
97. Gu BM, Jurkowski AJ, Lake JI, Malapani C, Meck WH. Bayesian models of interval timing and distortions in temporal memory as a function of Parkinson's disease and dopamine-related error processing. In: Vatakis A, Allman MJ, editors. Time distortions in mind: temporal processing in clinical populations. Boston: Brill Academic Publishers; 2014.
98. Gu BM, Meck WH. New perspectives on Vierordt's law: memory-mixing in ordinal temporal comparison tasks. Lect Notes Comput Sci. 2011;6789 LNAI:67-78.
99. Lustig C, Meck WH. Chronic treatment with haloperidol induces deficits in working memory and feedback effects of interval timing. Brain Cogn. 2005;58(1):9-16.
100. Taatgen N, van Rijn H. Traces of times past: representations of temporal intervals in memory. Mem Cognit. 2011;39(8):1546-60.
101. Buhusi CV, Meck WH. Relativity theory and time perception: single or multiple clocks? PLoS One. 2009;4(7):e6268.
102. Meck WH, MacDonald CJ. Amygdala inactivation reverses fear's ability to impair divided attention and make time stand still. Behav Neurosci. 2007;121 (4):707-20.
103. de Montalembert M, Mamassian P. Processing temporal events simultaneously in healthy human adults and in hemi-neglect patients. Neuropsychologia. 2012;50(5):791-9.
104. Macar F, Vidal F. Timing processes: an outline of behavioural and neural indices not systematically considered in timing models. Can J Exp Psychol. 2009;63(3):227-39.
105. Macar F, Vidal F, Casini L. The supplementary motor area in motor and sensory timing: evidence from slow brain potential changes. Exp Brain Res. 1999;125(3):271-80.
106. Pouthas V. Electrophysiological evidence for specific processing of temporal information in humans. In: Meck WH, editor. Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing. Boca Raton: CRC; 2003. p. 439-56.
107. Wiener M, Kliot D, Turkeltaub PE, Hamilton RH, Wolk DA, Coslett HB. Parietal influence on temporal encoding indexed by simultaneous transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography. J Neurosci. 2012;32(35):12258-67.
108. Gontier E, Paul I, Le Dantec C, PouthasV, Jean-Marie G, Bernard C, et al. ERPs in anterior and posterior regions associated with duration and size discriminations. Neuropsychology. 2009;23(5):668-78.
109. Tecce JJ. Contingent negative variation (CNV) and psychological processes in man. Psychol Bull. 1972;77(2):73-108.
110. Walter WG, Cooper R, Aldridge VJ, McCallum WC, Winter AL. Contingent negative variation: an electric sign of sensorimotor association and expectancy in the human brain. Nature. 1964;203:380-4.
111. Leuthold H, Sommer W, Ulrich R. Preparing for action: Inferences from CNV and LRP. J Psychophysiol. 2004;18:77-88.
112. Van Boxtel GJM, Bocker KBE. Cortical measures of anticipation. J Psychophysiol. 2004;18(2-3):61-76.
113. Nagai Y, Critchley HD, Featherstone E, Fenwick PB, Trimble MR, Dolan RJ. Brain activity relating to the contingent negative variation: an fMRI investigation. NeuroImage. 2004;21(4):1232-41.
114. Meck WH. Frontal cortex lesions eliminate the clock speed effect of dopaminergic drugs on interval timing. Brain Res. 2006;1108(1):157-67.
115. Meck WH. Neuroanatomical localization of an internal clock: a functional link between mesolimbic, nigrostriatal, and mesocortical dopaminergic systems. Brain Res. 2006;1109(1):93-107.
116. Kononowicz TW, Van Rijn H. Decoupling interval timing and climbing neural activity: a dissociation between CNV and N1P2 amplitudes. J Neurosci. 2014;34(8):2931-9.
117. Miall C. The storage of time intervals using oscillating neurons. Neural Comput. 1989;1.
118. Dibner C, Schibler U, Albrecht U. The mammalian circadian timing system: organization and coordination of central and peripheral clocks. Annu Rev Physiol. 2010;72:517-49.
119. Kalsbeek A, Merrow M, Roenneberg T, Foster RG. Neurobiology of circadian timing. Preface. Prog Brain Res. 2012;199:xi-xii.
120. Agostino PV, Golombek DA, Meck WH. Unwinding the molecular basis of interval and circadian timing. Front Integr Neurosci. 2011;5:64.
121. Amitai Y. Membrane potential oscillations underlying firing patterns in neocortical neurons. Neuroscience. 1994;63(1):151-61.
122. Kasanetz F, Riquelme LA, Della-Maggiore V, O'Donnell P, Murer MG. Functional integration across a gradient of corticostriatal channels controls UP state transitions in the dorsal striatum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(23):8124-9.
123. Kasanetz F, Riquelme LA, Murer MG. Disruption of the two-state membrane potential of striatal neurones during cortical desynchronisation in anaesthetised rats. J Physiol. 2002;543(Pt 2):577-89.
124. Kasanetz F, Riquelme LA, O'Donnell P, Murer MG. Turning off cortical ensembles stops striatal Up states and elicits phase perturbations in cortical and striatal slow oscillations in rat in vivo. J Physiol. 2006;577(Pt 1):97-113.
125. Morris C, Lecar H. Voltage oscillations in the barnacle giant muscle fiber. Biophys J. 1981;35(1): 193-213.
126. Rinzel J, Ermentrout GB. Analysis of neural excitability and oscillations. In: Koch C, Segev I, editors. Methods in neuronal modeling. Cambridge: MIT Press; 1989. p. 135-69.
127. Cheng RK, MacDonald CJ, Meck WH. Differential effects of cocaine and ketamine on time estimation: implications for neurobiological models of interval timing. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2006;85 (1):114-22.
128. Lake JI, Meck WH. Differential effects of amphetamine and haloperidol on temporal reproduction: dopaminergic regulation of attention and clock speed. Neuropsychologia. 2013;51(2):284-92.
129. Matell MS, Bateson M, Meck WH. Single-trials analyses demonstrate that increases in clock speed contribute to the methamphetamine-induced horizontal shifts in peak-interval timing functions. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006;188(2):201-12.
130. Meck WH, Cheng RK, MacDonald CJ, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG, Cevik MO. Gene-dose dependent effects of methamphetamine on interval timing in dopamine-transporter knockout mice. Neuropharmacology. 2012;62(3):1221-9.
131. Matell MS, Meck WH, Nicolelis MA. Interval timing and the encoding of signal duration by ensembles of cortical and striatal neurons. Behav Neurosci. 2003;117(4):760-73.
132. Merchant H, Harrington DL, Meck WH. Neural basis of the perception and estimation of time. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2013;36:313-36.
133. Merchant H, Perez O, Zarco W, Gamez J. Interval tuning in the primate medial premotor cortex as a general timing mechanism. J Neurosci. 2013;33 (21):9082-96.
134. Buonomano DV. The biology of time across different scales. Nat Chem Biol. 2007;3(10):594-7.
135. Gu BM, Cheng RK, Yin B, Meck WH. Quinpiroleinduced sensitization to noisy/sparse periodic input: temporal synchronization as a component of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuroscience. 2011;179:143-50.
136. MacDonald CJ, Meck WH. Systems-level integration of interval timing and reaction time. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2004;28(7):747-69.
137. Oswald AM, Chacron MJ, Doiron B, Bastian J, Maler L. Parallel processing of sensory input by bursts and isolated spikes. J Neurosci. 2004;24(18):4351-62.
138. Wang DL. On connectedness: a solution based on oscillatory correlation. Neural Comput. 2000;12 (1):131-9.
139. Gu BM, Meck WH. Oscillatory multiplexing of population codes for interval timing and working memory. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, in press.
140. Lustig C, Matell MS, Meck WH. Not "just" a coincidence: frontal-striatal interactions in working memory and interval timing. Memory. 2005;13(3-4):441-8.
141. Broadway JM, Engle RW. Individual differences in working memory capacity and temporal discrimination. PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e25422.
142. Brown GD, Preece T, Hulme C. Oscillator-based memory for serial order. Psychol Rev. 2000;107 (1):127-81.
143. Brown GDA, Chater N. The chronological organization of memory: common psychological foundations for remembering and timing. In: Hoerl C, McCormack T, editors. Time and memory: issues in philosophy and psychology. New York: Oxford University Press; 2001. p. 77-110.
144. Yin B, Meck WH. Comparison of interval timing behaviour in mice following dorsal or ventral hippocampal lesions with mice having δ opioid receptor gene deletion. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2014;369:20120466.
145. Lisman J. Working memory: the importance of theta and gamma oscillations. Curr Biol. 2010;20(11): R490-2.
146. Schack B, Vath N, Petsche H, Geissler HG, Moller E. Phase-coupling of theta-gamma EEG rhythms during short-term memory processing. Int J Psychophysiol. 2002;44(2):143-63.
147. Van der Meij R, Kahana M, Maris E. Phaseamplitude coupling in human electrocorticography is spatially distributed and phase diverse. J Neurosci. 2012;32(1):111-23.
148. Penttonen M, Buzsaki G. Natural logarithmic relationship between brain oscillators. Thalamus Relat Syst. 2003;2:145-52.
149. Lakatos P, Shah AS, Knuth KH, Ulbert I, Karmos G, Schroeder CE. An oscillatory hierarchy controlling neuronal excitability and stimulus processing in the auditory cortex. J Neurophysiol. 2005;94(3):1904-11.
150. Fortin C, Breton R. Temporal interval production and processing in working memory. Percept Psychophys. 1995;57(2):203-15.
151. Fortin C, Champagne J, Poirier M. Temporal order in memory and interval timing: an interference analysis. Acta Psychol (Amst). 2007;126(1):18-33.
152. Fortin C, Couture E. Short-term memory and time estimation: beyond the 2-second "critical" value. Can J Exp Psychol. 2002;56(2):120-7.
153. Fortin C, Masse N. Order information in short-term memory and time estimation. Mem Cognit. 1999;27 (1):54-62.
154. Fortin C, Rousseau R, Bourque P, Kirouac E. Time estimation and concurrent nontemporal processing: specific interference from short-term-memory demands. Percept Psychophys. 1993;53(5):536-48.
155. Burke JF, Zaghloul KA, Jacobs J, Williams RB, Sperling MR, Sharan AD, et al. Synchronous and asynchronous theta and gamma activity during episodic memory formation. J Neurosci. 2013;33 (1):292-304.
156. Borst JP, Anderson JR. Using model-based functional MRI to locate working memory updates and declarative memory retrievals in the fronto-parietal network. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110 (5):1628-33.
157. Borst JP, Taatgen NA, van Rijn H. Using a symbolic process model as input for model-based fMRI analysis: locating the neural correlates of problem state replacements. NeuroImage. 2011;58(1):137-47.
158. Shi Z, Church RM, Meck WH. Bayesian optimization of time perception. Trends Cogn Sci. 2013;17 (11):556-64.
159. French R, Addyman, C, Mareschal D, Thomas E. GAMIT-a fading-Gaussian activation model of interval timing: unifying prospective and retrospective time estimation. Timing Time Percept Rev (in press).
160. MacDonald CJ. Prospective and retrospective duration memory in the hippocampus: is time in the foreground or background? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2014;369:20120463.
161. MacDonald CJ, Fortin NJ, Sakata S, Meck WH. Retrospective and prospective views on the role of the hippocampus in interval timing and memory for elapsed time. Timing Time Percept. 2014;2 (1):51-61.
162. Matthews WJ, Meck WH. Time perception: The bad news and the good. WIREs Cogn Sci. 2014;5:429-46.
163. Yin B, Troger AB. Exploring the 4th dimension: hippocampus, time, and memory revisited. Front Integr Neurosci. 2011;5:36.