메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 5, Issue , 2011, Pages

Temporal accumulation and decision processes in the duration bisection task revealed by contingent negative variation

Author keywords

Contingent negative variation (CNV); Duration bisection; EEG; Interval timing; N1 P2; Slow potential; Temporal memory; Time perception

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; COGNITION; CONCEPT FORMATION; CONTINGENT NEGATIVE VARIATION; DECISION MAKING; ELECTRODE; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; FEMALE; GEOMETRY; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; STIMULUS RESPONSE; TASK PERFORMANCE; TIME PERCEPTION; WAVEFORM;

EID: 82255170867     PISSN: 16625145     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2011.00077     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (76)

References (70)
  • 1
    • 0036360041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The location and interpretation of the bisection point. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
    • Allan, L. G. (2002). The location and interpretation of the bisection point. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. B, Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55(1), 43-60.
    • (2002) B, Comparative and Physiological Psychology , vol.55 , Issue.1 , pp. 43-60
    • Allan, L.G.1
  • 2
    • 0035316444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal bisection with trial referents
    • Allan, L. G., & Gerhardt, K. (2001). Temporal bisection with trial referents. Perception & Psychophysics, 63(3), 524-540.
    • (2001) Perception & Psychophysics , vol.63 , Issue.3 , pp. 524-540
    • Allan, L.G.1    Gerhardt, K.2
  • 5
    • 20444385837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human auditory event-related potentials predict duration judgments
    • Bendixen, A., Grimm, S., & Schröger, E. (2005). Human auditory event-related potentials predict duration judgments. Neuroscience Letters, 383(3), 284-288.
    • (2005) Neuroscience Letters , vol.383 , Issue.3 , pp. 284-288
    • Bendixen, A.1    Grimm, S.2    Schröger, E.3
  • 7
    • 78049428455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human performance on the temporal bisection task
    • Kopec, C. D., & Brody, C. D. (2010). Human performance on the temporal bisection task. Brain and Cognition, 74(3), 262-272.
    • (2010) Brain and Cognition , vol.74 , Issue.3 , pp. 262-272
    • Kopec, C.D.1    Brody, C.D.2
  • 9
    • 4544369866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Slow Potentials in Anticipatory Behavior
    • Brunia, C. H. M. (2004). Slow Potentials in Anticipatory Behavior. Journal of Psychophysiology, 18(2/3), 59-60.
    • (2004) Journal of Psychophysiology , vol.18 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 59-60
    • Brunia, C.H.M.1
  • 10
    • 27944431681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What makes us tick? Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing
    • Buhusi, C. V., & Meck, W. H. (2005). What makes us tick? Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 6(10), 755-765.
    • (2005) Nature Reviews. Neuroscience , vol.6 , Issue.10 , pp. 755-765
    • Buhusi, C.V.1    Meck, W.H.2
  • 11
    • 33644872100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal attention enhances early visual processing: A review and new evidence from event-related potentials
    • Correa, A., Lupiáñez, J., Madrid, E., & Tudela, P. (2006). Temporal attention enhances early visual processing: a review and new evidence from event-related potentials. Brain Research, 1076(1), 116-128.
    • (2006) Brain Research , vol.1076 , Issue.1 , pp. 116-128
    • Correa, A.1    Lupiáñez, J.2    Madrid, E.3    Tudela, P.4
  • 12
    • 52249096586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dissociating explicit timing from temporal expectation with fMRI
    • Coull, J., & Nobre, A. (2008). Dissociating explicit timing from temporal expectation with fMRI. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 18(2), 137-144.
    • (2008) Current Opinion In Neurobiology , vol.18 , Issue.2 , pp. 137-144
    • Coull, J.1    Nobre, A.2
  • 13
    • 1442274671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of the evidence for P2 being an independent component process: Age, sleep and modality
    • Crowley, K. E., & Colrain, I. M. (2004). A review of the evidence for P2 being an independent component process: age, sleep and modality. Clinical Neurophysiology, 115(4), 732-744.
    • (2004) Clinical Neurophysiology , vol.115 , Issue.4 , pp. 732-744
    • Crowley, K.E.1    Colrain, I.M.2
  • 14
    • 1242283941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis
    • Delorme, A., & Makeig, S. (2004). EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 134(1), 9-21.
    • (2004) Journal of Neuroscience Methods , vol.134 , Issue.1 , pp. 9-21
    • Delorme, A.1    Makeig, S.2
  • 15
    • 1842608969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural representation of interval time
    • Durstewitz, D. (2004). Neural representation of interval time. Neuroreport, 15(5), 745-749.
    • (2004) Neuroreport , vol.15 , Issue.5 , pp. 745-749
    • Durstewitz, D.1
  • 16
    • 0026319847 scopus 로고
    • The processing of temporal intervals reflected by CNV-like brain potentials
    • Elbert, T., Ulrich, R., Rockstroh, B., & Lutzenberger, W. (1991). The processing of temporal intervals reflected by CNV-like brain potentials. Psychophysiology, 28(6), 648-655.
    • (1991) Psychophysiology , vol.28 , Issue.6 , pp. 648-655
    • Elbert, T.1    Ulrich, R.2    Rockstroh, B.3    Lutzenberger, W.4
  • 17
    • 0003099035 scopus 로고
    • On the form and location of the Psychometric Bisection Function for time
    • Gibbon, J. (1981). On the form and location of the Psychometric Bisection Function for time. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 24(1), 58-87.
    • (1981) Journal of Mathematical Psychology , vol.24 , Issue.1 , pp. 58-87
    • Gibbon, J.1
  • 19
    • 11144228957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current-source density analysis of slow brain potentials during time estimation
    • Gibbons, H., & Rammsayer, T. H. (2004). Current-source density analysis of slow brain potentials during time estimation. Psychophysiology, 41(6), 861-874.
    • (2004) Psychophysiology , vol.41 , Issue.6 , pp. 861-874
    • Gibbons, H.1    Rammsayer, T.H.2
  • 20
    • 77952603703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timing and time perception: A review of recent behavioral and neuroscience findings and theoretical directions. Attention
    • Grondin, S. (2010). Timing and time perception: a review of recent behavioral and neuroscience findings and theoretical directions. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 72(3), 561-582.
    • (2010) Perception & Psychophysics , vol.72 , Issue.3 , pp. 561-582
    • Grondin, S.1
  • 21
    • 0034815416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of human attention: Event-related potentials and oscillations
    • Herrmann, C. S., & Knight, R. T. (2001). Mechanisms of human attention: event-related potentials and oscillations. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 25(6), 465-476.
    • (2001) Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews , vol.25 , Issue.6 , pp. 465-476
    • Herrmann, C.S.1    Knight, R.T.2
  • 23
    • 32444432938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Principal components analysis of Laplacian waveforms as a generic method for identifying ERP generator patterns: I. Evaluation with auditory oddball tasks
    • Kayser, J., & Tenke, C. E. (2006). Principal components analysis of Laplacian waveforms as a generic method for identifying ERP generator patterns: I. Evaluation with auditory oddball tasks. Clinical Neurophysiology, 117(2), 348-368.
    • (2006) Clinical Neurophysiology , vol.117 , Issue.2 , pp. 348-368
    • Kayser, J.1    Tenke, C.E.2
  • 25
    • 82255180000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Slow potentials in time estimation: The role of temporal accumulation and habituation
    • Kononowicz, T. W., & Rijn, H. van. (2011). Slow potentials in time estimation: the role of temporal accumulation and habituation. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 5, 48.
    • (2011) Frontiers In Integrative Neuroscience , vol.5 , pp. 48
    • Kononowicz, T.W.1    van Rijn, H.2
  • 26
    • 0038356691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrator or coincidence detector? The role of the cortical neuron revisited
    • König, P., Engel, A. K., & Singer, W. (1996). Integrator or coincidence detector? The role of the cortical neuron revisited. Trends in Neurosciences, 19(4), 130-137.
    • (1996) Trends In Neurosciences , vol.19 , Issue.4 , pp. 130-137
    • König, P.1    Engel, A.K.2    Singer, W.3
  • 27
    • 0018852283 scopus 로고
    • Reference-free identification of components of checkerboard-evoked multichannel potential fields
    • Lehmann, D., & Skrandies, W. (1980). Reference-free identification of components of checkerboard-evoked multichannel potential fields. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 48(6), 609-621.
    • (1980) Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology , vol.48 , Issue.6 , pp. 609-621
    • Lehmann, D.1    Skrandies, W.2
  • 28
    • 0021700959 scopus 로고
    • Spatial analysis of evoked potentials in man -- a review
    • Lehmann, D., & Skrandies, W. (1984). Spatial analysis of evoked potentials in man -- a review. Progress in Neurobiology, 23(3), 227-250.
    • (1984) Progress In Neurobiology , vol.23 , Issue.3 , pp. 227-250
    • Lehmann, D.1    Skrandies, W.2
  • 30
    • 33646519267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The supplementary motor area in motor and perceptual time processing: FMRI studies
    • Macar, F., Coull, J., & Vidal, F. (2006). The supplementary motor area in motor and perceptual time processing: fMRI studies. Cognitive Processing, 7(2), 89-94.
    • (2006) Cognitive Processing , vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp. 89-94
    • Macar, F.1    Coull, J.2    Vidal, F.3
  • 31
    • 0242473153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The CNV peak: An index of decision making and temporal memory
    • Macar, F., & Vidal, F. (2003). The CNV peak: an index of decision making and temporal memory. Psychophysiology, 40(6), 950-954.
    • (2003) Psychophysiology , vol.40 , Issue.6 , pp. 950-954
    • Macar, F.1    Vidal, F.2
  • 32
    • 4544303337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Event-Related Potentials as Indices of Time Processing: A Review
    • Macar, F., & Vidal, F. (2004). Event-Related Potentials as Indices of Time Processing: A Review. Journal of Psychophysiology, 18(2/3), 89-104.
    • (2004) Journal of Psychophysiology , vol.18 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 89-104
    • Macar, F.1    Vidal, F.2
  • 33
    • 70349619846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timing processes: An outline of behavioural and neural indices not systematically considered in timing models
    • Macar, F., & Vidal, F. (2009). Timing processes: an outline of behavioural and neural indices not systematically considered in timing models. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63(3), 227-239.
    • (2009) Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.63 , Issue.3 , pp. 227-239
    • Macar, F.1    Vidal, F.2
  • 34
    • 0033049790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The supplementary motor area in motor and sensory timing: Evidence from slow brain potential changes
    • Macar, F., Vidal, F., & Casini, L. (1999). The supplementary motor area in motor and sensory timing: evidence from slow brain potential changes. Experimental Brain Research., 125(3), 271-280.
    • (1999) Experimental Brain Research , vol.125 , Issue.3 , pp. 271-280
    • Macar, F.1    Vidal, F.2    Casini, L.3
  • 35
    • 7044249748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Partial least squares analysis of neuroimaging data: Applications and advances
    • McIntosh, A. R., & Lobaugh, N. J. (2004). Partial least squares analysis of neuroimaging data: applications and advances. NeuroImage, 23 Suppl 1, S250-263.
    • (2004) NeuroImage , vol.23 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • McIntosh, A.R.1    Lobaugh, N.J.2
  • 36
    • 52049111191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortico-striatal representation of time in animals and humans
    • Meck, W. H., Penney, T. B., & Pouthas, V. (2008). Cortico-striatal representation of time in animals and humans. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 18(2), 145-152.
    • (2008) Current Opinion In Neurobiology , vol.18 , Issue.2 , pp. 145-152
    • Meck, W.H.1    Penney, T.B.2    Pouthas, V.3
  • 38
    • 33947514540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ERPWAVELAB a toolbox for multichannel analysis of time-frequency transformed event related potentials
    • Mørup, M., Hansen, L. K., & Arnfred, S. M. (2007). ERPWAVELAB a toolbox for multichannel analysis of time-frequency transformed event related potentials. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 161(2), 361-368.
    • (2007) Journal of Neuroscience Methods , vol.161 , Issue.2 , pp. 361-368
    • Mørup, M.1    Hansen, L.K.2    Arnfred, S.M.3
  • 39
    • 43349085854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topographic ERP analyses: A step-by-step tutorial review
    • Murray, M. M., Brunet, D., & Michel, C. M. (2008). Topographic ERP analyses: A step-by-step tutorial review. Brain Topography, 20(4), 249-264.
    • (2008) Brain Topography , vol.20 , Issue.4 , pp. 249-264
    • Murray, M.M.1    Brunet, D.2    Michel, C.M.3
  • 40
    • 0023273689 scopus 로고
    • The N1 wave of the human electric and magnetic response to sound: A review and an analysis of the component structure
    • Näätänen, R., & Picton, T. (1987). The N1 wave of the human electric and magnetic response to sound: a review and an analysis of the component structure. Psychophysiology, 24(4), 375-425.
    • (1987) Psychophysiology , vol.24 , Issue.4 , pp. 375-425
    • Näätänen, R.1    Picton, T.2
  • 41
    • 4644325310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is common to brain activity evoked by the perception of visual and auditory filled durations? A study with MEG and EEG co-recordings. Brain Research
    • N'Diaye, K., Ragot, R., Garnero, L., & Pouthas, V. (2004). What is common to brain activity evoked by the perception of visual and auditory filled durations? A study with MEG and EEG co-recordings. Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research, 21(2), 250-268.
    • (2004) Cognitive Brain Research , vol.21 , Issue.2 , pp. 250-268
    • N'diaye, K.1    Ragot, R.2    Garnero, L.3    Pouthas, V.4
  • 42
    • 1842609852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain activity relating to the contingent negative variation: An fMRI investigation
    • Nagai, Y., Critchley, H. D., Featherstone, E., Fenwick, P. B. C., Trimble, M. R., & Dolan, R. J. (2004). Brain activity relating to the contingent negative variation: an fMRI investigation. NeuroImage, 21(4), 1232-1241.
    • (2004) NeuroImage , vol.21 , Issue.4 , pp. 1232-1241
    • Nagai, Y.1    Critchley, H.D.2    Featherstone, E.3    Fenwick, P.B.C.4    Trimble, M.R.5    Dolan, R.J.6
  • 44
    • 57349128948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Categorical scaling of duration bisection in pigeons (Columba livia), mice (Mus musculus), and humans (Homo sapiens)
    • Penney, T. B., Gibbon, J., & Meck, W. H. (2008). Categorical scaling of duration bisection in pigeons (Columba livia), mice (Mus musculus), and humans (Homo sapiens). Psychological Science, 19(11), 1103-1109.
    • (2008) Psychological Science , vol.19 , Issue.11 , pp. 1103-1109
    • Penney, T.B.1    Gibbon, J.2    Meck, W.H.3
  • 47
    • 0037254465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Processes involved in tempo perception: A CNV analysis
    • Pfeuty, M., Ragot, R., & Pouthas, V. (2003a). Processes involved in tempo perception: a CNV analysis. Psychophysiology, 40(1), 69-76.
    • (2003) Psychophysiology , vol.40 , Issue.1 , pp. 69-76
    • Pfeuty, M.1    Ragot, R.2    Pouthas, V.3
  • 48
    • 0042166157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When time is up: CNV time course differentiates the roles of the hemispheres in the discrimination of short tone durations. Experimental Brain Research
    • Pfeuty, M., Ragot, R., & Pouthas, V. (2003b). When time is up: CNV time course differentiates the roles of the hemispheres in the discrimination of short tone durations. Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation Cérébrale, 151(3), 372-379.
    • (2003) Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation Cérébrale , vol.151 , Issue.3 , pp. 372-379
    • Pfeuty, M.1    Ragot, R.2    Pouthas, V.3
  • 49
    • 19444384835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between CNV and timing of an upcoming event
    • Pfeuty, M., Ragot, R., & Pouthas, V. (2005). Relationship between CNV and timing of an upcoming event. Neuroscience Letters, 382(1-2), 106-111.
    • (2005) Neuroscience Letters , vol.382 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 106-111
    • Pfeuty, M.1    Ragot, R.2    Pouthas, V.3
  • 50
    • 41549166041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain activity during interval timing depends on sensory structure
    • Pfeuty, M., Ragot, R., & Pouthas, V. (2008). Brain activity during interval timing depends on sensory structure. Brain Research, 1204, 112-117.
    • (2008) Brain Research , vol.1204 , pp. 112-117
    • Pfeuty, M.1    Ragot, R.2    Pouthas, V.3
  • 51
    • 0032829330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Event-related EEG/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: Basic principles
    • Pfurtscheller, G., & Lopes da Silva, F. H. (1999). Event-related EEG/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles. Clinical Neurophysiology, 110(11), 1842-1857.
    • (1999) Clinical Neurophysiology , vol.110 , Issue.11 , pp. 1842-1857
    • Pfurtscheller, G.1    da Lopes Silva, F.H.2
  • 52
    • 11244314891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The theatre of the mind: Physiological studies of the human frontal lobes
    • In D. T. Stuss, & R. T. Knight (Eds.), New York: Oxford University Press
    • Picton, T. W., Alain, C., & McIntosh, A. R. (2002). The theatre of the mind: Physiological studies of the human frontal lobes. In D. T. Stuss, & R. T. Knight (Eds.), Principles of Frontal Lobe Function (pp. 109-127), New York: Oxford University Press.
    • (2002) Principles of Frontal Lobe Function , pp. 109-127
    • Picton, T.W.1    Alain, C.2    McIntosh, A.R.3
  • 53
    • 38949149086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electroencephalography and high-density electrophysiological source localization
    • In J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinaru, & G. G. Berntson (Eds.), Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press
    • Pizzagalli, D. A. (2007). Electroencephalography and high-density electrophysiological source localization. In J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinaru, & G. G. Berntson (Eds.), Handbook of Psychophysiology (pp. 56-84). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2007) Handbook of Psychophysiology , pp. 56-84
    • Pizzagalli, D.A.1
  • 55
    • 33744999198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurophysiology of implicit timing in serial choice reaction-time performance
    • Praamstra, P., Kourtis, D., Kwok, H. F., & Oostenveld, R. (2006). Neurophysiology of implicit timing in serial choice reaction-time performance. The Journal of Neuroscience, 26(20), 5448-5455.
    • (2006) The Journal of Neuroscience , vol.26 , Issue.20 , pp. 5448-5455
    • Praamstra, P.1    Kourtis, D.2    Kwok, H.F.3    Oostenveld, R.4
  • 59
    • 0036468495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Independent component analysis: An introduction
    • Stone, J. V. (2002). Independent component analysis: an introduction. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6(2), 59-64.
    • (2002) Trends In Cognitive Sciences , vol.6 , Issue.2 , pp. 59-64
    • Stone, J.V.1
  • 61
    • 0031966688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response- and stimulus-related ERP asymmetries in a tonal oddball task: A Laplacian analysis
    • Tenke, C. E., Kayser, J., Fong, R., Leite, P., Towey, J. P., & Bruder, G. E. (1998). Response- and stimulus-related ERP asymmetries in a tonal oddball task: a Laplacian analysis. Brain Topography, 10(3), 201-210.
    • (1998) Brain Topography , vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp. 201-210
    • Tenke, C.E.1    Kayser, J.2    Fong, R.3    Leite, P.4    Towey, J.P.5    Bruder, G.E.6
  • 64
    • 79952097292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceiving numbers affects the subjective temporal midpoint
    • Vicario, C. M. (2011). Perceiving numbers affects the subjective temporal midpoint. Perception, 40(1), 23-29.
    • (2011) Perception , vol.40 , Issue.1 , pp. 23-29
    • Vicario, C.M.1
  • 65
    • 0011357105 scopus 로고
    • Contingent negative variation: An electric sign of sensorimotor association and expectancy in the human brain
    • Walter, W. G., Cooper, R., Aldridge, V. J., McCallum, W. C., & Winter, A. L. (1964). Contingent negative variation: An electric sign of sensorimotor association and expectancy in the human brain. Nature, 203, 380-384.
    • (1964) Nature , vol.203 , pp. 380-384
    • Walter, W.G.1    Cooper, R.2    Aldridge, V.J.3    McCallum, W.C.4    Winter, A.L.5
  • 66
    • 3242738482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decision processes in models of timing
    • Wearden, J. H. (2004). Decision processes in models of timing. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis, 64(3), 303-317.
    • (2004) Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis , vol.64 , Issue.3 , pp. 303-317
    • Wearden, J.H.1
  • 67
    • 0035512306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scalar timing without reference memory? Episodic temporal generalization and bisection in humans
    • Wearden J. H., & Bray S. (2001). Scalar timing without reference memory? Episodic temporal generalization and bisection in humans. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology B, 54, 289-309.
    • (2001) The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology B , vol.54 , pp. 289-309
    • Wearden, J.H.1    Bray, S.2
  • 69
    • 67349267331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numerical magnitude modulates temporal comparison: An ERP study
    • Xuan, B., Chen, X.-C., He, S., & Zhang, D.-R. (2009). Numerical magnitude modulates temporal comparison: an ERP study. Brain Research, 1269, 135-142.
    • (2009) Brain Research , vol.1269 , pp. 135-142
    • Xuan, B.1    Chen, X.-C.2    He, S.3    Zhang, D.-R.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.