Neuromodulation Integrating rTMS and Neurofeedback for the Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Exploratory Study

Applied Psychophysiology Biofeedback

Volumn 39, Issue 3-4, 2014, Pages 237-257

  Sokhadze, Estate M ^a   El Baz, Ayman S ^a   Tasman, Allan ^a   Sears, Lonnie L ^a   Wang, Yao ^a   Lamina, Eva V ^a   Casanova, Manuel F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LOUISVILLE   (United States)

Author keywords

Autism spectrum disorder; EEG gamma activity; Executive functions; Neurofeedback; Theta beta ratio; Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; EVOKED RESPONSE; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; NEUROFEEDBACK; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PILOT STUDY; PROCEDURES; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; BRAIN WAVES; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE; EVOKED POTENTIALS; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; NEUROFEEDBACK; PILOT PROJECTS; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84911977786     PISSN: 10900586     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10484-014-9264-7     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Aman, M. G. (2004). Management of hyperactivity and other acting out problems in patients with autism spectrum disorder. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology,11, 225–228.
2. Aman, M. G., & Singh, N. N. (1994). Aberrant behavior checklist—community. Supplementary manual. East Aurora, NY: Slosson Educational Publications.
3. American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, forth edition, Text Revision, Washington, D.C.
4. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
5. Arns, M., de Ridder, S., Strehal, U., Breteler, M., & Coenen, A. (2009). Efficacy of neurofeedback treatment in ADHD: The effects on inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity: A meta-analysis. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience,40, 180–189.
6. Baron-Cohen, S. (2004). The cognitive neuroscience of autism. Journal of Neurology and Neurosurgery Psychiatry,75(7), 945–948.
7. Baruth, J., Casanova, M. F., El-Baz, A., Horrell, T., Mathai, G., Sears, L., et al. (2010a). Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation modulates evoked-gamma frequency oscillations in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Neurotherapy,14(3), 179–194.
8. Baruth, J., Casanova, M. F., Sears, L., & Sokhadze, E. (2010b). Early-stage visual processing abnormalities in high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Translational Neuroscience,1(2), 177–187.
9. Baruth, J., Sokhadze, E., El-Baz, A., Mathai, G., Sears, L., & Casanova, M. F. (2010c). Transcaranial magentic stimulation as a treatment for autism. In K. Siri & T. Lyons (Eds.), Cutting edge therapies for autism (pp. 388–397). New York: Skyhorse Publishing.
10. Belmonte, M. K., Allen, G., Beckel-Mitchener, A., Boulanger, L., Carper, R. A., & Webb, S. J. (2004). Autism and abnormal development of brain connectivity. Journal of Neurosciences,24(42), 9228–9231.
11. Belmonte, M. K., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2003). Functional anatomy of impaired selective attention and compensatory processing in autism. Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research,17, 651–664.
12. Bird, B. L., Newton, F. A., Sheer, D. E., & Ford, M. (1978a). Biofeedback training of 40-Hz EEG in humans. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation,3(1), 1–14.
13. Bird, B. L., Newton, F. A., Sheer, D. E., & Ford, M. (1978b). Behavioral and electroencephalographic correlates of 40 Hz EEG biofeedback training in humans. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation,3, 13–28.
14. Bodfish, J. W., Symons, F. J., & Lewis, M. H. (1999). Repetitive behavior scale. Morganton, NC: Western Carolina Center Research Reports.
15. Bodfish, J. W., Symons, F. S., Parker, D. E., & Lewis, M. H. (2000). Varieties of repetitive behavior in autism: Comparisons to mental retardation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,30, 237–243.
16. Brock, J., Brown, C. C., Boucher, J., & Rippon, G. (2002). The temporal binding deficit hypothesis of autism. Developmental Psychopathology,14(2), 209–224.
17. Brown, C. (2005). EEG in autism: Is there just too much going on in there? In M. F. Casanova (Ed.), Recent developments in autism research (pp. 109–126). New York: Nova Science Publishers.
18. Brown, C., Gruber, T., Boucher, J., Rippon, G., & Brock, J. (2005). Gamma abnormalities during perception of illusory figures in autism. Cortex,41(3), 364–376.
19. Buxhoeveden, D. P., Semendeferi, K., Buckwalter, J., Schenker, N., Switser, R., & Courchesne, E. (2006). Reduced minicolumns in the frontal cortex of patients with autism. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology,32(5), 483–491.
20. Casanova, M. F. (2005). Minicolumnar pathology in autism. In M. F. Casanova (Ed.), Recent developments in autism research (pp. 133–144). New York: Nova Biomedical Books.
21. Casanova, M. F. (2006). Neuropathological and genetic findings in autism: The significance of a putative minicolumnopathy. Neuroscientist,12(5), 435–441.
22. Casanova, M. F. (2007). The neuropathology of autism. Brain Pathology,17, 422–433.
23. Casanova, M. F., Baruth, J., El-Baz, A., Tasman, A., Sears, L., & Sokhadze, E. (2012). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) modulates event-related potential (ERP) indices of attention in autism. Translational Neuroscience,3(2), 170–180.
24. Casanova, M. F., Buxhoeveden, D. P., & Brown, C. (2002a). Clinical and macroscopic correlates of minicolumnar pathology in autism. Journal of Child Neurology,17, 692–695.
25. Casanova, M. F., Buxhoeveden, D., & Gomez, J. (2003). Disruption in the inhibitory architecture of the cell minicolumn: Implications for autism. Neuroscientist,9, 496–507.
26. Casanova, M. F., Buxhoeveden, D. P., Switala, A. E., & Roy, E. (2002b). Minicolumnar pathology in autism. Neurology,58, 428–432.
27. Casanova, M. F., Buxhoeveden, D. P., Switala, A. E., & Roy, E. (2002c). Asperger’s syndrome and cortical neuropathology. Journal of Child Neurology,17, 142–145.
28. Casanova, M. F., Buxhoeveden, D. P., Switala, A. E., & Roy, E. (2002d). Neuronal density and architecture (Gray Level Index) in the brains of autistic patients. Journal of Child Neurology,17(7), 515–521.
29. Casanova, M. F., El-Baz, A. S., Kamat, S. S., Dombroski, B. A., Khalifa, F., Elnakib, A., et al. (2014). Focal cortical displasias in autism spectrum disorders. Acta Neuropathoogy Communications,1(1), 67. doi:10.1186/2051-5960-1-67.
30. Casanova, M. F., El-Baz, A. S., Vanbogaert, E., Narahari, P., & Switala, A. (2010). A topographical study of minicolumnar core width by lamina comparison between autistic subjects and controls: Possible minicolumnar disruption due to an anatomical element in-common to multiple laminae. Brain Pathology,20(2), 451–458.
31. Casanova, M. F., & Trippe, J. (2006). Regulatory mechanisms of cortical laminar development. Brain Research Reviews,51(1), 72–84.
32. Casanova, M. F., van Kooten, I., Switala, A. E., van England, H., Heinsen, H., Steinbuch, H. W. M., et al. (2006a). Abnormalities of cortical minicolumnar organization in the prefrontal lobes of autistic patients. Clinical Neuroscience Reseacrh,6(3–4), 127–133.
33. Casanova, M. F., van Kooten, I., van Engeland, H., Heinsen, H., Steinbursch, H. W. M., Hof, P. R., et al. (2006b). Minicolumnar abnormalities in autism II. Neuronal size and number. Acta Neuropathologica,112(3), 287–303.
34. Clemans, Z., Sokhadze, T., & El-Baz, A. (2011a). Custom program for extraction of event-related potential peaks in attention tasks. Presented at Research Louisville, October 11, Louisville, KY.
35. Clemans, Z., Sokhadze, E., & El-Baz, A. S. (2011b). A custom-made Matlab program for ERP feature detection in psychological and physiological disorders using wavelet. Presented at the 97th annual meeting of Kentucky Academy of Science, Murray, KY, November 4–5.
36. Coben, R. (2008). Autistic spectrum disorder: A controlled study of EEG coherence training focused on social skills deficits. Journal of Neurotherapy,12, 57–75.
37. Coben, R. (2013). Neurofeedback for autistic disorders: Emerging empirical evidence. In M. F. Casanova, A. S. El-Baz, & J. S. Suri (Eds.), Imaging the brain in autism (pp. 107–134). New York: Springer.
38. Coben, R., Linden, M., & Myers, T. E. (2010). Neurofeedback for autistic spectrum disorder: A review of the literature. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback,35(1), 83–105.
39. Coben, R., & Myers, T. E. (2010). The relative efficacy of connectivity guided and symptom based EEG biofeedback for autistic disorders. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback,35, 13–23.
40. Coben, R., & Padolsky, J. (2007). Assessment-guided neurofeedback for autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Neurotherapy,11, 5–23.
41. Courchesne, E., Lincoln, A. J., Yeung-Courchesne, R., Elmasian, R., & Grillon, C. (1989). Pathophysiologic findings in nonretarded autism and receptive developmental disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,19, 1–17.
42. Daskalakis, Z. J., Christensen, B. K., Fitzgerald, P. B., & Chen, R. (2002). Transcranial magnetic stimulation: A new investigational and treatment tool in psychiatry. Journal Neuropsychiatry Clininical Neuroscience.,14, 406–415.
43. Donner, T. H., & Siegel, M. (2011). A framework for local cortical oscillation patterns. Trends in Cognitive Sciences,15(5), 191–199.
44. Enriquez-Geppert, S., Konrad, C., Pantev, C., & Huster, R. J. (2010). Conflict and inhibition differentially affect the N200/P300 complex in a combined go/nogo and stop-signal task. Neuroimage,51, 877–887.
45. Enticott, P. G., Kennedy, H. A., Rinehart, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Bradshaw, J. L., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2013). GABAergic activity in autism spectrum disorders: An investigation of cortical inhibition via transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuropharmacology,68, 202–209.
46. Enticott, P. G., Rinehart, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Bradshaw, J. L., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2010). A preliminary transcranial magnetic stimulation study of cortical inhibition and excitability in high-functioning autism and Asperger disorder. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology,52, e179–e183.
47. Enticott, P. G., Rinehart, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Bradshaw, J. L., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2012). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) improves movement-related cortical potentials in autism spectrum disorders. Brain Stimulation,5(1), 30–37.
48. Fecteau, S., Agosta, S., Oberman, L., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2011). Brain stimulation over Broca’s area differentially modulates naming skills in neurotypical adults and individuals with Asperger’s syndrome. European Journal of Neuroscience,34(1), 158–164.
49. Fernandez-Duque, D., Baird, J. A., & Posner, M. I. (2000). Executive attention and metacognitive regulation. Consciousness and Cognition,9, 288–307.
50. Fletcher, E. M., Kussmaul, C. L., & Mangun, G. R. (1996). Estimation of interpolation errors in scalp topographic mapping. Electroctoencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology.,98, 422–434.
51. Ford, M., Bird, B., Newton, F. A., & Sheer, D. E. (1980). Maintenance and generalization of 40-Hz EEG biofeedback effects. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation,5(2), 193–205.
52. Gershon, A. A., Dannon, P. N., & Grunhaus, L. (2003). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression. American Journal of Psychiatry,160, 835–845.
53. Gevensleben, H., Holl, B., Albrecht, B., Vogel, C., Schlamp, D., et al. (2009). Is neurofeedback an efficacious treatment for ADHD? A randomised controlled clinical trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,50, 780–789.
54. Gomes, E., Pedroso, F. S., & Wagner, M. B. (2008). Auditory hypersensitivity in the autistic spectrum disorder. Pró-Fono Revista de Atualização Científica,20, 279–284.
55. Gomot, M., Giard, M. H., Adrien, J. L., Barthelemy, C., & Bruneau, N. (2002). Hypersensitivity to acoustic change in children with autism: Electrophysiological evidence of left frontal cortex dysfunctioning. Psychophysiology,39, 577–584.
56. Gray, J. R., Chabris, C. F., & Braver, T. S. (2003). Neural mechanisms of general fluid intelligence. Nature Neuroscience,6, 316–322.
57. Greenberg, B. D. (2007). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in anxiety disorders. In M. S. George & R. H. Belmaker (Eds.), Transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical psychiatry (pp. 165–178). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc.
58. Gruber, T., Muller, M. M., Keil, A., & Elbert, T. (1999). Selective visual-spatial attention alters induced gamma band responses in the human EEG. Clinical Neurophysiolology,110(12), 2074–2085.
59. Hensley, M. K., El-Baz, A. S., Sokhadze, E. M., Sears, L., & Casanova, M. F. (2014). Effects of 18 session therapy of gamma coherence in autism. Psychophysiology,51, S16.
60. Hill, E. L. (2004). Evaluating the theory of executive dysfunction in autism. Developmental Review,24, 189–233.
61. Hussman, J. P. (2001). Suppressed GABAergic inhibition as a common factor in suspected etiologies of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,31, 247–248.
62. Iacoboni, M., & Dapretto, M. (2006). The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction. Nature Reviews Neurosciences,7(12), 942–951.
63. Jarusiewicz, B. (2002). Efficacy of neurofeedback for children in the autistic spectrum: A pilot study. Journal of Neurotherapy,6(4), 39–49.
64. Jensen, O., Kaiser, J., & Lachaux, J. P. (2007). Human gamma-frequency oscillations associated with attention and memory. Trends Neurosciences,30(7), 317–324.
65. Kahana, M. (2006). The cognitive correlates of human brain oscillations. Journal of Neurosciences,26(6), 1669–1672.
66. Kanizsa, G. (1976). Subjective contours. Scientific American,235, 48–52.
67. Keil, A., Muller, M. M., Ray, W. J., Gruber, T., & Elbert, T. (1999). Human gamma band activity and perception of a gestalt. Journal of Neurosciences,19(16), 7152–7161.
68. Keita, L., Mottron, L., Dawson, M., & Bertone, A. (2011). Atypical lateral connectivity: A neural basis for altered visuospatial processing in autism. Biological Psychiatry,70(9), 806–811.
69. Kouijzer, M., de Moor, J. M. H., Gerrits, B. J., Congedo, M., & van Schie, H. (2009a). Neurofeedback improves executive functioning in children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders,3, 145–162.
70. Kouijzer, M., de Moor, J. M. H., Gerrits, B. J., Congedo, M., & van Schie, H. (2009b). Long-term effects of neurofeedback treatment in autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders,3, 496–501.
71. Lam, K. S., & Aman, M. G. (2007). The repetitive behavior scale-revised: Independent validation in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,37(5), 855–866.
72. Le Couteur, A., Lord, C., & Rutter, M. (2003). The autism diagnostic interview—revised (ADI-R). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
73. Linden, M., & Gunkelman, J. (2013). QEEG-guided neurofeedback for autism: Clinical observations and outcomes. In M. F. Casanova, A. S. El-Baz, & J. S. Suri (Eds.), Imaging the brain in autism (pp. 45–60). New York: Springer.
74. Loo, C., & Mitchell, P. (2005). A review of the efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treatment for depression, and current and future strategies to optimize efficacy. Journal of Affective Disorders,88, 255–267.
75. Lubar, J. F. (2003). Neurofeedback for the management of attention deficit disorders. In M. S. Schwartz & F. Andrasik (Eds.), Biofeedback: A practitioner’s guide (3rd ed., pp. 409–437). New York: Guilford Press.
76. Luu, P., Tucker, D. M., Englander, R., Lockfeld, A., Lutsep, H., & Oken, B. (2001). Localizing acute stroke-related EEC changes: Assessing the effects of spatial undersampling. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology,18, 302–317.
77. Mann, E. O., & Paulsen, O. (2007). Role of GABAergic inhibition in hippocampal network oscillations. Trends in Neurosciences,30(7), 343–349.
78. Matzel, L. D., & Kolata, S. (2010). Selective attention, working memory, and animal intelligence. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews,34, 23–30.
79. Mesulam, M. M. (2000). Behavioral neuroanatomy: Large-networks, association cortex, frontal syndromes, the limbic system, and hemispheric specializations. In M. M. Mesulam (Ed.), Principles of behavioral and cognitive neurology (2nd ed., pp. 1–120). New York: Oxford University Press.
80. Monastra, V. J. (2005). Electroencephalographic biofeedback (neurotherapy) as a treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Rationale and empirical foundation. Child Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic North America,14, 55–82.
81. Monastra, V. J. (2008). Quantitative electroencephalography and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Implications for clinical practice. Current Psychiatry Reports,10, 432–438.
82. Murphy, K. R., & Myors, B. (2004). Statistical power analysis. A simple and general model for traditional and modern hypothesis tests (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
83. Oberman, L. M., Hubbard, E. M., Altschuler, E. L., Ramachandran, V. S., & Pineda, J. A. (2005). EEG evidence for mirror neuron dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders. Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research,24(2), 190–198.
84. Oberman, L., Ifert-Miller, F., Najib, U., Bashir, S., Woollacott, I., Gonzalez-Heydrich, J., et al. (2010). Transcranial magnetic stimulation provides means to assess cortical plasticity and excitability in humans with fragile X syndrome and autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers System Neuroscience,2, 26. doi:10.3389/fnsyn.2010.00026.
85. Oberman, L. M., Ramachandran, V. S., & Pineda, J. A. (2008). Modulation of mu suppression in children with autism spectrum disorders in response to familiar or unfamiliar stimuli: The mirror neuron hypothesis. Neuropsychologia,46(5), 1558–1565.
86. Oberman, L., Rotenberg, A., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2013). Use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. Oct 15. (Epub ahead of print). doi:10.1007/s10803-013-960-2.
87. Ozonoff, S. (1997). Casual mechanisms of autism: Unifying perspectives from an information-processing framework. In D. J. Cohen & F. R. Volkmar (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (pp. 868–879). New York: Wiley.
88. Pascual-Leone, A., Walsh, V., & Rothwell, J. (2000). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive neuroscience–virtual lesion, chronometry, and functional connectivity. Current Opinions in Neurobiololgy,10, 232–237.
89. Perrin, E., Pernier, J., Bertrand, O., Giard, M., & Echallier, J. F. (1987). Mapping of scalp potentials by surface spline interpolation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology,66, 75–81.
90. Picton, T. W. (1992). The P300 wave of the human event-related potential. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology,9, 456–479.
91. Plaisted, K., Saksida, L., Alcantara, J., & Weisblatt, E. (2003). Towards an understanding of the mechanisms of weak central coherence effects: Experiments in visual configural learning and auditory perception. Proceedings Royal Society (London),358, 375–386.
92. Polich, J. (2007). Updating P300: An integrative theory of P3a and P3b. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology,118, 2128–2148.
93. Potts, G. F., Patel, S. H., & Azzam, P. N. (2004). Impact of instructed relevance on the visual ERP. International Journal of Psychophysiology,52, 197–209.
94. Puts, N. A., Wodka, E. L., Tommerdahl, M., Mostofsky, S. H., & Edden, R. A. (2014). Impaired tactile processing in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Neurophysiology,111(9), 1803–1811.
95. Rippon, G., Brock, J., Brown, C., & Boucher, J. (2007). Disordered connectivity in the autistic brain: Challenges for the “new psychophysiology”. International Journal of Psychophysiology,63(2), 164–172.
96. Rubenstein, J. L. R., & Merzenich, M. M. (2003). Model of autism: Increased ratio of excitation/inhibition in key neural systems. Genetics Brain Behavior,2, 255–267.
97. Sherlin, L., Arns, M., Lubar, J., & Sokhadze, E. (2010). A position paper on neurofeedback for the treatment of ADHD. Journal of Neurotherapy,14, 66–78.
98. Sichel, A., Fehmi, L. G., & Goldstein, D. (1995). Positive outcome with neurofeedback treatment in a case of mild autism. Journal of Neurotherapy,1(1), 60–64.
99. Sohal, V. S. (2012). Insights into cortical oscillations arising from optogenetic studies. Biological Psychiatry,71(12), 1039–1045.
100. Sokhadze, E., Baruth, J., El-Baz, A., Horrell, T., Sokhadze, G., Carroll, T., et al. (2010a). Impaired error monitoring and correction function in autism. Journal of Neurotherapy,14, 79–95.
101. Sokhadze, E., Baruth, J. M., Sears, L., Sokhadze, G. E., El-Baz, A. S., & Casanova, M. F. (2012a). Prefrontal neuromodulation using rTMS improves error monitoring and correction functions in autism. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback,37(2), 91–102.
102. Sokhadze, E., Baruth, J. M., Sears, L., Sokhadze, G. E., El-Baz, A. S., Williams, E. L., et al. (2012b). Event-related potential study of attention regulation during illusory figure categorization task in ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, and typical children. Journal of Neurotherapy,16(1), 12–31.
103. Sokhadze, E. M., Baruth, J., Tasman, A., & Casanova, M. F. (2013a). Event-related potential studies of cognitive processing abnormalities in autism. In M. F. Casanova, A. El-Baz, & J. S. Suri (Eds.), Imaging methods in autism (pp. 61–86). New York: Springer.
104. Sokhadze, E., Baruth, J., Tasman, A., Mansoor, M., Ramaswamy, R., Sears, L., et al. (2010b). Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) affects event-related potential measures of novelty processing in autism. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback,35, 147–161.
105. Sokhadze, E., Baruth, J., Tasman, A., Sears, L., Mathai, G., El-Baz, A., et al. (2009a). Event-related potential study of novelty processing abnormalities in autism. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback,34, 37–51.
106. Sokhadze, E. M., Cannon, R., & Trudeau, D. L. (2008). EEG biofeedback as a treatment for substance use disorders: Review, rating of efficacy and recommendations for future research. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback,33(1), 1–28.
107. Sokhadze, E. M., Casanova, M. F., & Baruth, J. (2013b). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in autism spectrum disorders. In L. Alba-Ferrara (Ed.), Transcranial magnetic stimulation: Methods, clinical uses and effect on the brain (pp. 219–231). New York: NOVA Publishers.
108. Sokhadze, E., El-Baz, A., Baruth, J., Mathai, G., Sears, L., & Casanova, M. F. (2009b). Effect of a low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on induced gamma frequency oscillations and event-related potentials during processing of illusory figures in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,39, 619–634.
109. Sokhadze, E. M., El-Baz, A. S., Sears, L. L., Opris, I., & Casanova, M. F. (2014). rTMS neuromodulation improves electrocortical functional measures of information processing and behavioral responses in autism. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 8, Article 134. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00134.
110. Sokhadze, E., Stewart, C., & Hollifield, M. (2007). Integrating cognitive neuroscience, psychiatry and behavioral treatment with neurofeedback in addictive disorders. Journal of Neurotherapy,11(2), 13–44.
111. Srinivasan, R., Tucker, D. M., & Murias, M. (1998). Estimating the spatial Nyquist of the human EEG. Behavioral Research Methods, Instrumentation and Computers,30, 8–19.
112. Szentagothai, J., & Arbib, M. A. (1975). Conceptual models of neural organization. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
113. Tallon-Baudry, C., Bertrand, O., Henaff, M. A., Isnard, J., & Fischer, C. (2005). Attention modulates gamma-band oscillations differently in the human lateral occipital cortex and fusiform gyrus. Cerebral Cortex,15(5), 654–662.
114. Thompson, L., Thompson, M., & Reid, A. (2010). Neurofeedback outcomes in clients with Asperger’s syndrome. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback,35, 63–81.
115. Townsend, J., Westerfield, M., Leaver, E., Makeig, S., Jung, T., Pierce, K., et al. (2001). Event-related brain response abnormalities in autism: Evidence for impaired cerebello-frontal spatial attention networks. Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research,11, 127–145.
116. Tuchman, R. F., & Rapin, I. (1997). Regression in pervasive developmental disorders: Seizures and epileptiform electroencephalogram correlates. Pediatrics,99(4), 560–566.
117. Villalobos, M. E., Mizuno, A., Dahl, B. C., Kemmotsu, N., & Muller, R.-A. (2005). Reduced functional connectivity between V1 and inferior frontal cortex associated with visuomotor performance in autism. NeuroImage,25, 916–925.
118. Wang, Y., El-Baz, A., Sears, L., Casanova, M. F., Tasman, A., & Sokhadze, E. (2014). Prefrontal neurofeedback approaches in autism. San Diego, CA: Presented at the ISNR annual conference.
119. Ward, L. M. (2003). Synchronous neural oscillations and cognitive processes. Trends in Cognitive Sciences,7(12), 553–559.
120. Wassermann, E. M., & Lisanby, S. H. (2001). Therapeutic application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: A review. Clinical Neurophysiology,112, 1367–1377.
121. Wechsler, D. (1999). Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment Inc.
122. Wechsler, D. (2003). Wechsler intelligence scale for children (4th ed.). San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment Inc.
123. Welchew, D. E., Ashwin, C., Berkouk, K., Salvador, R., Suckling, J., Baron-Cohen, S., et al. (2005). Functional disconnectivity of the medial temporal lobe in Asperger’s syndrome. Biological Psychiatry,57, 991–998.