Circulating MicroRNA Biomarkers for Glioma and Predicting Response to Therapy

Molecular Neurobiology

Volumn 50, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 545-558

  Tumilson, Charlotte A ^a   Lea, Robert W ^a   Alder, Jane E ^a   Shaw, Lisa ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL LANCASHIRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Biomarker; Cerebrospinal fluid; Glioma; MicroRNA; Serum

Indexed keywords

MICRORNA; BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER GRADING; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER THERAPY; GENE EXPRESSION; GLIOBLASTOMA; GLIOMA; HUMAN; MICROARRAY ANALYSIS; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PREDICTIVE VALUE; REVIEW; RNA ANALYSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT RESPONSE; ANIMAL; BLOOD; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; GENETICS; PHYSIOLOGY; PROGNOSIS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; GLIOMA; HUMANS; MICRORNAS; PROGNOSIS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84911003926     PISSN: 08937648     EISSN: 15591182     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8679-8     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Preusser M (2012) Clinically useful biomarkers in neurooncology. memo—Magazine of. Eur Med Oncol 5(3):201–204. doi:10.1007/s12254-012-0030-3
2. Manne U, Srivastava R-G, Srivastava S (2005) Keynote review: recent advances in biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Drug Discov Today 10(14):965–976. doi:10.1016/S1359-6446(05)03487-2
3. Lenos K, Grawenda AM, Lodder K, Kuijjer ML, Teunisse AFAS, Repapi E, Grochola LF, Bartel F, Hogendoorn PCW, Wuerl P, Taubert H, Cleton-Jansen A-M, Bond GL, Jochemsen AG (2012) Alternate splicing of the p53 inhibitor HDMX offers a superior prognostic biomarker than p53 mutation in human cancer. Cancer Res 72(16):4074–4084. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0215
4. Zougman A, Hutchins GG, Cairns DA, Verghese E, Perry SL, Jayne DG, Selby PJ, Banks RE (2013) Retinoic acid-induced protein 3: identification and characterisation of a novel prognostic colon cancer biomarker. Eur J Cancer 49(2):531–539. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2012.07.031
5. Bauer TM, El-Rayes BF, Li X, Hammad N, Philip PA, Shields AF, Zalupski MM, Bekaii-Saab T (2013) Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 is a prognostic and predictive biomarker in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer who receive gemcitabine-containing chemotherapy. Cancer 119(2):285–292. doi:10.1002/cncr.27734
6. Qian X, Li C, Pang B, Xue M, Wang J, Zhou J (2012) Spondin-2 (SPON2), a more prostate-cancer-specific diagnostic biomarker. PLoS ONE 7(5):e37225. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037225
7. Morrison DH, Rahardja D, King E, Peng Y, Sarode VR (2012) Tumour biomarker expression relative to age and molecular subtypes of invasive breast cancer. Br J Cancer 107(2):382–387
8. Diamandis (2010) Cancer biomarkers: can we turn recent failures into success? J Natl Cancer Inst 102(19):1462–1467. doi:10.1093/jnci/djq306
9. Abu-Asab MS, Chaouchi M, Alesci S, Galli S, Laassri M, Cheema AK, Atouf F, VanMeter J, Amri H (2011) Biomarkers in the age of omics: time for a systems biology approach. OMICS J Integr Biol 15(3):105–112
10. Chauhan S, Kumar D, Jaggi M (2009) Mucins in ovarian cancer diagnosis and therapy. J Ovarian Res 2(1):21
11. Favilla V, Cimino S, Madonia M, Morgia G (2010) New advances in clinical biomarkers in testis cancer. Front Biosci (Elite edition) 2:456–477
12. Lam L, Czerniecki BJ, Fitzpatrick E, Xu S, Schuchter L, Xu X, Zhang H (2013) Interference-free HER2 ECD as a serum biomarker in breast cancer. J Mol Biomark Diagn 4(151)
13. Wang, Yuan X, Zhou Z, Hu J, Zhang T, Hu S, Luo J, Li X (2011) MicroRNAs might be promising biomarkers of human gliomas. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 12:833–835
14. Baraniskin A, Kuhnhenn J, Schlegel U, Maghnouj A, Zöllner H, Schmiegel W, Hahn S, Schroers R (2012) Identification of microRNAs in the cerebrospinal fluid as biomarker for the diagnosis of glioma. Neuro-Oncology 14(1):29–33. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nor169
15. Kuratsu J-i, Yoshizato K, Yoshimura T, Leonard EJ, Takeshima H, Ushio Y (1993) Quantitative study of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in cerebrospinal fluid and cyst fluid from patients with malignant glioma. J Natl Cancer Inst 85(22):1836–1839. doi:10.1093/jnci/85.22.1836
16. Su X, Chakravarti D, Cho MS, Liu L, Gi YJ, Lin Y-L, Leung ML, El-Naggar A, Creighton CJ, Suraokar MB, Wistuba I, Flores ER (2010) TAp63 suppresses metastasis through coordinate regulation of Dicer and miRNAs. Nature 467(7318):986–990. doi:10.1038/nature09459
17. Louis D, Ohgaki H, Wiestler O, Cavenee W, Burger P, Jouvet A, Scheithauer B, Kleihues P (2007) The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol 114(2):97–109. doi:10.1007/s00401-007-0243-4
18. Yoon DJ, Kwan BH, Chao FC, Nicolaides TP, Phillips JJ, Lam GY, Mason AB, Weiss WA, Kamei DT (2010) Intratumoral therapy of glioblastoma multiforme using genetically engineered transferrin for drug delivery. Cancer Res 70(11):4520–4527. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-4311
19. Tainsky MA (2009) Genomic and proteomic biomarkers for cancer: a multitude of opportunities. Biochim Biophys Acta 1796(2):176–193. doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2009.04.004
20. Garcia-Bilbao A, Armananzas R, Ispizua Z, Calvo B, Alonso-Varona A, Inza I, Larranaga P, Lopez-Vivanco G, Suarez-Merino B, Betanzos M (2012) Identification of a biomarker panel for colorectal cancer diagnosis. BMC Cancer 12(1):43
21. Urquidi V, Goodison S, Cai Y, Sun Y, Rosser CJ (2012) A candidate molecular biomarker panel for the detection of bladder cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 21(12):2149–2158. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-0428
22. Barderas R, Babel I, Díaz-Uriarte R, Moreno V, Suárez A, Bonilla F, Villar-Vázquez R, Capellá G, Casal JI (2012) An optimized predictor panel for colorectal cancer diagnosis based on the combination of tumor-associated antigens obtained from protein and phage microarrays. J Proteome 75(15):4647–4655. doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2012.03.004
23. Gabriely G, Yi M, Narayan RS, Niers JM, Wurdinger T, Imitola J, Ligon KL, Kesari S, Esau C, Stephens RM, Tannous BA, Krichevsky AM (2011) Human glioma growth is controlled by microRNA-10b. Cancer Res 71(10):3563–3572. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-3568
24. Lu J, Getz G, Miska EA, Alvarez-Saavedra E, Lamb J, Peck D, Sweet-Cordero A, Ebert BL, Mak RH, Ferrando AA, Downing JR, Jacks T, Horvitz HR, Golub TR (2005) MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers. Nature 435(7043):834–838. doi:10.1038/nature03702
25. Rosenfeld N, Aharonov R, Meiri E, Rosenwald S, Spector Y, Zepeniuk M, Benjamin H, Shabes N, Tabak S, Levy A, Lebanony D, Goren Y, Silberschein E, Targan N, Ben-Ari A, Gilad S, Sion-Vardy N, Tobar A, Feinmesser M, Kharenko O, Nativ O, Nass D, Perelman M, Yosepovich A, Shalmon B, Polak-Charcon S, Fridman E, Avniel A, Bentwich I, Bentwich Z, Cohen D, Chajut A, Barshack I (2008) MicroRNAs accurately identify cancer tissue origin. Nat Biotechnol 26(4):462–469. doi:10.1038/nbt1392
26. Duffy MJ, O’Donovan N, Crown J (2011) Use of molecular markers for predicting therapy response in cancer patients. Cancer Treat Rev 37(2):151–159. doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2010.07.004
27. Hua D, Mo F, Ding D, Li L, Han X, Zhao N, Foltz G, Lin B, Lan Q, Huang Q (2012) A catalogue of glioblastoma and brain microRNAs identified by deep sequencing. OMICS J Integr Biol 16(12):690–699
28. Srinivasan S, Patric IRP, Somasundaram K (2011) A ten-microRNA expression signature predicts survival in glioblastoma. PLoS ONE 6(3):e17438. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017438
29. Delfino KR, Serão NVL, Southey BR, Rodriguez-Zas SL (2011) Therapy-, gender- and race-specific microRNA markers, target genes and networks related to glioblastoma recurrence and survival. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 8(4):173–183
30. Kim T-M, Huang W, Park R, Park PJ, Johnson MD (2011) A developmental taxonomy of glioblastoma defined and maintained by microRNAs. Cancer Res 71(9):3387–3399. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-4117
31. Li R, Gao K, Luo H, Wang X, Shi Y, Dong Q, Luan W, You Y (2014) Identification of intrinsic subtype-specific prognostic microRNAs in primary glioblastoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 33(9)
32. Lee RC, Feinbaum RL, Ambros V (1993) The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14. Cell 75(5):843–854. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90529-Y
33. Graves P, Zeng Y (2012) Biogenesis of mammalian microRNAs: a global view. Genomics Proteomics Bioinforma 10(5):239–245. doi:10.1016/j.gpb.2012.06.004
34. Kawahara Y, Megraw M, Kreider E, Iizasa H, Valente L, Hatzigeorgiou AG, Nishikura K (2008) Frequency and fate of microRNA editing in human brain. Nucleic Acids Res 36(16):5270–5280. doi:10.1093/nar/gkn479
35. Yang W, Chendrimada TP, Wang Q, Higuchi M, Seeburg PH, Shiekhattar R, Nishikura K (2006) Modulation of microRNA processing and expression through RNA editing by ADAR deaminases. Nat Struct Mol Biol 13(1):13–21. doi:10.1038/nsmb1041
36. Galeano F, Tomaselli S, Locatelli F, Gallo A (2012) A-to-I RNA editing: the “ADAR” side of human cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 23(3):244–250. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.09.003
37. Choudhury Y, Tay FC, Lam DH, Sandanaraj E, Tang C, Ang B-T, Wang S (2012) Attenuated adenosine-to-inosine editing of microRNA-376a* promotes invasiveness of glioblastoma cells. J Clin Invest 122(11):4059–4076. doi:10.1172/jci62925
38. Yang J-S, Phillips MD, Betel D, Mu P, Ventura A, Siepel AC, Chen KC, Lai EC (2011) Widespread regulatory activity of vertebrate microRNA* species. RNA 17(2):312–326. doi:10.1261/rna.2537911
39. Chen L, Chen X-R, Zhang R, Li P, Liu Y, Yan K, Jiang X-D (2013) MicroRNA-107 inhibits glioma cell migration and invasion by modulating Notch2 expression. J Neurooncol 112(1):59–66. doi:10.1007/s11060-012-1037-7
40. Loftus JC, Ross JT, Paquette KM, Paulino VM, Nasser S, Yang Z, Kloss J, Kim S, Berens ME, Tran NL (2012) miRNA expression profiling in migrating glioblastoma cells: regulation of cell migration and invasion by miR-23b via targeting of Pyk2. PLoS ONE 7(6):e39818–e39818. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039818
41. Tan X, Wang S, Zhu L, Wu C, Yin B, Zhao J, Yuan J, Qiang B, Peng X (2012) cAMP response element-binding protein promotes gliomagenesis by modulating the expression of oncogenic microRNA-23a. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109(39):15805–15810. doi:10.1073/pnas.1207787109
42. Song L, Liu L, Wu Z, Li Y, Ying Z, Lin C, Wu J, Hu B, Cheng S-Y, Li M, Li J (2012) TGF-β induces miR-182 to sustain NF-κB activation in glioma subsets. J Clin Invest 122(10):3563–3578. doi:10.1172/jci62339
43. Karin M, Cao Y, Greten FR, Li Z-W (2002) NF-[kappa]B in cancer: from innocent bystander to major culprit. Nat Rev Cancer 2(4):301–310
44. Jiang L, Lin C, Song L, Wu J, Chen B, Ying Z, Fang L, Yan X, He M, Li J, Li M (2012) MicroRNA-30e* promotes human glioma cell invasiveness in an orthotopic xenotransplantation model by disrupting the NF-κB/IκBα negative feedback loop. J Clin Invest 122(1):33–47. doi:10.1172/jci58849
45. Godlewski J, Nowicki MO, Bronisz A, Nuovo G, Palatini J, De Lay M, Van Brocklyn J, Ostrowski MC, Chiocca EA, Lawler SE (2010) MicroRNA-451 regulates LKB1/AMPK signaling and allows adaptation to metabolic stress in glioma cells. Mol Cell 37(5):620–632. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2010.02.018
46. Yang, Wang C, Chen X, Chen S, Zhang Y, Zhi F, Wang J, Li L, Zhou X, Li N, Pan H, Zhang J, Zen K, Zhang C-Y, Zhang C (2013) Identification of seven serum microRNAs from a genome-wide serum microRNA expression profile as potential noninvasive biomarkers for malignant astrocytomas. Int J Cancer 132(1):116–127. doi:10.1002/ijc.27657
47. Trajkovic K, Hsu C, Chiantia S, Rajendran L, Wenzel D, Wieland F, Schwille P, Brügger B, Simons M (2008) Ceramide triggers budding of exosome vesicles into multivesicular endosomes. Science 319(5867):1244–1247. doi:10.1126/science.1153124
48. Ostrowski M, Carmo NB, Krumeich S, Fanget I, Raposo G, Savina A, Moita CF, Schauer K, Hume AN, Freitas RP, Goud B, Benaroch P, Hacohen N, Fukuda M, Desnos C, Seabra MC, Darchen F, Amigorena S, Moita LF, Thery C (2010) Rab27a and Rab27b control different steps of the exosome secretion pathway. Nat Cell Biol 12(1):19–30. doi:10.1038/ncb2000
49. Bobrie A, Krumeich S, Reyal F, Recchi C, Moita LF, Seabra MC, Ostrowski M, Théry C (2012) Rab27a supports exosome-dependent and -independent mechanisms that modify the tumor microenvironment and can promote tumor progression. Cancer Res 72(19):4920–4930. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0925
50. Chen X, Liang H, Zhang J, Zen K, Zhang C-Y (2012) Secreted microRNAs: a new form of intercellular communication. Trends Cell Biol 22(3):125–132. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2011.12.001
51. Skog J, Wurdinger T, van Rijn S, Meijer DH, Gainche L, Curry WT, Carter BS, Krichevsky AM, Breakefield XO (2008) Glioblastoma microvesicles transport RNA and proteins that promote tumour growth and provide diagnostic biomarkers. Nat Cell Biol 10(12):1470–1476. doi:10.1038/ncb1800
52. Li CCY, Eaton SA, Young PE, Lee M, Shuttleworth R, Humphreys DT, Grau GE, Combes V, Bebawy M, Gong J, Brammah S, Buckland ME, Suter CM (2013) Glioma microvesicles carry selectively packaged coding and non-coding RNAs which alter gene expression in recipient cells. RNA Biol 10(8):1333–1344
53. Chen C, Ridzon DA, Broomer AJ, Zhou Z, Lee DH, Nguyen JT, Barbisin M, Xu NL, Mahuvakar VR, Andersen MR, Lao KQ, Livak KJ, Guegler KJ (2005) Real-time quantification of microRNAs by stem-loop RT-PCR. Nucleic Acids Res 33(20):e179. doi:10.1093/nar/gni178
54. Sheinerman KS, Umansky SR (2013) Circulating cell-free microRNA as biomarkers for screening, diagnosis and monitoring of neurodegenerative diseases and other neurologic pathologies. Front Cell Neurosci 7:150. doi:10.3389/fncel.2013.00150
55. Wang Q, Li P, Li A, Jiang W, Wang H, Wang J, Xie K (2012) Plasma specific miRNAs as predictive biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of glioma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 31(97):1–10
56. de Bont JM, den Boer ML, Reddingius RE, Jansen J, Passier M, van Schaik RH, Kros JM, Sillevis Smitt PA, Luider TH, Pieters R (2006) Identification of apolipoprotein A-II in cerebrospinal fluid of pediatric brain tumor patients by protein expression profiling. Clin Chem 52(8):1501–1509. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2006.069294
57. Niclou SP, Fack F, Rajcevic U (2010) Glioma proteomics: status and perspectives. J Proteome 73(10):1823–1838. doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2010.03.007
58. Baraniskin A, Kuhnhenn J, Schlegel U, Maghnouj A, Zollner H, Schmiegel W, Hahn S, Schroers R (2011) Identification of microRNAs in the cerebrospinal fluid as biomarker for the diagnosis of glioma. Neuro-Oncology 117(11):3140–3146. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nor169
59. Teplyuk NM, Mollenhauer B, Gabriely G, Giese A, Kim E, Smolsky M, Kim RY, Saria MG, Pastorino S, Kesari S, Krichevsky AM (2012) MicroRNAs in cerebrospinal fluid identify glioblastoma and metastatic brain cancers and reflect disease activity. Neuro-Oncology 14(6):689–700. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nos074
60. Gabriely G, Wurdinger T, Kesari S, Esau CC, Burchard J, Linsley PS, Krichevsky AM (2008) MicroRNA 21 promotes glioma invasion by targeting matrix metalloproteinase regulators. Mol Cell Biol 28(17):5369–5380. doi:10.1128/mcb.00479-08
61. Xia H, Qi Y, Ng SS, Chen X, Chen S, Fang M, Li D, Zhao Y, Ge R, Li G, Chen Y, He M-L, H-f K, Lai L, Lin MC (2009) MicroRNA-15b regulates cell cycle progression by targeting cyclins in glioma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 380(2):205–210. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.12.169
62. Peng B, Hu S, Jun Q, Luo D, Zhang X, Zhao H, Li D (2013) MicroRNA-200b targets CREB1 and suppresses cell growth in human malignant glioma. Mol Cell Biochem 379(1–2):51–58. doi:10.1007/s11010-013-1626-6
63. Carden CP, Sarker D, Postel-Vinay S, Yap TA, Attard G, Banerji U, Garrett MD, Thomas GV, Workman P, Kaye SB, de Bono JS (2010) Can molecular biomarker-based patient selection in phase I trials accelerate anticancer drug development? Drug Discov Today 15(3–4):88–97. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2009.11.006
64. Zhang W, Zhang J, Hoadley K, Kushwaha D, Ramakrishnan V, Li S, Kang C, You Y, Jiang C, Song SW, Jiang T, Chen CC (2012) miR-181d: a predictive glioblastoma biomarker that downregulates MGMT expression. Neuro-Oncology 14(6):712–719. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nos089
65. Shi L, Chen J, Yang J, Pan T, Zhang S, Wang Z (2010) MiR-21 protected human glioblastoma U87MG cells from chemotherapeutic drug temozolomide induced apoptosis by decreasing Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspase-3 activity. Brain Res 1352:255–264. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.07.009
66. WONG STS, X-Q ZHANG, ZHUANG JT-F, H-L CHAN, C-H LI, LEUNG GKK (2012) MicroRNA-21 inhibition enhances in vitro chemosensitivity of temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma cells. Anticancer Res 32(7):2835–2841
67. Gwak H-S, Kim TH, Jo GH, Kim Y-J, Kwak H-J, Kim JH, Yin J, Yoo H, Lee SH, Park JB (2012) Silencing of microRNA-21 confers radio-sensitivity through inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway and enhancing autophagy in malignant glioma cell lines. PLoS ONE 7(10):e47449. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047449
68. Quintavalle C, Donnarumma E, Iaboni M, Roscigno G, Garofalo M, Romano G, Fiore D, De Marinis P, Croce CM, Condorelli G (2012) Effect of miR-21 and miR-30b/c on TRAIL-induced apoptosis in glioma cells. Oncogene. doi:10.1038/onc.2012.410
69. Chan LW, Moses MA, Goley E, Sproull M, Muanza T, Coleman CN, Figg WD, Albert PS, Ménard C, Camphausen K (2004) Urinary VEGF and MMP levels as predictive markers of 1-year progression-free survival in cancer patients treated with radiation therapy: a longitudinal study of protein kinetics throughout tumor progression and therapy. J Clin Oncol 22(3):499–506. doi:10.1200/jco.2004.07.022
70. Vinther J, Rukov J, Shomron N (2012) MicroRNAs and their antagonists as novel therapeutics. In: Erdmann VA, Barciszewski J (eds) From nucleic acids sequences to molecular medicine. RNA technologies. Springer, Berlin, pp 503–523. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27426-8_20
71. Nana-Sinkam SP, Croce CM (2013) Clinical applications for microRNAs in cancer. Clin Pharmacol Ther 93(1):98–104
72. Bouchie A (2013) First microRNA mimic enters clinic. Nat Biotechnol 31(7):577–577. doi:10.1038/nbt0713-577
73. Melo S, Villanueva A, Moutinho C, Davalos V, Spizzo R, Ivan C, Rossi S, Setien F, Casanovas O, Simo-Riudalbas L, Carmona J, Carrere J, Vidal A, Aytes A, Puertas S, Ropero S, Kalluri R, Croce CM, Calin GA, Esteller M (2011) Small molecule enoxacin is a cancer-specific growth inhibitor that acts by enhancing TAR RNA-binding protein 2-mediated microRNA processing. Proc Natl Acad Sci 108(11):4394–4399. doi:10.1073/pnas.1014720108
74. Git A, Dvinge H, Salmon-Divon M, Osborne M, Kutter C, Hadfield J, Bertone P, Caldas C (2010) Systematic comparison of microarray profiling, real-time PCR, and next-generation sequencing technologies for measuring differential microRNA expression. RNA 16(5):991–1006. doi:10.1261/rna.1947110
75. McDonald JS, Milosevic D, Reddi HV, Grebe SK, Algeciras-Schimnich A (2011) Analysis of circulating microRNA: preanalytical and analytical challenges. Clin Chem 57(6):833–840. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2010.157198
76. Qureshi R, Sacan A (2013) A novel method for the normalization of microRNA RT-PCR data. BMC Med Genet 6(1):14–17
77. Duttagupta R, Jiang R, Gollub J, Getts RC, Jones KW (2011) Impact of cellular miRNAs on circulating miRNA biomarker signatures. PLoS ONE 6(6):e20769. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020769
78. Zampetaki A, Mayr M (2012) Analytical challenges and technical limitations in assessing circulating MiRNAs. Thromb Haemost 108(10):592–598. doi:10.1160/th12-02-0097
79. Noerholm M, Balaj L, Limperg T, Salehi A, Zhu L, Hochberg F, Breakefield X, Carter B, Skog J (2012) RNA expression patterns in serum microvesicles from patients with glioblastoma multiforme and controls. BMC Cancer 12(22):2–11
80. Pritchard CC, Kroh E, Wood B, Arroyo JD, Dougherty KJ, Miyaji MM, Tait JF, Tewari M (2012) Blood cell origin of circulating microRNAs: a cautionary note for cancer biomarker studies. Cancer Prev Res 5(3):492–497. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0370
81. Mathers JC, Strathdee G, Relton CL (2010) Induction of epigenetic alterations by dietary and other environmental factors. Adv Genet 71:3–39
82. Whitney AR, Diehn M, Popper SJ, Alizadeh AA, Boldrick JC, Relman DA, Brown PO (2003) Individuality and variation in gene expression patterns in human blood. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100(4):1896–1901. doi:10.1073/pnas.252784499
83. Summerer I, Niyazi M, Unger K, Pitea A, Zangen V, Hess J, Atkinson MJ, Belka C, Moertl S, Zitzelsberger H (2013) Changes in circulating microRNAs after radiochemotherapy in head and neck cancer patients. Radiat Oncol 8(296)
84. Podolska A, Kaczkowski B, Litman T, Fredholm M, Cirera S (2011) How the RNA isolation method can affect microRNA microarray results. Acta Biochim Pol 58(4):535–540
85. Peltier HJ, Latham GJ (2008) Normalization of microRNA expression levels in quantitative RT-PCR assays: identification of suitable reference RNA targets in normal and cancerous human solid tissues. RNA 14(5):844–852. doi:10.1261/rna.939908
86. Mitchell PS, Parkin RK, Kroh EM, Fritz BR, Wyman SK, Pogosova-Agadjanyan EL, Peterson A, Noteboom J, O'Briant KC, Allen A, Lin DW, Urban N, Drescher CW, Knudsen BS, Stirewalt DL, Gentleman R, Vessella RL, Nelson PS, Martin DB, Tewari M (2008) Circulating microRNAs as stable blood-based markers for cancer detection. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105(30):10513–10518. doi:10.1073/pnas.0804549105