The new drug phenomenon

Drug Testing and Analysis

Volumn 6, Issue 7-8, 2014, Pages 587-597

  Brandt, Simon D ^a   King, Leslie A ^b   Evans Brown, Michael ^c  

^a LIVERPOOL JOHN MOORES UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b 27 Ivar Gardens   (United Kingdom)

^c EUROPEAN MONITORING CENTRE FOR DRUGS AND DRUG ADDICTION   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Challenges; Internet; New psychoactive substances

Indexed keywords

CHALLENGE; NEW PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCE;

INTERNET;

1 BENZYLPIPERAZINE DERIVATIVE; 1,3 DIMETHYLAMYLMINE; 3,4 METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE; 3,4 METHYLENEDIOXYPYROVAERONE; 4' METHYLMETHCATHINONE; 5 (2 AMINOPROPYL)INDOLE; AMINOREX; CANNABIS; CATHA EDULIS EXTRACT; CLORGYLINE; DESIGNER DRUG; DIAMORPHINE; HARMALINE; ILLICIT DRUG; INDOLE DERIVATIVE; LYSERGIDE; MOCLOBEMIDE; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; NABIXIMOLS; NATURAL PRODUCT; NEW DRUG; PHENAZEPAM; PHENCYCLIDINE; PHENETHYLAMINE DERIVATIVE; PLANT EXTRACT; PSILOCYBINE; PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT; SEROTONIN 2A AGONIST; TOLOXATONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; STREET DRUG;

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CRIMINAL JUSTICE; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DRUG CLASSIFICATION; DRUG CONTROL; DRUG DEPENDENCE; DRUG MARKETING; DRUG MONITORING; DRUG SCREENING; DRUG SYNTHESIS; EDITORIAL; EUROPE; FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN; IMMUNOASSAY; ISOMER; LAW ENFORCEMENT; NOMENCLATURE; NONHUMAN; ONLINE SYSTEM; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; SALVIA DIVINORUM; ANALYSIS; ANIMAL; INTERNET; LEGISLATION AND JURISPRUDENCE;

ANIMALS; CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES, ANALYTICAL; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; DRUG AND NARCOTIC CONTROL; HUMANS; INTERNET; PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS; STREET DRUGS;

EID: 84909947244     PISSN: 19427603     EISSN: 19427611     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/dta.1686     Document Type: Editorial

References (112)

1. R.J. Miller . Drugged: The Science and Culture Behind Psychotropic Drugs, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 2014.
2. V. Berridge . Demons: Our Changing Attitudes to Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drugs, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 2013.
3. J. Beck, M. Rosenbaum . Pursuit of Ecstasy: The MDMA Experience, State University of New York Press, Albany, NY, USA, 1994.
4. S. Assael . Steroid nation: juiced home run totals, anti-aging miracles, and a hercules in every high school. The secret history of America's true drug addiction, ESPN, New York, USA, 2007.
5. P. Griffiths, M. Evans-Brown, R. Sedefov . Getting up to speed with the public health and regulatory challenges posed by new psychoactive substances in the information age. Addiction 2013, 108, 1700.
6. EMCDDA-Europol. EMCDDA-Europol 2013 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA. In accordance with Article 10 of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA on the information exchange, risk assessment and control of new psychoactive substances. EMCDDA, Lisbon, Portugal, 2014. Available at: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/implementation-reports [23 June 2014].
7. A.T. Shulgin . Drugs of abuse in the future. Clin. Toxicol. 1975, 8, 405.
8. P. Griffiths, M. Evans-Brown, R. Sedefov . The (mis)use of psychoactive medicines: getting the balance right in complex systems. Addiction 2014, 109, 182.
9. EMCDDA. Report on the risk assessment of 4-methylamphetamine in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances, 2014. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Available at: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/risk-assessment/4-MA [30 May 2014].
10. R.K. Siegel . Phencyclidine and ketamine intoxication: a study of four populations of recreational users. In Phencyclidine (PCP) abuse: an appraisal. NIDA Research Monograph 21, (Ed.: R.C. Petersen, R.C. Stillman ), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland, USA, 1978, pp. 119.
11. Anonymous. Esters of morphine. Bull. Narc. 1953, 4, 36.
12. F.H. Meyers, A.J. Rose, D.E. Smith . Incidents involving the Haight-Ashbury population and some uncommonly used drugs. J. Psychoactive Drugs 1968, 1, 139.
13. G.F. Phillips, R.J. Mesley . Examination of the hallucinogen 2, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1969, 21, 9.
14. R.M. Baum . New variety of street drugs poses growing problem. Chem. Eng. News 1985, 63, 7.
15. P. Jenkins . Synthetic Panics: The Symbolic Politics of Designer Drugs, New York University Press, New York, USA, 1999.
16. A. Shulgin, A. Shulgin . PiHKAL. A Chemical Love Story, Transform Press, Berkeley, USA, 1991.
17. A. Shulgin, A. Shulgin . TiHKAL. The continuation, Transform Press, Berkeley, USA, 1997.
18. Joint Action of 17 December 1996 adopted by the Council on the basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union concerning the approximation of the laws and practices of the Member States of the European Union to combat drug addiction and to prevent and combat illegal drug trafficking (96/750/JHA). Off. J. E.U., 1996, L 342, 03.12.1996, 6.
19. Joint Action of 16 June 1997 adopted by the Council on the basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union, concerning the information exchange, risk assessment and the control of new synthetic drugs (97/396/JHA), Off. J. E.U., 1997, L 167, 25.06.1997, 1.
20. Council Decision 2005/387/JHA of 10 May 2005 on the information exchange, risk-assessment and control of new psychoactive substances. Off. J. E.U., 2005, L 127, 20.5.2005, 32.
21. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). The challenge of new psychoactive substances. A Report from the Global SMART Programme March 2013. United Nations Publication, Vienna, Austria, 2013. Available at: http://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/NPS_2013_SMART.pdf [5 May 2014].
22. Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. Consideration of the novel psychoactive substances ('Legal Highs'), 2011. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/119139/acmdnps2011.pdf [24 May 2014].
23. European Commission. Commission staff working document. Impact assessment accompanying the document proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on new psychoactive substances and proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Council Framework Decision 2004/757/JHA of 25 October 2004 laying down minimum provisions on the constituent elements of criminal acts and penalties in the field of illicit drug trafficking, as regards the definition of drug. Brussels, 2013. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1401466682882&uri=CELEX:52013SC0319 [30 May 2014].
24. European Commission. Proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on new psychoactive substances. European Commission, Brussels, 2013. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1401466682882&uri=CELEX:52013PC0619 [30 May 2014].
25. European Commission. Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Council Framework Decision 2004/757/JHA of 25 October 2004 laying down minimum provisions on the constituent elements of criminal acts and penalties in the field of illicit drug trafficking, as regards the definition of drug. European Commission, Brussels, 2013. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1401466682882&uri=CELEX:52013PC0618 [30 May 2014].
26. EMCDDA. Understanding the 'Spice' phenomenon. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 2009. Available at: Editorial_final.docx [30 May 2014].
27. J.K. Brown, M.H. Malone . 'Legal highs'- constituents, activity, toxicology, and herbal folklore. Clin. Toxicol. 1978, 12, 1.
28. A. Gottlieb . Legal highs. A Concise Encyclopedia of Legal Herbs and Chemicals with Psychoactive Properties, Counter Culture, 2nd edition, 12th printing, London, UK, 1996.
29. L.A. King, D.J. Nutt . Deaths from 'legal highs': a problem of definitions. Lancet 2014, 383, 952.
30. L.A. King, D.J. Nutt . Legal highs: a problem of definitions? Authors' reply. Lancet 2014, 383, 1715.
31. G. Engel, P. Herrling (Eds.), Exploring the frontiers. In celebration of Albert Hofmann's 100th birthday, Schwabe AG Verlag, Basel, Switzerland, 2006.
32. EMCDDA. Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole. EMCDDA, Lisbon, 2013. Available at: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_194430_EN_TDAS13001ENN.pdf [31 May 2014].
33. EMCDDA. 5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole (5-IT). Report on the risk assessment of 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. EMCDDA, Lisbon, 2014. Available at: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_222688_EN_TDAK13002ENN-1_.pdf [17 May 2014].
34. A. Hofmann, F. Troxler . Nouveaux dérivés de l'indole et leur préparation. French patent. FR1344579, 1963.
35. K.R. Scott, J.D. Power, S.D. McDermott, J.E. O'Brien, B.N. Talbot, M.G. Barry, P.V. Kavanagh . Identification of (2-aminopropyl)indole positional isomers in forensic samples. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 598. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1508.
36. T. Herraiz, S.D. Brandt . 5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole (5-IT): a psychoactive substance used for recreational purposes is an inhibitor of human monoamine oxidase (MAO). Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 607. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1530.
37. H. Morris, J. Wallach . From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 614. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1620.
38. J. Wallach, G. De Paoli, A. Adejare, S.D. Brandt . Preparation and analytical characterization of 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine (PCP) and 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidine (PCPy) analogues. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 633. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1468.
39. R. Christie, E. Horan, J. Fox, C. O'Donnell, H.J. Byrne, S. McDermott, J. Power, P. Kavanagh . Discrimination of cathinone regioisomers, sold as 'legal highs', by Raman spectroscopy. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 651. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1518.
40. 2A agonists. WIREs Membr. Transp. Signal. 2012, 1, 559.
41. R.E. O'Connor, J.J. Keating . Characterization of synthetic routes to 'Bromo-DragonFLY' and benzodifuranyl isopropylamine homologues utilizing ketone intermediates. Part 1: Synthesis of ketone precursors. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 658. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1504
42. J.D. Power, K.R. Scott, E.A. Gardner, B.M. Curran McAteer, J.E. O'Brien, M. Brehon, B. Talbot, P.V. Kavanagh . The syntheses, characterization and in vitro metabolism of nitracaine, methoxypiperamide and mephtetramine. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 668. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1616.
43. J.J. Woodward, D.M. Compton, R.L. Balster, B.R. Martin . In vitro and in vivo effects of cocaine and selected local anesthetics on the dopamine transporter. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1995, 277, 7.
44. F.F. Blicke, J.H. Burckhalter . α-Thienylaminoalkanes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1942, 64, 477.
45. E.D. Bouso, E.A. Gardner, J.E. O'Brien, B. Talbot, P.V. Kavanagh . Characterization of the pyrolysis products of methiopropamine. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 676. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1571.
46. H.P. Gurtner . Pulmonary hypertension, 'plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy' and the appetite depressant drug aminorex: post or propter? Bull. Eur. Physiopathol. Respir. 1979, 15, 897.
47. H.P. Gurtner . Aminorex and pulmonary hypertension. A review. Cor Vasa 1985, 27, 160.
48. G.I. Poos, J.R. Carson, J.D. Rosenau, A.P. Roszkowski, N.M. Kelley, J. McGowin . 2-Amino-5-aryl-2-oxazolines. Potent new anorectic agents. J. Med. Chem. 1963, 6, 266.
49. D.A. Cooper . Future synthetic drugs of abuse. In Proceedings of the international symposium on the forensic aspects of controlled substances: March 28 - April 1 1988, (Ed.: R.T. Castonguay), Laboratory Division, Federal Bureau of Investigation, US Department of Justice, Washington, DC, 1988, pp. 79.
50. S.D. Brandt, M.H. Baumann, J.S. Partilla, P.V. Kavanagh, J.D. Power, B. Talbot, B. Twamley, J. O'Brien, O. Mahony, S.P. Elliott, R.P. Archer, J. Patrick, K. Singh, N.M. Dempster, S.H. Cosbey . Characterization of a novel and potentially lethal designer drug, (±)-cis-para-methyl-4-methylaminorex (4, 4'-DMAR, or 'Serotoni'). Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 684. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1668.
51. Y.N. Soh, S. Elliott . An investigation of the stability of emerging new psychoactive substances. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 696. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1576.
52. E. Fornal . Study of collision-induced dissociation of electrospray-generated protonated cathinones. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 705. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1573.
53. M.J. Swortwood, W.L. Hearn, A.P. Decaprio . Cross-reactivity of designer drugs, including cathinone derivatives, in commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 716. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1489.
54. K.N. Ellefsen, S. Anizan, M.S. Castaneto, N.A. Desrosiers, T.M. Martin, K.L. Klette, M.A. Huestis . Validation of the only commercially available immunoassay for synthetic cathinones in urine: Randox Drugs of Abuse V Biochip Array Technology. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 728. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1633.
55. New Zealand Psychoactive Substances Act 2013 [reprint 8 May 2014]. Available at: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2013/0053/latest/whole.html - DLM5042921 [12 May 2014].
56. J.P. Griffin, J. Posner, G.R. Barker (Eds). The Textbook of Pharmaceutical Medicine, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, UK, 2013.
57. Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. Rules And Guidance for Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Distributors 2014, Pharmaceutical Press, London, UK, 2014.
58. E.B. Andrews, N. Moore (Eds). Mann's Pharmacovigilance, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, UK, 2014.
59. New Zealand Psychoactive Substances Amendment Bill, 2014. Available at: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/bill/government/2014/0206/latest/whole.html [12 May 2014].
60. A.G. Leach . Predicting the activity and toxicity of new psychoactive substances: a pharmaceutical industry perspective. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 739. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1593.
61. F.I. Carroll, J.L. Howard, L.L. Howell, B.S. Fox, M.J. Kuhar . Development of the dopamine transporter selective RTI-336 as a pharmacotherapy for cocaine abuse. AAPS J. 2006, 8, E196.
62. R.B. Rothman, B.E. Blough, M.H. Baumann . Dual dopamine/serotonin releasers: potential treatment agents for stimulant addiction. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2008, 16, 458.
63. L. Karila, A. Weinstein, H.J. Aubin, A. Benyamina, M. Reynaud, S.L. Batki . Pharmacological approaches to methamphetamine dependence: a focused review. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2010, 69, 578.
64. Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH. α-Aminocétones comportant un groupe amino hétérocyclique. French patent, FR5502, 1967.
65. H. Köppe, G. Ludwig, K. Zeile . Verfahren zur Herstellung von α-Aminoketonen mit heterocyclischer Aminogruppe. German patent, DE1545591, 1969.
66. A. Wander SA . α-Pyrrolidinovalerophenones. British patent GB927475A, 1963.
67. Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH. α-Substituted ketones and processes for their preparation. British patent, GB1149366, 1969.
68. H Köppe, G Ludwig, K Zeile . 1-(3', 4'-Methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-pyrrolidinoalkan-1-ones. US patent, US3478050, 1969.
69. n. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 746. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1559.
70. L.H. Sternbach, R.I. Fryer, W. Metlesics, E. Reeder, G. Sach, G. Saucy, A. Stempel . Quinazolines and 1, 4-benzodiazepines. VI. Halo-, methyl-, and methoxy-substituted 1, 3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H-1, 4-benzodiazepin-2-ones. J. Org. Chem. 1962, 27, 3788.
71. B. Moosmann, P. Bisel, V. Auwärter . Characterization of the designer benzodiazepine diclazepam and preliminary data on its metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 757. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1628.
72. J.L. Poklis, C.R. Nanco, M.M. Troendle, C.E. Wolf, A. Poklis . Determination of 4-bromo-2, 5-dimethoxy-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-benzeneethanamine (25B-NBOMe) in serum and urine by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry in a case of severe intoxication. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 764. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1522.
73. S. Rojek, M. Kłys, M. Maciów-Głaogonekb, K. Kula, M. Strona . Cathinones derivatives-related deaths as exemplified by two fatal cases involving methcathinone with 4-methylmethcathinone and 4-methylethcathinone. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 770. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1615.
74. M.C. Van Hout . Kitchen chemistry: A scoping review of the diversionary use of pharmaceuticals for non-medicinal use and home production of drug solutions. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 778. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1622.
75. M. Evans-Brown, A. Kimergård, J. McVeigh, M. Chandler, S.D. Brandt . Is the breast cancer drug tamoxifen being sold as a bodybuilding dietary supplement? BMJ 2014, 348, g1476.
76. H.A. Shonle, E. Rohrmann . Amino alkanes. US patent, US 2350318, 1944.
77. E. Rohrmann, H.A. Shonle . Amino alkanes as pressor substances. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1944, 66, 1516.
78. E.E. Swanson, K.K. Chen . Comparison of pressor activity of aliphatic amines. J. Pharmacol. 1946, 88, 10.
79. B.J. Venhuis, D. de Kaste . Scientific opinion on the regulatory status of 1, 3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA). Eur. J. Food Res. Rev. 2012, 2, 93.
80. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. MHRA determines that a product containing 1, 3-Dimethylamylamine (DMAA) is a medicinal product, 28 August 2012. Available at: http://www.mhra.gov.uk/Howweregulate/Medicines/Medicinesregulatorynews/CON180713 [31 May 2014].
81. A.D. Lesiak, K.J. Adams, M.A. Domin, C. Henck, J.R. Shepard . DART-MS for rapid, preliminary screening of urine for DMAA. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 788. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1540.
82. K.G. Austin, J. Travis, G. Pace, H.R. Lieberman . Analysis of 1, 3 dimethylamylamine concentrations in Geraniaceae, geranium oil and dietary supplements. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 797. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1491.
83. P.A. Cohen, J.C. Travis, B.J. Venhuis . A methamphetamine analog (N, α-diethyl-phenylethylamine) identified in a mainstream dietary supplement. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 805. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1578.
84. H. Sumnall, J. McVeigh, M.J. Evans-Brown . Epidemiology of use of novel psychoactive substances. In Novel Psychoactive Substances, (Ed.: P.I. Dargan, D.M. Wood ), Academic Press, Boston, MA, 2013, pp. 79.
85. L.A. King . New phenethylamines in Europe. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 808. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1570.
86. C.V. Giné, I.F. Espinosa, M.V. Vilamala . New psychoactive substances as adulterants of controlled drugs. A worrying phenomenon? Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 819. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1610.
87. A. Péterfi, A. Tarján, G.C. Horváth, T. Csesztregi, A. Nyírády . Changes in patterns of injecting drug use in Hungary: a shift to synthetic cathinones. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 825. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1625.
88. R. Kikura-Hanajiri, N.U. Kawamura, Y. Goda . Changes in the prevalence of new psychoactive substances before and after the introduction of the generic scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids in Japan. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 832. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1584.
89. L. Burns, A. Roxburgh, R. Bruno, J. Van Buskirk . Monitoring drug markets in the Internet age and the evolution of drug monitoring systems in Australia. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 840. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1613.
90. L. Burns, A. Roxburgh, A. Matthews, R. Bruno, S. Lenton, J. Van Buskirk . The rise of new psychoactive substance use in Australia. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 846. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1626.
91. D.M. Wood, S.L. Hill, S.H. Thomas, P.I. Dargan . Using poisons information service data to assess the acute harms associated with novel psychoactive substances. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 850. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1671.
92. A.L. van Nuijs, A. Gheorghe, P.G. Jorens, K. Maudens, H. Neels, A. Covaci . Optimization, validation, and the application of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of new drugs of abuse in wastewater. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 861. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1460.
93. L.A. King . Legal classification of novel psychoactive substances: an international comparison. In Novel Psychoactive Substances, (Ed.: P.I. Dargan, D.M. Wood ), Academic Press, Boston, MA, 2013, pp. 3.
94. DrugScience. Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs. Available at: http://www.drugscience.org.uk [24 May 2014].
95. Regulating new psychoactive substances: science, law and policy. Available at: http://www.law.qmul.ac.uk/events/items/126317.html [24 May 2014].
96. World Health Organization. Thirty-sixth meeting of the Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, Geneva, Switzerland, 16 - 20 June 2014. Available at: http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/36thecddmeet/en/ [24 May 2014].
97. C. Wilkins . The interim regulated legal market for NPS ('legal high') products in New Zealand: the impact of new retail restrictions and product licensing. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 868. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1643.
98. A. Duffert . Current challenges and problems in the field of new psychoactive substances in Germany from a law enforcement perspective. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 876. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1604.
99. L.A. King, I. Ujváry, S.D. Brandt . Drug laws and the 'derivative' problem. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 879. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1523.
100. P.V. Kavanagh, J.D. Power . New psychoactive substances legislation in Ireland - Perspectives from academia. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6, 884. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1598.
101. D.J. Nutt, L.A. King, D.E. Nichols . New victims of current drug laws. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2013, 14, 877.
102. D.J. Nutt, L.A. King, D.E. Nichols . Effects of Schedule I drug laws on neuroscience research and treatment innovation. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2013, 14, 577.
103. J. Savulescu, R. ter Meulen, G. Kahane (Eds.), Enhancing Human Capacities, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, UK, 2011.
104. P. Conrad . The Medicalization of Society: On the Transformation of Human Conditions into Treatable Disorders, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, USA, 2007.
105. M. Evans-Brown, J. McVeigh, C. Perkins, M.A. Bellis . Human Enhancement Drugs. The Emerging Challenges to Public Health, North West Public Health Observatory, Liverpool, UK, 2012.
106. Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control (Ed.). Further investigation of look-alike drugs: hearing before the Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control, House of Representatives, Ninety-seventh Congress, second session, August 12, 1982. Washington: US GPO, 1983 Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000020611910 [30 May 2014].
107. J.P. Morgan, D.R. Wesson, K.S. Puder, D.E. Smith . Duplicitous drugs: the history and recent status of look-alike drugs. J. Psychoactive Drugs 1987, 19, 21.
108. F.I. Carroll, B.E. Blough, S.W. Mascarella, H.A. Navarro, R.J. Lukas, M.I. Damaj . Bupropion and bupropion analogs as treatments for CNS disorders. Adv. Pharmacol. 2014, 69, 177.
109. G.L. Henderson . Designer drugs: past history and future prospects. J. Forensic Sci. 1988, 33, 569.
110. K. Redda, C.A. Walker, G. Barnett (Eds.), Cocaine, marijuana, designer drugs: chemistry, pharmacology, and behavior, CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, 1989.
111. INCB. Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2010, United Nations, New York, 2011. Available at: http://www.incb.org/documents/Publications/AnnualReports/AR2010/AR_2010_English.pdf [24 May 2014].
112. R. Seymour, D. Smith, D. Inaba, M. Landry . The New Drugs: Look-Alikes, Drugs of Deception, and Designer Drugs, Hazelden, Center City, USA, 1989.