메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 335, Issue , 2015, Pages 235-248

Multicentury reconstruction of western spruce budworm outbreaks in central British Columbia, Canada

Author keywords

Cariboo Forest Region; Dendroecology; Douglas fir; Outbreaks; Species range; Western spruce budworm

Indexed keywords

DENDROECOLOGY; DOUGLAS FIR; FOREST REGIONS; OUTBREAKS; SPECIES RANGES; SPRUCE BUDWORM;

EID: 84908583964     PISSN: 03781127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.10.002     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (31)

References (70)
  • 1
    • 0027086151 scopus 로고
    • A method to calculate the losses caused by western spruce budworm in uneven-aged Douglas fir forests of British Columbia
    • Alfaro R., Maclauchlan L. A method to calculate the losses caused by western spruce budworm in uneven-aged Douglas fir forests of British Columbia. For. Ecol. Manage. 1992, 55:295-313.
    • (1992) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.55 , pp. 295-313
    • Alfaro, R.1    Maclauchlan, L.2
  • 2
    • 0020343426 scopus 로고
    • Tree mortality and radial growth losses caused by western spruce budworm in a Douglas-fir stand in British Columbia
    • Alfaro R., Van Sickle G., Thomson A., Wegwitz E. Tree mortality and radial growth losses caused by western spruce budworm in a Douglas-fir stand in British Columbia. Can. J. For. Res. 1982, 12:780-787.
    • (1982) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.12 , pp. 780-787
    • Alfaro, R.1    Van Sickle, G.2    Thomson, A.3    Wegwitz, E.4
  • 3
    • 33746827546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dendroecological reconstruction of mountain pine beetle outbreaks in the Chilcotin plateau of British Columbia
    • Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pac. For. Centre, Victoria, BC, Canada, (Inf. Rep. BC-X-399), T.L. Shore, J.E. Brooks, J.E. Stone (Eds.)
    • Alfaro R., Campbell R., Vera P., Hawkes B., Shore T. Dendroecological reconstruction of mountain pine beetle outbreaks in the Chilcotin plateau of British Columbia. Mountain Pine Beetle Symposium: Challenges and Solutions 2004, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pac. For. Centre, Victoria, BC, Canada, (Inf. Rep. BC-X-399). T.L. Shore, J.E. Brooks, J.E. Stone (Eds.).
    • (2004) Mountain Pine Beetle Symposium: Challenges and Solutions
    • Alfaro, R.1    Campbell, R.2    Vera, P.3    Hawkes, B.4    Shore, T.5
  • 5
    • 84891944467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Periodicity of western spruce budworm in Southern British Columbia, Canada
    • Alfaro R.I., Berg J., Axelson J. Periodicity of western spruce budworm in Southern British Columbia, Canada. For. Ecol. Manage. 2014, 315:75-79. 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.12.026.
    • (2014) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.315 , pp. 75-79
    • Alfaro, R.I.1    Berg, J.2    Axelson, J.3
  • 6
    • 84908595561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facts about B.C.'s Mountain pine beetle. (accessed March 2014).
    • British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations., 2012. Facts about B.C.'s Mountain pine beetle. < (accessed March 2014). http://www.for.gov.bc.ca.
    • (2012)
  • 7
    • 84908595560 scopus 로고
    • Defoliator Management Guidebook. (accessed June 2014).
    • British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Range., 1995. Defoliator Management Guidebook. (accessed June 2014). http://www.for.gov.bc.ca.
    • (1995)
  • 8
    • 84908595559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timber Supply and the Mountain Pine Beetle Infestation in British Columbia: 2007 (accessed March 2014).
    • British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Range., 2007. Timber Supply and the Mountain Pine Beetle Infestation in British Columbia: 2007. (accessed March 2014). http://www.for.gov.bc.ca.
    • (2007)
  • 9
    • 84864802488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dendrochronological reconstruction of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) outbreaks in southern Quebec for the last 400years
    • Boulanger Y., Arseneault D., Morin H., Jardon Y., Bertrand P., Dagneau C. Dendrochronological reconstruction of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) outbreaks in southern Quebec for the last 400years. Can. J. For. Res. 2012, 42(7):1264-1276. 10.1139/x2012-069.
    • (2012) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.42 , Issue.7 , pp. 1264-1276
    • Boulanger, Y.1    Arseneault, D.2    Morin, H.3    Jardon, Y.4    Bertrand, P.5    Dagneau, C.6
  • 10
    • 50849083481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A dendrochronology program library in R (dplR)
    • Bunn A. A dendrochronology program library in R (dplR). Dendrochronologia 2008, 26:115-124.
    • (2008) Dendrochronologia , vol.26 , pp. 115-124
    • Bunn, A.1
  • 11
    • 84908595558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • dplR: Dendrochronology program library in R. package version 1.5.6. (accessed June 2014).
    • Bunn, A., Korpela, M., Biondi, F., Campelo, F., Merian, P., Qeadan, F., Zang, C., 2012. dplR: Dendrochronology program library in R. package version 1.5.6. (accessed June 2014). http://www.cran.r-project.org/package=dplR.
    • (2012)
    • Bunn, A.1    Korpela, M.2    Biondi, F.3    Campelo, F.4    Merian, P.5    Qeadan, F.6    Zang, C.7
  • 13
    • 23744437432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dendroentomological and forest management implications in the Interior Douglas-fir zone of British Columbia, Canada
    • Campbell R., Smith D., Arsenault A. Dendroentomological and forest management implications in the Interior Douglas-fir zone of British Columbia, Canada. Dendrochronologia 2005, 22:135-140.
    • (2005) Dendrochronologia , vol.22 , pp. 135-140
    • Campbell, R.1    Smith, D.2    Arsenault, A.3
  • 14
    • 33748886674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multicentury history of western spruce budworm outbreaks in interior Douglas-fir forests near Kamloops, British Columbia
    • Campbell R., Smith D., Arsenault A. Multicentury history of western spruce budworm outbreaks in interior Douglas-fir forests near Kamloops, British Columbia. Can. J. For. Res. 2006, 36:1758-1769.
    • (2006) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.36 , pp. 1758-1769
    • Campbell, R.1    Smith, D.2    Arsenault, A.3
  • 15
    • 0035209607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of Douglas-fir resistance to western spruce budworm defoliation: bud burst phenology, photosynthetic compensation and growth rate
    • Chen Z., Kolb T., Clancy K. Mechanisms of Douglas-fir resistance to western spruce budworm defoliation: bud burst phenology, photosynthetic compensation and growth rate. Tree Physiol. 2001, 21:1159-1169.
    • (2001) Tree Physiol. , vol.21 , pp. 1159-1169
    • Chen, Z.1    Kolb, T.2    Clancy, K.3
  • 16
    • 78349292976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geographic variation in growth response of Douglas-fir to interannual climate variability and projected climate change
    • Chen P.-Y., Welsh C., Hamann A. Geographic variation in growth response of Douglas-fir to interannual climate variability and projected climate change. Glob. Change Biol. 2010, 16:3374-3385. 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02166.x.
    • (2010) Glob. Change Biol. , vol.16 , pp. 3374-3385
    • Chen, P.-Y.1    Welsh, C.2    Hamann, A.3
  • 17
    • 0027065907 scopus 로고
    • Response of western spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to increased nitrogen in artificial diets
    • Clancy K. Response of western spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to increased nitrogen in artificial diets. Environ. Entomol. 1992, 21:331-344.
    • (1992) Environ. Entomol. , vol.21 , pp. 331-344
    • Clancy, K.1
  • 19
    • 0003133683 scopus 로고
    • The smoothing spline: a new approach to standardizing forest interior tree-ring width series for dendroclimatic studies
    • Cook E., Peters K. The smoothing spline: a new approach to standardizing forest interior tree-ring width series for dendroclimatic studies. Tree-Ring Bull. 1981, 4:45-53.
    • (1981) Tree-Ring Bull. , vol.4 , pp. 45-53
    • Cook, E.1    Peters, K.2
  • 20
    • 84908595557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Program ARSTAN Version 41d.
    • Cook, E., Krusic, P., Holmes, R., Peters, K., 2007. Program ARSTAN Version 41d. http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu.
    • (2007)
    • Cook, E.1    Krusic, P.2    Holmes, R.3    Peters, K.4
  • 24
    • 84898834692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drought-triggered western spruce budworm outbreaks in the interior Pacific Northwest: a multi-century dendrochronological record
    • Flower A., Gavin D., Heyerdahl E., Parsons R., Cohn G. Drought-triggered western spruce budworm outbreaks in the interior Pacific Northwest: a multi-century dendrochronological record. For. Ecol. Manage. 2014, 324:16-27.
    • (2014) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.324 , pp. 16-27
    • Flower, A.1    Gavin, D.2    Heyerdahl, E.3    Parsons, R.4    Cohn, G.5
  • 26
    • 0004229870 scopus 로고
    • United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Miscellaneous Publication No. 1339, Washington, DC
    • Furniss R., Carolin V. Western Forest Insects 1977, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Miscellaneous Publication No. 1339, Washington, DC.
    • (1977) Western Forest Insects
    • Furniss, R.1    Carolin, V.2
  • 27
    • 77049126816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional and ecological patterns in interior Douglas-fir climate-growth relationships in British Columbia, Canada
    • Griesbauer H., Green D. Regional and ecological patterns in interior Douglas-fir climate-growth relationships in British Columbia, Canada. Can. J. For. Res. 2010, 40:308-321.
    • (2010) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.40 , pp. 308-321
    • Griesbauer, H.1    Green, D.2
  • 28
    • 0027525754 scopus 로고
    • Stand response to western spruce budworm and Douglas-fir bark beetle outbreaks, Colorado Front Range
    • Hadley K., Veblen T. Stand response to western spruce budworm and Douglas-fir bark beetle outbreaks, Colorado Front Range. Can. J. For. Res. 1993, 23:479-491.
    • (1993) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.23 , pp. 479-491
    • Hadley, K.1    Veblen, T.2
  • 32
    • 0348108184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Périodicité et synchronisme des épidémies de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette au Québec
    • Jardon Y., Morin H., Dutilleul P. Périodicité et synchronisme des épidémies de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette au Québec. Can. J. For. Res. 2003, 33:1947-1961.
    • (2003) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.33 , pp. 1947-1961
    • Jardon, Y.1    Morin, H.2    Dutilleul, P.3
  • 33
    • 0001554774 scopus 로고
    • Tree physiology and forest pests
    • Kozlowski T. Tree physiology and forest pests. J. Forest. 1969, 67:118-123.
    • (1969) J. Forest. , vol.67 , pp. 118-123
    • Kozlowski, T.1
  • 34
    • 1042263299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Little ice age activity in the Mt. Waddington area, British Columbia coast mountains, Canada
    • Larocque S., Smith D. Little ice age activity in the Mt. Waddington area, British Columbia coast mountains, Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci. 2003, 40:1413-1436.
    • (2003) Can. J. Earth Sci. , vol.40 , pp. 1413-1436
    • Larocque, S.1    Smith, D.2
  • 36
    • 63849168984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Douglas-fir growth in mountain ecosystems: water limits tree growth from stand to region
    • Littell J., Peterson D., Tjoelker M. Douglas-fir growth in mountain ecosystems: water limits tree growth from stand to region. Ecol. Monogr. 2008, 78:349-368. 10.1890/07-0712.1.
    • (2008) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.78 , pp. 349-368
    • Littell, J.1    Peterson, D.2    Tjoelker, M.3
  • 38
    • 74449087861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships between climate and tree radial growth in interior British Columbia, Canada
    • Lo Y.-H., Blanco J., Seely B., Welham C., Kimmins J. Relationships between climate and tree radial growth in interior British Columbia, Canada. For. Ecol. Manage. 2010, 259:932-942. 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.11.033.
    • (2010) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.259 , pp. 932-942
    • Lo, Y.-H.1    Blanco, J.2    Seely, B.3    Welham, C.4    Kimmins, J.5
  • 39
    • 78149471075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of past forestry practices on western spruce budworm defoliation and associated impacts in southern British Columbia
    • Maclauchlan L., Brooks J. Influence of past forestry practices on western spruce budworm defoliation and associated impacts in southern British Columbia. BC J. Ecosyst. Manage. 2009, 10:37-49.
    • (2009) BC J. Ecosyst. Manage. , vol.10 , pp. 37-49
    • Maclauchlan, L.1    Brooks, J.2
  • 40
    • 33645856764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of historic western spruce budworm defoliation in south central British Columbia
    • Maclauchlan L., Brooks J., Hodge J. Analysis of historic western spruce budworm defoliation in south central British Columbia. For. Ecol. Manage. 2006, 226:351-356.
    • (2006) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.226 , pp. 351-356
    • Maclauchlan, L.1    Brooks, J.2    Hodge, J.3
  • 41
    • 79957580224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate impacts on lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) radial growth in a provenance experiment
    • McLane S., Daniels L., Aitken S. Climate impacts on lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) radial growth in a provenance experiment. For. Ecol. Manage. 2011, 262:115-123. 10.1016/j.foreco.2011.03.007.
    • (2011) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.262 , pp. 115-123
    • McLane, S.1    Daniels, L.2    Aitken, S.3
  • 43
    • 84055176313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An overview of the second generation adjusted daily precipitation dataset for trend analysis in Canada
    • Mekis É., Vincent L. An overview of the second generation adjusted daily precipitation dataset for trend analysis in Canada. Atmos. Ocean 2011, 49:163-177.
    • (2011) Atmos. Ocean , vol.49 , pp. 163-177
    • Mekis, É.1    Vincent, L.2
  • 44
    • 84970549127 scopus 로고
    • The statistical analysis of the Canadian lynx cycle
    • Moran P. The statistical analysis of the Canadian lynx cycle. Aust. J. Zool. 1953, 1:291-298.
    • (1953) Aust. J. Zool. , vol.1 , pp. 291-298
    • Moran, P.1
  • 46
    • 85027957856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The phenological window for western spruce budworm: seasonal decline in resource quality
    • Nealis V. The phenological window for western spruce budworm: seasonal decline in resource quality. Agric. For. Entomol. 2012, 14:340-347.
    • (2012) Agric. For. Entomol. , vol.14 , pp. 340-347
    • Nealis, V.1
  • 47
    • 21144457742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal changes in foliar terpenes indicate suitability of Douglas-fir buds for western spruce budworm
    • Nealis V., Nault J. Seasonal changes in foliar terpenes indicate suitability of Douglas-fir buds for western spruce budworm. J. Chem. Ecol. 2005, 31:683-696.
    • (2005) J. Chem. Ecol. , vol.31 , pp. 683-696
    • Nealis, V.1    Nault, J.2
  • 48
    • 0037971466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial synchrony in forest insect outbreaks: roles of regional stochasticity and dispersal
    • Peltonen M., Liebhold A., Bjørnstad O., Williams D. Spatial synchrony in forest insect outbreaks: roles of regional stochasticity and dispersal. Ecology 2002, 83:3120-3129.
    • (2002) Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 3120-3129
    • Peltonen, M.1    Liebhold, A.2    Bjørnstad, O.3    Williams, D.4
  • 49
    • 84863304598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria (accessed June 2014).
    • R Development Core Team., 2013. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0. (accessed June 2014). http://www.R-project.org.
    • (2013) R: a language and environment for statistical computing
  • 50
    • 0000919110 scopus 로고
    • Population dynamics of the spruce Budworm Choristoneura fumiferana
    • Royama T. Population dynamics of the spruce Budworm Choristoneura fumiferana. Ecol. Monogr. 1984, 54:429-462.
    • (1984) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.54 , pp. 429-462
    • Royama, T.1
  • 51
    • 0043073220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A tree-ring reconstruction of western spruce budworm outbreaks in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado, USA
    • Ryerson D., Swetnam T., Lynch A. A tree-ring reconstruction of western spruce budworm outbreaks in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado, USA. Can. J. For. Res. 2003, 33:1010-1028.
    • (2003) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.33 , pp. 1010-1028
    • Ryerson, D.1    Swetnam, T.2    Lynch, A.3
  • 52
    • 0028161973 scopus 로고
    • Management strategies for forest defoliators in British Columbia
    • Shepherd R. Management strategies for forest defoliators in British Columbia. For. Ecol. Manage. 1994, 68:303-324.
    • (1994) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.68 , pp. 303-324
    • Shepherd, R.1
  • 53
    • 84872174853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dendrohydroclimate reconstructions of July-August runoff for two nival-regime rivers in west central British Columbia
    • Starheim C., Smith D., Prowse T. Dendrohydroclimate reconstructions of July-August runoff for two nival-regime rivers in west central British Columbia. Hydrol. Process. 2012, 10.1002/hyp.
    • (2012) Hydrol. Process.
    • Starheim, C.1    Smith, D.2    Prowse, T.3
  • 55
    • 0024921074 scopus 로고
    • A tree-ring reconstruction of western spruce budworm history in the southern rocky mountains
    • Swetnam T., Lynch A. A tree-ring reconstruction of western spruce budworm history in the southern rocky mountains. For. Sci. 1989, 35:962-986.
    • (1989) For. Sci. , vol.35 , pp. 962-986
    • Swetnam, T.1    Lynch, A.2
  • 56
    • 0027332469 scopus 로고
    • Multicentury regional-scale patterns of western spruce budworm outbreaks'
    • Swetnam T., Lynch A. Multicentury regional-scale patterns of western spruce budworm outbreaks'. Ecol. Monogr. 1993, 63:399-424.
    • (1993) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.63 , pp. 399-424
    • Swetnam, T.1    Lynch, A.2
  • 58
    • 0001648855 scopus 로고
    • Estimation of tree growth losses caused by pest activity
    • Thomson A., van Sickle G. Estimation of tree growth losses caused by pest activity. Can. J. For. Res. 1980, 10:176-182.
    • (1980) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.10 , pp. 176-182
    • Thomson, A.1    van Sickle, G.2
  • 60
    • 0021036025 scopus 로고
    • Douglas-fir height growth affected by western spruce budworm
    • van Sickle G., Alfaro R., Thomson A. Douglas-fir height growth affected by western spruce budworm. Can. J. For. Res. 1983, 13:445-450.
    • (1983) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.13 , pp. 445-450
    • van Sickle, G.1    Alfaro, R.2    Thomson, A.3
  • 61
    • 84867026301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A second generation of homogenized Canadian monthly surface air temperature for climate trend analysis
    • Vincent L., Wang X., Milewska E., Wan H., Yang F., Swail V. A second generation of homogenized Canadian monthly surface air temperature for climate trend analysis. J. Geophys. Res. 2012, 117:D18110. 10.1029/2012JD017859.
    • (2012) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.117 , pp. D18110
    • Vincent, L.1    Wang, X.2    Milewska, E.3    Wan, H.4    Yang, F.5    Swail, V.6
  • 62
    • 84862907547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ClimateWNA-high-resolution spatial climate data for western North America
    • Wang T., Hamann A., Spittlehouse D., Murdock T. ClimateWNA-high-resolution spatial climate data for western North America. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 2012, 51:16-29. 10.1175/JAMC-D-11-043.1.
    • (2012) J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. , vol.51 , pp. 16-29
    • Wang, T.1    Hamann, A.2    Spittlehouse, D.3    Murdock, T.4
  • 63
    • 0036434765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dendroclimatic signal in Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine tree-ring chronologies from the southern Canadian Cordillera
    • Watson E., Luckman B. The dendroclimatic signal in Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine tree-ring chronologies from the southern Canadian Cordillera. Can. J. For. Res. 2002, 32:1858-1874. 10.1139/X02-096.
    • (2002) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.32 , pp. 1858-1874
    • Watson, E.1    Luckman, B.2
  • 64
    • 3042753287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree-ring based reconstructions of precipitation for the southern Canadian Cordillera
    • Watson E., Luckman B. Tree-ring based reconstructions of precipitation for the southern Canadian Cordillera. Climatic Change 2004, 65(1-2):209-241.
    • (2004) Climatic Change , vol.65 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 209-241
    • Watson, E.1    Luckman, B.2
  • 65
    • 0141638916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pest Management Report Number 15. Forest Practices Branch, Victoria, BC. (accessed May 2014).
    • Westfall, J., Ebata, T., 2000-2011. Summary of forest health conditions in British Columbia. Pest Management Report Number 15. Forest Practices Branch, Victoria, BC. (accessed May 2014). http://www.for.gov.bc.ca.
    • (2000) Summary of forest health conditions in British Columbia
    • Westfall, J.1    Ebata, T.2
  • 66
    • 0033789968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial synchrony of spruce budworm outbreaks in eastern North America
    • Williams D., Liebhold A. Spatial synchrony of spruce budworm outbreaks in eastern North America. Ecology 2000, 81:2753-2766.
    • (2000) Ecology , vol.81 , pp. 2753-2766
    • Williams, D.1    Liebhold, A.2
  • 68
    • 0002749441 scopus 로고
    • A simple method for cross-dating increment cores from living trees
    • Yamaguchi D. A simple method for cross-dating increment cores from living trees. Can. J. For. Res. 1991, 21:414-416.
    • (1991) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.21 , pp. 414-416
    • Yamaguchi, D.1
  • 70
    • 84875577359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dendroclimatic calibration in R: the bootRes package for response and correlation function analysis
    • Zang C., Biondi F. Dendroclimatic calibration in R: the bootRes package for response and correlation function analysis. Dendrochronologia 2012, 31:68-74.
    • (2012) Dendrochronologia , vol.31 , pp. 68-74
    • Zang, C.1    Biondi, F.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.