Strength, stiffness, and microstructure of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films deposited via sputtering and co-evaporation

Applied Physics Letters

Volumn 105, Issue 1, 2014, Pages

  Luo, Shi ^a   Lee, Jiun Haw ^b   Liu, Chee Wee ^b   Shieh, Jia Min ^c   Shen, Chang Hong ^c   Wu, Tsung Ta ^c   Jang, Dongchan ^a   Greer, Julia R ^a  

^a California Institute of Technology   (United States)

^b NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^c NATIONAL NANO DEVICE LABORATORIES   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CO-EVAPORATIONS; CU(IN , GA)SE2;

EID: 84908519181     PISSN: 00036951     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1063/1.4890086     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. P. Jackson, D. Hariskos, E. Lotter, S. Paetel, R. Wuerz, R. Menner, W. Wischmann, and M. Powalla, Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl. 19, 894 (2011). 10.1002/pip.1078
2. M. Green and K. Emery, Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl. 20 (1), 12 (2012). 10.1002/pip.2163
3. A. Chiril, S. Buecheler, F. Pianezzi, P. Bloesch, C. Gretener, A. R. Uhl, C. Fella, L. Kranz, J. Perrenoud, S. Seyrling, R. Verma, S. Nishiwaki, Y. E. Romanyuk, G. Bilger, and A. N. Tiwari, Nat. Mater. 10, 857 (2011). 10.1038/nmat3122
4. T. Nakada, T. Yagioka, K. Horiguchi, T. Kuraishi, and T. Mise, in Proceedings Of the 24th European Photovoltaics Solar Energy Conference (IEEE, 2009), pp. 2425-2428.
5. F. Kessler and D. Rudmann, Sol. Energy 77, 685 (2004). 10.1016/j.solener.2004.04.010
6. See supplementary material at http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4890086 E-APPLAB-105-054428 for more information on experimental and fabrication details, for analysis of nanopillar compression, and for EDS and electrical measurements.
7. A. S. Verma, S. Sharma, R. Bhandari, B. K. Sarkar, and V. K. Jindal, Mater. Chem. Phys. 132, 416 (2012). 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2011.11.047
8. G. G. Stoney, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 82, 172 (1909). 10.1098/rspa.1909.0021
9. X. Feng, Y. Huang, and A. J. Rosakis, J. Appl. Mech. 74, 1276 (2007). 10.1115/1.2745392
10. J. R. Greer, W. C. Oliver, and W. D. Nix, Acta Mater. 53, 1821 (2005). 10.1016/j.actamat.2004.12.031
11. S.-W. Lee, S. M. Han, and W. D. Nix, Acta Mater. 57, 4404 (2009). 10.1016/j.actamat.2009.06.002
12. Y.-C. Lin, X.-Y. Peng, L.-C. Wang, Y.-L. Lin, C.-H. Wu, and S.-C. Liang, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 25 (1), 461-465 (2013) 10.1007/s10854-013-1610-7.
13. C. Rincón, I. Villareal, and H. Galindo, J. Appl. Phys. 86, 2355 (1999) 10.1063/1.371055.
14. H. Hertz, J. Die Reine Angew. Math. 92, 156 (1881).
15. Hysitron, Hysitron TI 950 TriboIndenter User Manual (2012).
16. C.-H. Huang, Y. C. Shih, W.-J. Chuang, and C.-P. Lin, in 2010 10th IEEE International Conference on Solid-State Integrated Circuit Technology (IEEE, 2010), pp. 2019-2021.
17. T.-Y. Lin, C. Chen, and C.-H. Lai, in 2012 38th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference (IEEE, 2012), pp. 001999-002002.
18. D.-C. Perng, M.-C. Hung, and K.-Y. Wang, in 2012 38th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference (IEEE, 2012), pp. 000891-000894.
19. K. Granath, M. Bodegård, and L. Stolt, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 60, 279 (2000). 10.1016/S0927-0248(99)00089-6
20. D. Rudmann, A. F. da Cunha, M. Kaelin, F.-J. Haug, H. Zogg, and A. N. Tiwari, in MRS Online Proceedings Library (Cambridge Journals Online, 2003).
21. M. A. Contreras, B. Egaas, P. Dippo, J. Webb, J. Granata, K. Ramanathan, S. Asher, A. Swartzlander, and R. Noufi, in 26th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference-1997 (IEEE, 1997), pp. 359-362.
22. D. Rudmann, G. Bilger, M. Kaelin, F.-J. Haug, H. Zogg, and A. N. Tiwari, Thin Solid Films 431-432, 37 (2003). 10.1016/S0040-6090(03)00246-3
23. T. Nakada, H. Ohbo, M. Fukuda, and A. Kunioka, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 49, 261 (1997). 10.1016/S0927-0248(97)00202-X
24. X. Sun, F. Jiang, and J. Feng, Comput. Mater. Sci. 47, 31 (2009). 10.1016/j.commatsci.2009.06.012
25. L. E. Oikkonen, M. G. Ganchenkova, A. P. Seitsonen, and R. M. Nieminen, J. Appl. Phys. 114, 083503 (2013). 10.1063/1.4819105
26. D. Rudmann, A. F. da Cunha, M. Kaelin, F. Kurdesau, H. Zogg, A. N. Tiwari, and G. Bilger, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 1129 (2004). 10.1063/1.1646758
27. S. Ishizuka, A. Yamada, K. Matsubara, P. Fons, K. Sakurai, and S. Niki, Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 124105 (2008). 10.1063/1.2992061
28. W. Shafarman and J. Zhu, Thin Solid Films 362, 473 (2000). 10.1016/S0040-6090(99)00844-5
29. S. Niki, M. Contreras, I. Repins, M. Powalla, K. Kushiya, S. Ishizuka, and K. Matsubara, Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl. 18, 453 (2010). 10.1002/pip.969