Colorectal cancer in Chinese patients: Current and emerging treatment options

OncoTargets and Therapy

Volumn 7, Issue , 2014, Pages 1817-1828

  Li, Leung ^a   Ma, Brigette B Y ^a  

^a CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Chinese; Colorectal cancer; Treatment

Indexed keywords

AFLIBERCEPT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BEVACIZUMAB; CAPECITABINE; CETUXIMAB; DIHYDROPYRIMIDINE DEHYDROGENASE; EXCISION REPAIR CROSS COMPLEMENTING PROTEIN 1; FLUOROPYRIMIDINE DERIVATIVE; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; GIMERACIL PLUS OTERACIL POTASSIUM PLUS TEGAFUR; GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE 1A1; HERBACEOUS AGENT; IRINOTECAN; OXALIPLATIN; PANITUMUMAB; PLACEBO; PROTEIN MLH1; PROTEIN MLH3; PROTEIN MSH2; PROTEIN MSH6; PROTEIN PMS1; REGORAFENIB; UFT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACNE; ALLERGY; ANAPHYLAXIS; ASIAN; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER SCREENING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CAUCASIAN; CHINA; CHINESE; CHINESE MEDICINE; CODON; COLORECTAL CANCER; COLORECTAL LIVER METASTASIS; DIARRHEA; DIHYDROPYRIMIDINE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY; DNA POLYMORPHISM; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG RESPONSE; DRUG TOLERABILITY; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; FAMILIAL COLON POLYPOSIS; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; GENE FREQUENCY; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HAND FOOT SYNDROME; HEMATOLOGIC DISEASE; HEREDITARY NONPOLYPOSIS COLORECTAL CANCER; HETEROZYGOSITY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HOMOZYGOSITY; HONG KONG; HUMAN; INOPERABLE CANCER; LUNG METASTASIS; METASTATIC COLORECTAL CANCER; MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY; MISMATCH REPAIR; MLH1 GENE; MLH3 GENE; MOLECULAR GENETICS; MSH2 GENE; MSH6 GENE; NEUTROPENIA; ONCOGENE; ONCOGENE BRAF; ONCOGENE ERCC1; ONCOGENE K RAS; ONCOGENE N RAS; ONCOGENE PIK3CA; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PHARMACOGENOMICS; PMS1 GENE; PREVALENCE; PROGRESSION FREE SURVIVAL; RECURRENCE FREE SURVIVAL; REVIEW; SOMATOSENSORY DISORDER; SURVIVAL TIME; TAIWAN; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TUMOR GENE; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

EID: 84908206859     PISSN: None     EISSN: 11786930     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2147/OTT.S48409     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Center MM, Jemal A, Ward E. International trends in colorectal cancer incidence rates. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18(6): 1688-1694.
2. Gomez SL, Noone AM, Lichtensztajn DY, et al. Cancer incidence trends among Asian American populations in the United States,1990-2008. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013;105(15):1096-1110.
3. Ku G, Tan IB, Yau T, et al. Management of colon cancer: resource-stratified guidelines from the Asian Oncology Summit 2012. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(11):e470-e481.
4. Hong Kong Cancer Registry. Hong Kong: Hospital Authority; 2014. Available from: http://www3.ha.org.hk/cancereg/. Accessed August 26, 2014.
5. Atkin WS, Edwards R, Kralj-Hans I, et al. Once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in prevention of colorectal cancer: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;375(9726): 1624-1633.
6. Segnan N, Armaroli P, Bonelli L, et al. Once-only sigmoidoscopy in colorectal cancer screening: follow-up findings of the Italian randomized controlled trial - SCORE. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103(17):1310-1322.
7. Hoff G, Grotmol T, Skovlund E, et al. Risk of colorectal cancer 7 years after flexible sigmoidoscopy screening: randomized controlled trial. BMJ. 2009;338:b1846.
8. Sung JJ, Lau JY, Goh KL, Leung WK. Increasing incidence of colorectal cancer in Asia: implications for screening. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6(11):871-876.
9. CUHK welcomes government's proposal on bowel cancer screening [press release]. Sha Tin: Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong; 2014 [January 20]. Available from: http://www.cpr.cuhk.edu.hk/en/press_detail.php?id=1739. Accessed July 31, 2014.
10. Wong MC, Lam TY, Tsoi KK, et al. Predictors of advanced colorectal neoplasia for colorectal cancer screening. Am J Prev Med. 2014;46(5): 433-439.
11. Shu Z, Yanqin H, Ying Y. Hereditary colorectal cancer in China. Hered Cancer Clin Pract. 2005;3(4):155-164.
12. Liu X, Shan X, Friedl W, et al. May the APC gene somatic mutations in tumor tissues influence the clinical features of Chinese sporadic colorectal cancers? Acta Oncol. 2007;46(6):757-762.
13. Fang Z, Xiong Y, Li J, et al. Detection of APC gene deletions in colorectal malignancies using quantitative PCR in a Chinese population. Pathol Oncol Res. 2011;17(3):657-661.
14. Huang X, Wang Y, Yu T, et al. Association study of APC polymorphisms with colorectal cancer in Han Chinese. Clin Biochem. 2012;45(18):1669-1672.
15. Liu XR, Shan XN, Friedl W, et al. [Detection of germline mutations in the APC gene with the protein truncation test]. Yi Chuan Xue Bao. 2005;32(9):903-908. Chinese.
16. Gan YB, Zheng S, Cai XH. [Detection of a gene mutation in familial adenomatous polyposis families by PCR-RFLP method]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1994;74(6):352-354. Chinese.
17. Palomaki GE, McClain MR, Melillo S, Hampel HL, Thibodeau SN. EGAPP supplementary evidence review: DNA testing strategies aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality from Lynch syndrome. Genet Med. 2009;11(1):42-65.
18. Zhang YZ, Sheng JQ, Li SR, Zhang H. Clinical phenotype and prevalence of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome in Chinese population. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(10):1481-1488.
19. Ho JW, Yuen ST, Chung LP, et al. Distinct clinical features associated with microsatellite instability in colorectal cancers of young patients. Int J Cancer. 2000;89(4):356-360.
20. Chan TL, Yuen ST, Ho JW, et al. A novel germline 1.8-kb deletion of hMLH1 mimicking alternative splicing: a founder mutation in the Chinese population. Oncogene. 2001;20(23):2976-2981.
21. Wang XL, Yuan Y, Zhang SZ, et al. Clinical and genetic characteristics of Chinese hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer families. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(25):4074-4077.
22. Shen XS, Zhao B, Wang ZJ. Clinical features and hMSH2/hMLH1 germ-line mutations in Chinese patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Chin Med J (Engl). 2008;121(14):1265-1268.
23. Chan TL, Chan YW, Ho JW, et al. MSH2 c.1452-1455delAATG is a founder mutation and an important cause of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer in the southern Chinese population. Am J Hum Genet. 2004;74(5):1035-1042.
24. Cai Q, Sun MH, Lu HF, et al. Clinicopathological and molecular genetic analysis of four typical Chinese HNPCC families. World J Gastroenterol. 2001;7(6):805-810.
25. Luo DC, Cai Q, Sun MH, et al. Clinicopathological and molecular genetic analysis of HNPCC in China. World J Gastroenterol. 2005; 11(11):1673-1679.
26. Sheng JQ, Fu L, Sun ZQ, et al. Mismatch repair gene mutations in Chinese HNPCC patients. Cytogenet Genome Res. 2008;122(1):22-27.
27. Ko JM, Cheung MH, Kwan MW, et al. Genomic instability and alterations in Apc, Mcc, and Dcc in Hong Kong patients with colorectal carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 1999;84(4):404-409.
28. Jin HY, Liu X, Li VK, et al. Detection of mismatch repair gene germline mutation carrier among Chinese population with colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer. 2008;8:44.
29. Chan TL, Yuen ST, Chung LP, et al. Frequent microsatellite instability and mismatch repair gene mutations in young Chinese patients with colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91(14):1221-1226.
30. Yuen ST, Chan TL, Ho JW, et al. Germline, somatic, and epigenetic events underlying mismatch repair deficiency in colorectal and HNPCC-related cancers. Oncogene. 2002;21(49):7585-7592.
31. Watanabe T, Wu TT, Catalano PJ, et al. Molecular predictors of survival after adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(16):1196-1206.
32. Kohonen-Corish MR, Daniel JJ, Chan C, et al. Low microsatellite instability is associated with poor prognosis in stage C colon cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(10):2318-2324.
33. Lanza G, Gafa R, Santini A, Maestri I, Guerzoni L, Cavazzini L. Immunohistochemical test for MLH1 and MSH2 expression predicts clinical outcome in stage II and III colorectal cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(15):2359-2367.
34. Jonker DJ, O'Callaghan CJ, Karapetis CS, et al. Cetuximab for the treatment of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(20):2040-2048.
35. Karapetis CS, Khambata-Ford S, Jonker DJ, et al. K-ras mutations and benefit from cetuximab in advanced colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(17):1757-1765.
36. Janakiraman M, Vakiani E, Zeng Z, et al. Genomic and biological characterization of exon 4 KRAS mutations in human cancer. Cancer Res. 2010;70(14):5901-5911.
37. Gajate P, Sastre J, Bando I, et al. Influence of KRAS p.G13D mutation in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with cetuximab. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2012;11(4):291-296.
38. Tejpar S, Celik I, Schlichting M, Sartorius U, Bokemeyer C, Van Cutsem E. Association of KRAS G13D tumor mutations with outcome in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with first-line chemotherapy with or without cetuximab. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(29):3570-3577.
39. Douillard JY, Oliner KS, Siena S, et al. Panitumumab-FOLFOX4 treatment and RAS mutations in colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(11):1023-1034.
40. Gao J, Sun ZW, Li YY, Shen L. [Mutations of KRAS and BRAF in Chinese patients with colorectal carcinoma: analyses of 966 cases]. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi. 2012;41(9):579-583. Chinese.
41. Shen H, Yuan Y, Hu HG, et al. Clinical significance of K-ras and BRAF mutations in Chinese colorectal cancer patients. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17(6):809-816.
42. Hsieh LL, Er TK, Chen CC, Hseih JS, Chang JG, Liu TC. Characteristics and prevalence of KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations in colorectal cancer by high-resolution melting analysis in Taiwanese population. Clin Chim Acta. 2012;413(19-20):1605-1611.
43. Liou JM, Wu MS, Shun CT, et al. Mutations in BRAF correlate with poor survival of colorectal cancers in Chinese population. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2011;26(11):1387-1395.
44. De Roock W, Claes B, Bernasconi D, et al. Effects of KRAS, BRAF, NRAS, and PIK3CA mutations on the efficacy of cetuximab plus chemotherapy in chemotherapy-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer: a retrospective consortium analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(8):753-762.
45. Richman SD, Seymour MT, Chambers P, et al. KRAS and BRAF mutations in advanced colorectal cancer are associated with poor prognosis but do not preclude benefit from oxaliplatin or irinotecan: results from the MRC FOCUS trial. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(35):5931-5937.
46. Yunxia Z, Jun C, Guanshan Z, Yachao L, Xueke Z, Jin L. Mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor and K-ras in Chinese patients with colorectal cancer. BMC Med Genet. 2010;11:34.
47. Roth AD, Tejpar S, Delorenzi M, et al. Prognostic role of KRAS and BRAF in stage II and III resected colon cancer: results of the translational study on the PETACC-3, EORTC 40993, SAKK 60-00 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(3):466-474.
48. Liao W, Liao Y, Zhou JX, et al. Gene mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor signaling network and their association with survival in Chinese patients with metastatic colorectal cancers. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2010;293(9):1506-1511.
49. Ko JM, Cheung MH, Wong CM, et al. Ki-ras codon 12 point mutational activation in Hong Kong colorectal carcinoma patients. Cancer Lett. 1998;134(2):169-176.
50. Yen LC, Uen YH, Wu DC, et al. Activating KRAS mutations and overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor as independent predictors in metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with cetuximab. Ann Surg. 2010;251(2):254-260.
51. Li Z, Chen Y, Wang D, Wang G, He L, Suo J. Detection of KRAS mutations and their associations with clinicopathological features and survival in Chinese colorectal cancer patients. J Int Med Res. 2012;40(4):1589-1598.
52. Shen Y, Wang J, Han X, et al. Effectors of epidermal growth factor receptor pathway: the genetic profiling of KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, NRAS mutations in colorectal cancer characteristics and personalized medicine. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e81628.
53. Li FH, Shen L, Li ZH, et al. Impact of KRAS mutation and PTEN expression on cetuximab-treated colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(46):5881-5888.
54. Lin JK, Lin AJ, Lin CC, et al. The status of EGFR-associated genes could predict the outcome and tumor response of chemo-refractory metastatic colorectal patients using cetuximab and chemotherapy. J Surg Oncol. 2011;104(6):661-666.
55. Zhu XL, Cai X, Zhang L, et al. [KRAS and BRAF gene mutations in correlation with clinicopathologic features of colorectal carcinoma in Chinese]. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi. 2012;41(9):584-589. Chinese.
56. Morel A, Boisdron-Celle M, Fey L, et al. Clinical relevance of different dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase gene single nucleotide polymorphisms on 5-fluorouracil tolerance. Mol Cancer Ther. 2006;5(11):2895-2904.
57. Mattison LK, Fourie J, Desmond RA, Modak A, Saif MW, Diasio RB. Increased prevalence of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency in African-Americans compared with Caucasians. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12(18):5491-5495.
58. Shin JG, Cheong HS, Kim JY, et al. Screening of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase genetic variants by direct sequencing in different ethnic groups. J Korean Med Sci. 2013;28(8):1129-1133.
59. Sohn DR, Cho MS, Chung PJ. Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity in a Korean population. Ther Drug Monit. 1999;21(2):152-154.
60. Maekawa K, Saeki M, Saito Y, et al. Genetic variations and haplotype structures of the DPYD gene encoding dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in Japanese and their ethnic differences. J Hum Genet. 2007;52(10):804-819.
61. Haller DG, Cassidy J, Clarke SJ, et al. Potential regional differences for the tolerability profiles of fluoropyrimidines. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(13):2118-2123.
62. Chuah B, Goh BC, Lee SC, et al. Comparison of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of S-1 between Caucasian and East Asian patients. Cancer Sci. 2011;102(2):478-483.
63. Shirao K, Hoff PM, Ohtsu A, et al. Comparison of the efficacy, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics of a uracil/tegafur (UFT) plus oral leucovorin (LV) regimen between Japanese and American patients with advanced colorectal cancer: joint United States and Japan study of UFT/LV. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(17):3466-3474.
64. He YF, Wei W, Zhang X, et al. Analysis of the DPYD gene implicated in 5-fluorouracil catabolism in Chinese cancer patients. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2008;33(3):307-314.
65. Ma BB, Chan SL, Ho WM, et al. Intermittent versus continuous erlotinib with concomitant modified "XELOX" (q3W) in first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: correlation with serum amphiregulin and transforming growth factor alpha. Cancer. 2013;119(23):4145-4153.
66. Chiu J, Tang V, Leung R, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of adjuvant oral capecitabine plus intravenous oxaliplatin (XELOX) in Asian patients with colorectal cancer: 4-year analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14(11):6585-6590.
67. Shin SJ, Jeong JH, Park YS, et al. Phase II trial of S-1 monotherapy in elderly or frail patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Invest New Drugs. 2011;29(5):1073-1080.
68. Gao J, Zhou J, Li Y, Lu M, Jia R, Shen L. UGT1A1 6/28 polymorphisms could predict irinotecan-induced severe neutropenia not diarrhea in Chinese colorectal cancer patients. Med Oncol. 2013;30(3):604.
69. Innocenti F, Undevia SD, Iyer L, et al. Genetic variants in the UDP- glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 gene predict the risk of severe neutropenia of irinotecan. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(8):1382-1388.
70. Zhang X, Ao G, Wang Y, et al. Genetic variants and haplotypes of the UGT1A9, 1A7, and 1A1 genes in Chinese Han. Genet Mol Biol. 2012;35(2):428-434.
71. Liu JY, Qu K, Sferruzza AD, Bender RA. Distribution of the UGT1A1*28 polymorphism in Caucasian and Asian populations in the US: a genomic analysis of 138 healthy individuals. Anticancer Drugs. 2007;18(6):693-696.
72. Kurose K, Sugiyama E, Saito Y. Population differences in major functional polymorphisms of pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics-related genes in Eastern Asians and Europeans: implications in the clinical trials for novel drug development. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2012;27(1):9-54.
73. Sugihara K, Ohtsu A, Shimada Y, et al. Safety analysis of FOLFOX4 treatment in colorectal cancer patients: a comparison between two Asian studies and four Western studies. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2012;11(2):127-137.
74. Wang JH, King TM, Chang MC, Hsu CW. Oxaliplatin-induced severe anaphylactic reactions in metastatic colorectal cancer: case series analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18(38):5427-5433.
75. Chang PM, Tzeng CH, Chen PM, et al. ERCC1 codon 118 C → T polymorphism associated with ERCC1 expression and outcome of FOLFOX-4 treatment in Asian patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Sci. 2009;100(2):278-283.
76. Chai H, Pan J, Zhang X, et al. ERCC1 C118T associates with response to FOLFOX4 chemotherapy in colorectal cancer patients in Han Chinese. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2012;5(2):186-194.
77. Huang MY, Huang ML, Chen MJ, et al. Multiple genetic polymorphisms in the prediction of clinical outcome of metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with first-line FOLFOX-4 chemotherapy. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2011;21(1):18-25.
78. Huang MY, Tsai HL, Lin CH, et al. Predictive value of ERCC1, ERCC2, and XRCC1 overexpression for stage III colorectal cancer patients receiving FOLFOX-4 adjuvant chemotherapy. J Surg Oncol. 2013;108(7):457-464.
79. Guan ZZ, Xu JM, Luo RC, et al. Efficacy and safety of bevacizumab plus chemotherapy in Chinese patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a randomized Phase III ARTIST trial. Chin J Cancer. 2011;30(10):682-689.
80. Yamada Y, Takahari D, Matsumoto H, et al. Leucovorin, fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin plus bevacizumab versus S-1 and oxaliplatin plus bevacizumab in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (SOFT): an open-label, non-inferiority, randomized Phase III trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(13):1278-1286.
81. Cheng AL, Cornelio G, Shen L, et al. First-line cetuximab with FOLFOX or FOLFIRI every 2 weeks in KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer: Phase II APEC study. Ann Oncol. 2013;24(Suppl 4): iv34-iv35.
82. Hashiguchi Y, Hase K, Ueno H, et al. Impact of race/ethnicity on prognosis in patients who underwent surgery for colon cancer: analysis for white, African, and East Asian Americans. Ann Surg Oncol. 2012;19(5):1517-1528.
83. Lembersky BC, Wieand HS, Petrelli NJ, et al. Oral uracil and tegafur plus leucovorin compared with intravenous fluorouracil and leucovorin in stage II and III carcinoma of the colon: results from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Protocol C-06. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(13):2059-2064.
84. Nakamoto Y, Ishiguro M, Yoshida M, et al. Noninferiority of S-1 to UFT/LV as adjuvant chemotherapy for stage III colon cancer: a randomized Phase III trial (ACTS-CC) [abstract]. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31 Suppl:abstract 3518.
85. de Gramont A, Figer A, Seymour M, et al. Leucovorin and fluorouracil with or without oxaliplatin as first-line treatment in advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(16):2938-2947.
86. Giacchetti S, Perpoint B, Zidani R, et al. Phase III multicenter randomized trial of oxaliplatin added to chronomodulated fluorouracil-leucovorin as first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(1):136-147.
87. Douillard JY, Cunningham D, Roth AD, et al. Irinotecan combined with fluorouracil compared with fluorouracil alone as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: a multicenter randomized trial. Lancet. 2000;355(9209):1041-1047.
88. Saltz LB, Cox JV, Blanke C, et al. Irinotecan plus fluorouracil and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(13):905-914.
89. Kohne CH, Van Cutsem E, Wils J, et al. Phase III study of weekly high-dose infusional fluorouracil plus folinic acid with or without irinotecan in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Gastrointestinal Group Study 40986. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(22):4856-4865.
90. Tournigand C, Andre T, Achille E, et al. FOLFIRI followed by FOLFOX6 or the reverse sequence in advanced colorectal cancer: a randomized GERCOR study. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(2):229-237.
91. Grothey A, Sargent D. Overall survival of patients with advanced colorectal cancer correlates with availability of fluorouracil, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin regardless of whether doublet or single-agent therapy is used first line. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(36):9441-9442.
92. Cassidy J, Clarke S, Diaz-Rubio E, et al. Randomized Phase III study of capecitabine plus oxaliplatin compared with fluorouracil/folinic acid plus oxaliplatin as first-line therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(12):2006-2012.
93. Porschen R, Arkenau HT, Kubicka S, et al. Phase III study of capecitabine plus oxaliplatin compared with fluorouracil and leucovorin plus oxaliplatin in metastatic colorectal cancer: a final report of the AIO Colorectal Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(27):4217-4223.
94. Diaz-Rubio E, Tabernero J, Gomez-Espana A, et al. Phase III study of capecitabine plus oxaliplatin compared with continuous-infusion fluorouracil plus oxaliplatin as first-line therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: final report of the Spanish Cooperative Group for the Treatment of Digestive Tumors Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(27):4224-4230.
95. Rothenberg ML, Navarro M, Butts C, et al. Phase III trial of capecitabine + oxaliplatin (XELOX) vs 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), leucovorin (LV), and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX4) as second-line treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC) [abstract]. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(Suppl 18):abstract 4031.
96. Hong YS, Park YS, Lim HY, et al. S-1 plus oxaliplatin versus capecitabine plus oxaliplatin for first-line treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a randomized, non-inferiority Phase III trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(11):1125-1132.
97. Muro K, Boku N, Shimada Y, et al. Irinotecan plus S-1 (IRIS) versus fluorouracil and folinic acid plus irinotecan (FOLFIRI) as second-line chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer: a randomized Phase II/III non-inferiority study (FIRIS study). Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(9):853-860.
98. Bao HY, Fang WJ, Zhang XC, et al. Phase II study of FOLFIRI regimen in patients with advanced colorectal cancer refractory to fluoropyrimidine and oxaliplatin. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2011;67(1):147-152.
99. Zhang W, Zhao ZY, Wu Q, et al. [Multicenter Phase II study of modified FOLFIRI regimen in the advanced colorectal cancer patient refractory to fluoropyrimidine and oxaliplatin]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2006;28(10):788-790. Chinese.
100. Li J, Xu JM, Zhang XD, et al. [Irinotecan plus fuorouracil/leucovorin (FOLFIRI) as a second line chemotherapy for refractory or metastatic colorectal cancer]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2008;30(3):225-227. Chinese.
101. Guo Y, Shi M, Shen X, Yang C, Yang L, Zhang J. Capecitabine plus irinotecan versus 5-FU/leucovorin plus irinotecan in the treatment of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2014;13(2):110-118.
102. Hyodo I, Suzuki H, Takahashi K, et al. Present status and perspectives of colorectal cancer in Asia: Colorectal Cancer Working Group report in 30th Asia-Pacific Cancer Conference. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2010;40(Suppl 1):i38-i43.
103. Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W, et al. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(23):2335-2342.
104. Fuchs CS, Marshall J, Mitchell E, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of irinotecan plus infusional, bolus, or oral fluoropyrimidines in first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: results from the BICC-C Study. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(30):4779-4786.
105. Kabbinavar FF, Hambleton J, Mass RD, Hurwitz HI, Bergsland E, Sarkar S. Combined analysis of efficacy: the addition of bevacizumab to fluorouracil/leucovorin improves survival for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(16):3706-3712.
106. Kabbinavar FF, Schulz J, McCleod M, et al. Addition of bevacizumab to bolus fluorouracil and leucovorin in first-line metastatic colorectal cancer: results of a randomized Phase II trial. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(16):3697-3705.
107. Saltz LB, Clarke S, Diaz-Rubio E, et al. Bevacizumab in combination with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy as first-line therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: a randomized Phase III study. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(12):2013-2019.
108. Lee KD, Chen HH, Wang HM, et al. An open-label safety study of first-line bevacizumab in combination with standard chemotherapy in Chinese patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated in an expanded access program in Taiwan. Oncology. 2013;84(5):299-304.
109. Claret L, Gupta M, Han K, et al. Evaluation of tumor-size response metrics to predict overall survival in Western and Chinese patients with first-line metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(17):2110-2114.
110. Hoffman-La Roche. An observational study of Avastin (bevacizumab) in combination with 5-FU-based as first-line treatment in Chinese patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01319877. NLM identifier: NCT01319877. Accessed July 31, 2014.
111. Van Cutsem E, Tabernero J, Lakomy R, et al. Addition of aflibercept to fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan improves survival in a Phase III randomized trial in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer previously treated with an oxaliplatin-based regimen. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(28):3499-3506.
112. Tabernero J, Van Cutsem E, Lakomy R, et al. Aflibercept versus placebo in combination with fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan in the treatment of previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer: prespecified subgroup analyses from the VELOUR trial. Eur J Cancer. 2014;50(2):320-331.
113. Sanofi. A study of aflibercept versus placebo with FOLFIRI in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer previously treated with an oxaliplatin chemotherapy (AFLAME). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01661270. NLM identifier: NCT01661270. Accessed July 31, 2014.
114. Grothey A, Van Cutsem E, Sobrero A, et al. Regorafenib monotherapy for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (CORRECT): an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 381(9863):303-312.
115. Bayer. Asian subjects with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with regorafenib or placebo after failure of standard therapy (CONCUR). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01584830. NLM identifier: NCT01584830. Accessed July 31, 2014.
116. Ciardiello F, Tejpar S, Normanno N, et al. Uptake of KRAS mutation testing in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer in Europe, Latin America, and Asia. Target Oncol. 2011;6(3):133-145.
117. Bokemeyer C, Bondarenko I, Hartmann JT, et al. Efficacy according to biomarker status of cetuximab plus FOLFOX-4 as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: the OPUS study. Ann Oncol. 2011;22(7):1535-1546.
118. Bokemeyer C, Bondarenko I, Makhson A, et al. Fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin with and without cetuximab in the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(5):663-671.
119. Van Cutsem E, Kohne CH, Hitre E, et al. Cetuximab and chemotherapy as initial treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(14):1408-1417.
120. Van Cutsem E, Kohne CH, Lang I, et al. Cetuximab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: updated analysis of overall survival according to tumor KRAS and BRAF mutation status. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(15):2011-2019.
121. Tveit KM, Guren T, Glimelius B, et al. Phase III trial of cetuximab with continuous or intermittent fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (Nordic FLOX) versus FLOX alone in first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: the NORDIC-VII study. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(15):1755-1762.
122. Maughan TS, Adams RA, Smith CG, et al. Addition of cetuximab to oxaliplatin-based first-line combination chemotherapy for treatment of advanced colorectal cancer: results of the randomized Phase III MRC COIN trial. Lancet. 2011;377(9783):2103-2114.
123. Adam R, De Gramont A, Figueras J, et al. The oncosurgery approach to managing liver metastases from colorectal cancer: a multidisciplinary international consensus. Oncologist. 2012;17(10):1225-1239.
124. Ye LC, Liu TS, Ren L, et al. Randomized controlled trial of cetuximab plus chemotherapy for patients with KRAS wild-type unresectable colorectal liver-limited metastases. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(16):1931-1938.
125. Xu J, Qin X, Wang J, et al. Chinese guidelines for the diagnosis and comprehensive treatment of hepatic metastasis of colorectal cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2011;137(9):1379-1396.
126. Zhong LL, Chen HY, Cho WC, Meng XM, Tong Y. The efficacy of Chinese herbal medicine as an adjunctive therapy for colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med. 2012;20(4):240-252.
127. Van Cutsem E, Nordlinger B, Cervantes A. Advanced colorectal cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for treatment. Ann Oncol. 2010;21(Suppl 5):v93-v97.