Contamination of lithium heparin blood by K2-Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA): An experimental evaluation

Biochemia Medica

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 359-367

  Lima Oliveira, Gabriel ^a,b   Salvagno, Gian Luca ^a   Danese, Elisa ^a   Brocco, Giorgio ^a   Guidi, Gian Cesare ^a,b   Lippi, Giuseppe ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VERONA   (Italy)

^b FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF PARANÁ   (Brazil)

^c ACADEMIC HOSPITAL OF PARMA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Contamination; EDTA; Patient safety; Preanalytical phase; Preanalytical variability; Total quality management

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; BILIRUBIN; CALCIUM; CHLORIDE; CREATININE; EDETIC ACID; IRON; K2 EDETIC ACID; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE; MAGNESIUM; PHOSPHATE; POTASSIUM; SODIUM; TRIACYLGLYCEROL LIPASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; HEPARIN; LITHIUM;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BLOOD; BLOOD COLLECTION TUBE; BLOOD CONTAMINATION; BLOOD SAFETY; BLOOD SAMPLING; BLOOD VOLUME; CLINICAL CHEMISTRY; CONTAMINATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; LABORATORY PERSONNEL; LITHIUM HEPARIN BLOOD; MALE; PATIENT SAFETY; QUALITY CONTROL; TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT; BLOOD ANALYSIS; CHEMISTRY; DEVICES; DRUG CONTAMINATION; EVALUATION STUDY; MEDICAL DEVICE CONTAMINATION; MIDDLE AGED; PROCEDURES; STANDARDS; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

ADULT; ANTICOAGULANTS; BLOOD CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; BLOOD SPECIMEN COLLECTION; DRUG CONTAMINATION; EDETIC ACID; EQUIPMENT CONTAMINATION; FEMALE; HEPARIN; HUMANS; LITHIUM; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT SAFETY; TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT;

EID: 84908122921     PISSN: 13300962     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.11613/BM.2014.038     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Banfi G, Salvagno GL, Lippi G. The role of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) as in vitro anticoagulant for diagnostic purposes. Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:565-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/CCLM.2007.110. 2.
2. Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. Procedures for the collection of diagnostic blood specimens by venipuncture. CLSI H3-A6 document. 6th ed. Wayne, PA: Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute; 2007. 3.
3. Sun N, Knauf R. Cross contamination solved by technique. ASCP Summary Report 1977;14:3.4.
4. Calam R., Cooper MH. Recommended “order of draw” for collecting blood specimens into additive-containing tubes. Clin Chem 1982;28:1399. 5.
5. Lima-Oliveira G, Lippi G, Salvagno GL, Montagnana M, Picheth G, Guidi GC. Incorrect order of draw could be mitigate the patient safety: a phlebotomy management case report. Biochem Med 2013;23:218-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.11613/ BM.2013.026. 6.
6. Sulaiman RA, Cornes MP, Whitehead SJ, Othonos N, Ford C, Gama R. Effect of order of draw of blood samples during phlebotomy on routine biochemistry results. J Clin Pathol 2011;64:1019-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath- 2011-200206. 7.
7. Cornes MP, Sulaiman RA, Whitehead SJ, Othonos N, Ford C, Gama R. Incorrect order of draw of blood samples does not causes potassium EDTA sample contamination. Brit J Biomed Sci 2012;69:1-2. 8.
8. Salvagno GL, Lima-Oliveira G, Brocco G, Danese E, Guidi GC, Lippi G. The order of draw: myth or science? Clin Chem Lab Med 2013;51:2281-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm- 2013-0412. 9.
9. Cornes MP, Ford C, Gama R. The order of draw, myth or science. Clin Chem Lab Med 2013;51:e285. http://dx.doi. org/10.1515/cclm-2013-0650. 10.
10. Indevuyst C, Schuermans W, Bailleul E, Meeus P. The order of draw: much ado about nothing? Int J Lab Hematol 2014; [Epub ahead of print]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijlh.12230. 11.
11. Sharratt CL, Gilbert CJ, Cornes MC, Ford C, Gama R. EDTA sample contamination is common and often undetected, putting patients at unnecessary risk of harm. Int J Clin Pract 2009;63:1259-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742- 1241.2008.01981.x. 12.
12. Davidson DF. Effects of contamination of blood specimens with liquid potassium-EDTA anticoagulant. Ann Clin Biochem 2002;39:273-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0004563021901973. 13.
13. Lima-Oliveira G, Lippi G, Salvagno GL, Montagnana M, Picheth G, Guidi GC. The effective reduction of tourniquet application time after minor modification of the CLSI H03- A6 blood collection procedure. Biochem Med 2013;23:308-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.11613/BM.2013.037. 14.
14. Ricos C, Alvarez V, Cava F, Garcia-Lario JV, Hernandez A, Jimenez CV, et al. Current databases on biological variation: pros, cons and progress. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1999;59:491-500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00365519950185229. 15.
15. Simundic AM, Cornes MP, Grankvist K, Lippi G, Nybo M, Kovalevskaya S, et al. Survey of national guidelines, education and training on phlebotomy in 28 European countries: an original report by the European Federation of Clinical Chemystry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM) working group for preanalytical phase (WG-PA). Clin Chem Lab Med 2013;51:1585-93. 16.
16. Lippi G, Becan-McBride K, Behulova D, Bowen RA, Church S, Delanghe J, et al. Preanalytical quality improvement: in quality we trust. Clin Chem Lab Med 2013;51:229-41. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2012-0597. 17.
17. Lima-Oliveira G, Lippi G, Salvagno GL, Montagnana M, Picheth G, Guidi GC. Impact of the phlebotomy training based on CLSI/NCCLS H03-A6 - procedures for the collection of diagnostic blood specimens by venipuncture. Biochem Med 2012;22:342-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.11613/BM.2012.036. 18.
18. Lima-Oliveira G, Lippi G, Salvagno GL, Picheth G, Guidi GC. Laboratory diagnostics and quality of blood collection. J Med Biochem 2014; [Epub ahead of print]. 19.
19. Johnston MB, Bernard Jr AJ, Flaschka HA. EDTA and complex formation. J Chem Educ 1958;35:601-6. http://dx.doi. org/10.1021/ed035p601. 20.
20. Krawczyk MK, Lis T. New coordination modes in potassium edta salts: K2[H2edta]・2H2O, K3[Hedta]・2H2O and K4[edta]・3.92H2O. Acta Cryst 2011;C67:m266-m74. 21.
21. Roche Diagnostics. Cobas Link. 4.7.2.1408 ed: Roche Diagnostics; 2014. 22.
22. Lehnhardt A, Kemper MJ. Pathogenesis and management of hyperkalemia. Pediatr Nephrol 2011;26:377-84. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00467-010-1699-3. 23.
23. Chang WT, Radin B, McCurdy MT. Calcium, magnesium, and phosphate abnormalities in the emergency department. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2014;32:349-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2013.12.006. 24.
24. Lippi G, Banfi G, Buttarello M, Ceriotti F, Daves M, Dolci A, et al. Recommendations for detection and management of unsuitable samples in clinical laboratories. Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:728-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ CCLM.2007.174. 25.
25. Nikolac N, Supak-Smolcic V, Simundic AM, Celap I. Croatian Society of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine: national recommendations for venous blood sampling. Biochem Med 2013;23:242-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.11613/BM.2013.031.26.
26. Lippi G, Avanzini R, Sandei F, Aloe R, Cervellin G. Blood sample contamination by glucose-containing solutions: effects and identification. Br J Biomed Sci 2013;70:180-3. 27.
27. Ernst DJ, Calam R. NCCLS simplifies the order of draw: a brief history. MLO Med Lab Obs 2004;36:26-7. 28.
28. Cornes MP, Ford C, Gama R. Undetected spurious hypernatraemia wastes health-care resources. Ann Clin Biochem 2011;48:87-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/acb.2010.010200. 29.
29. Cornes MP, Davidson F, Darwin L, Gay C, Redpath M, Waldron JL, et al. Multi-centre observational study of spurious hyperkalaemia due to EDTA contamination. Clin Lab 2010;56:597-9. 30.
30. Lippi G, Aloe R, Avanzini P, Banfi G. Measurement of iron in serum and EDTA plasma for screening of blood transfusion in sports. Drug Test Anal 2014; [Epub ahead of print]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dta.1696. 31.
31. Lima-Oliveira G, Lippi G, Salvagno GL, Montagnana M, Poli G, Solero GP, et al. K3EDTA vacuum tubes validation for routine hematological testing. ISRN Hematology 2012;2012:875357. http://dx.doi. org/10.5402/2012/875357. 32.
32. Lima-Oliveira G, Lippi G, Salvagno GL, Montagnana M, Poli G, Solero GP, et al. Brand of dipotassium EDTA vacuum tube as a new source of pre-analytical variability in routine haematology testing. Br J Biomed Sci. 2013;70:6-9. 33.
33. Lamas GA, Goertz C, Boineau R, Mark DB, Rozema T, Nahin RL, et al. Design of the Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy (TACT). Am Heart J 2012;163:7-12. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.ahj.2011.10.002.