Monitoring human tick-borne disease risk and tick bite exposure in Europe: Available tools and promising future methods

Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases

Volumn 5, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 607-619

  Vu Hai, Vinh ^a,b   Almeras, Lionel ^a,b   Socolovschi, Cristina ^a   Raoult, Didier ^a   Parola, Philippe ^a   Pagès, Frédéric ^a,c  

^a AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITY   (France)

^b INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE BIOMÉDICALE DES ARMÉES   (France)

^c CIRE ARS Océan Indien   (Reunion)

Author keywords

Europe; Exposure markers; Monitoring tools; Salivary antigens; Tick borne diseases

Indexed keywords

SALIVA PROTEIN;

ANAPLASMOSIS; ANTIBODY RESPONSE; BOUTONNEUSE FEVER; CLIMATE CHANGE; CRIMEAN CONGO HEMORRHAGIC FEVER; DISEASE RE-EMERGENCE; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; EUROPE; FORECASTING; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM; HUMAN; INFECTION RATE; ISRAELI SPOTTED FEVER; LYME DISEASE; LYMPHANGITIS ASSOCIATED RICKETTSIOSIS; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; NONHUMAN; PARASITE LOAD; PARASITE TRANSMISSION; PIROPLASMOSIS; REMOTE SENSING; REVIEW; SENLAT SYNDROME; SENTINEL SURVEILLANCE; SEROPREVALENCE; TICK BITE; TICK BORNE DISEASE; TICK BORNE ENCEPHALITIS; URBANIZATION; VECTOR CONTROL; ANIMAL; HEALTH SURVEY; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; TICK; TICK BITES; TICK-BORNE DISEASES;

ANIMALS; EUROPE; HUMANS; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE; TICK BITES; TICK-BORNE DISEASES; TICKS;

EID: 84907601758     PISSN: 1877959X     EISSN: 18779603     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.07.022     Document Type: Review

References (220)

1. Achazi K., Ruzek D., Donoso-Mantke O., Schlegel M., Ali H.S., Wenk M., Schmidt-Chanasit J., Ahlmeyer L., Ruhe F., Vor T., Kiffner C., Kallies R., Ulrich R.G., Niedrig M. Rodents as sentinels for the prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011, 11:641-647.
2. Agoulon A., Malandrin L., Lepigeon F., Vénisse M., Bonnet S., Becker C.A., Hoch T., Bastian S., Plantard O., Beaudeau F. A Vegetation Index qualifying pasture edges is related to Ixodes ricinus density and to Babesia divergens seroprevalence in dairy cattle herds. Vet. Parasitol. 2012, 185:101-109.
3. Aguirrebengoa K., Portillo A., Santibanez S., Marin J.J., Montejo M., Oteo J.A. Human Rickettsia sibirica mongolitimonae infection, Spain. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2008, 14:528-529.
4. Alarcon-Chaidez F., Ryan R., Wikel S., Dardick K., Lawler C., Foppa I.M., Tomas P., Cushman A., Hsieh A., Spielman A., Bouchard K.R., Dias F., Aslanzadeh J., Krause P.J. Confirmation of tick bite by detection of antibody to Ixodes calreticulin salivary protein. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 2006, 13:1217-1222.
5. Alexandre N., Santos A.S., Bacellar F., Boinas F.J., Nuncio M.S., de Sousa R. Detection of Rickettsia conorii strains in Portuguese dogs (Canis familiaris). Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2011, 2:119-122.
6. Ali Z.M., Bakli M., Fontaine A., Bakkali N., Vu Hai V., Audebert S., Boublik Y., Pagès F., Remoué F., Rogier C., Fraiser C., Almeras L. Assessment of Anopheles salivary antigens as individual exposure biomarkers to species-specific malaria vector bites. Malar. J. 2012, 11:439.
7. Allegue F., Perez-Perez L., Villa B.L. DEBONEL/TIBOLA: an emerging rickettsiosis. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 2009, 34:e246-e247.
8. Almeras L., Orlandi-Pradines E., Fontaine A., Villard C., Boucomont E., de Senneville L.D., Baragatti M., Pascual A., Pradines B., Corre-Catelin N., Pagès F., Reiter P., Rogier C., Fusai T. Sialome individuality between Aedes aegypti colonies. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2009, 9:531-541.
9. Almeras L., Fontaine A., Belghazi M., Bourdon S., Boucomont-Chapeaublanc E., Orlandi-Pradines E., Baragatti M., Corre-Catelin N., Reiter P., Pradines B., Fusai T., Rogier C. Salivary gland protein repertoire from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2010, 10:391-402.
10. Amaro M., Bacellar F., Franca A. Report of eight cases of fatal and severe Mediterranean spotted fever in Portugal. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2003, 990:331-343.
11. Amato-Gauci A., Zeller H. Tick-borne encephalitis joins the diseases under surveillance in the European Union. Eur. Surveill. 2012, 17:42.
12. Angelakis E., Pulcini C., Waton J., Imbert P., Socolovschi C., Edouard S., Dellamonica P., Raoult D. Scalp eschar and neck lymphadenopathy caused by Bartonella henselae after Tick Bite. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2010, 50:549-551.
13. Arnez M., Luznik-Bufon T., Avsic-Zupanc T., Ruzic-Sabljic E., Petrovec M., Lotric-Furlan S., Strle F. Causes of febrile illnesses after a tick bite in Slovenian children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2003, 22:1078-1083.
14. Barandika J.F., Hurtado A., Juste R.A., Garcia-Perez A.L. Seasonal dynamics of Ixodes ricinus in a 3-year period in northern Spain: first survey on the presence of tick-borne encephalitis virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2010, 10:1027-1035.
15. Barral A., Honda E., Caldas A., Costa J., Vinhas V., Rowton E.D., Valenzuela J.G., Charlab R., Barral-Netto M., Ribeiro J.M. Human immune response to sand fly salivary gland antigens: a useful epidemiological marker?. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2000, 62:740-745.
16. Bartosik K., Kubrak T., Olszewski T., Jung M., Buczek A. Prevention of tick bites and protection against tick-borne diseases in south-eastern Poland. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 2008, 15:181-185.
17. Bartosik K., Lachowska-Kotowska P., Szymanska J., Pabis A., Buczek A. Lyme borreliosis in south-eastern Poland: relationships with environmental factors and medical attention standards. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 2011, 18:131-137.
18. Bazovska S., Machacova E., Spalekova M., Kontrosova S. Reported incidence of Lyme disease in Slovakia and antibodies to B. burgdorferi antigens detected in healthy population. Bratisl. Lek. Listy 2005, 106:270-273.
19. Bechah Y., Socolovschi C., Raoult D. Identification of rickettsial infections by using cutaneous swab specimens and PCR. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2011, 17:83-86.
20. Berzina I., Capligina V., Bormane A., Pavulina A., Baumanis V., Ranka R., Granta R., Matise I. Association between Anaplasma phagocytophilum seroprevalence in dogs and distribution of Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus ticks in Latvia. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2013, 4:83-88.
21. Beugnet F., Marie J.L. Emerging arthropod-borne diseases of companion animals in Europe. Vet. Parasitol. 2009, 163:298-305.
22. Beugnet F., Kolasinski M., Michelangeli P.A., Vienne J., Loukos H. Mathematical modelling of the impact of climatic conditions in France on Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick activity and density since 1960. Geospat. Health 2011, 5:255-263.
23. Beytout J., George J.C., Malaval J., Garnier M., Beytout M., Baranton G., Ferquel E., Postic D. Lyme borreliosis incidence in two French departments: correlation with infection of Ixodes ricinus ticks by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2007, 7:507-517.
24. Bitam I., Raoult D. Other tick-borne diseases in Europe. Curr. Probl. Dermatol. 2009, 37:130-154.
25. Boillat N., Genton B., D'Acremont V., Raoult D., Greub G. Fatal case of Israeli spotted fever after Mediterranean cruise. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2008, 14:1944-1946.
26. Bonnet S., de la Fuente J., Nicollet P., Liu X., Madani N., Blanchard B., Maingourd C., Alongi A., Torina A., Fernández de Mera I.G., Vicente J., George J.C., Vayssier-Taussat M., Joncour G. Prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in adult Dermacentor spp. ticks from nine collection sites in France. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2013, 13:226-236.
27. Boyard C., Barnouin J., Gasqui P., Vourc'h G. Local environmental factors characterizing Ixodes ricinus nymph abundance in grazed permanent pastures for cattle. Parasitology 2007, 134:987-994.
28. Briggs B.J., Atkinson B., Czechowski D.M., Larsen P.A., Meeks H.N., Carrera J.P., Duplechin R.M., Hewson R., Junushov A.T., Gavrilova O.N., Breininger I., Phillips C.J., Baker R.J., Hay J. Tick-borne encephalitis virus, Kyrgyzstan. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2011, 17:876-879.
29. Brosseau L., Drame P.M., Besnard P., Toto J.C., Foumane V., Le Mire J., Mouchet F., Remoué F., Allan R., Fortes F., Carnevale P., Manquin S. Human antibody response to Anopheles saliva for comparing the efficacy of three malaria vector control methods in Balombo, Angola. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e44189.
30. Bursali A., Tekin S., Orhan M., Keskin A., Ozkan M. Ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting humans in Tokat Province of Turkey: species diversity and seasonal activity. J. Vector Ecol. 2010, 35:180-186.
31. Capelli G., Ravagnan S., Montarsi F., Ciocchetta S., Cazzin S., Porcellato E., Babiker A.M., Cassini R., Salviato A., Cattoli G., Otranto D. Occurrence and identification of risk areas of Ixodes ricinus-borne pathogens: a cost-effectiveness analysis in north-eastern Italy. Parasit. Vectors 2012, 5:61.
32. Cetin E., Sotoudeh M., Auer H., Stanek G. Paradigm Burgenland: risk of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection indicated by variable seroprevalence rates in hunters. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. 2006, 118:677-681.
33. Chai J.T., Eremeeva M.E., Borland C.D., Karas J.A. Fatal Israeli spotted fever in a UK traveler to South Portugal. J. Travel Med. 2008, 15:122-123.
34. Chmielewski T., Rudzka D., Fiecek B., Maczka I., Tylewska-Wierzbanowska S. Case of TIBOLA/DEBONEL (tick - borne lymphadenopathy/Dermacentor spp. - borne necrosis - erythema - lymphadenopathy) in Poland. Przegl. Epidemiol. 2011, 65:583-586.
35. Choumet V., Carmi-Leroy A., Laurent C., Lenormand P., Rousselle J.C., Namane A., Roth C., Brey P.T. The salivary glands and saliva of Anopheles gambiae as an essential step in the Plasmodium life cycle: a global proteomic study. Proteomics 2007, 7:3384-3394.
36. Chumakov M.P. The 30th anniversary of investigations of Crimean hemorrhagic fever. Med. Virusol. 1974, 22:5-18.
37. Chumakov M.P., Seitlenok N.A. Tick-borne human encephalitis in the European part of USSR and Siberia. Science 1940, 92:263-264.
38. Ciceroni L., Pinto A., Ciarrocchi S., Ciervo A. Current knowledge of rickettsial diseases in Italy. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2006, 1078:143-149.
39. Cisak E., Chmielewska-Badora J., Zwolinski J., Wojcik-Fatla A., Polak J., Dutkiewicz J. Risk of tick-borne bacterial diseases among workers of Roztocze National Park (south-eastern Poland). Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 2005, 12:127-132.
40. Cotté V., Bonnet S., Cote M., Vayssier-Taussat M. Prevalence of five pathogenic agents in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks from western France. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2010, 10:723-730.
41. Daniel M., Kriz B., Danielova V., Valter J., Benes C. Changes of meteorological factors and tick-borne encephalitis incidence in the Czech Republic. Epidemiol. Mikrobiol. Immunol. 2009, 58:179-187.
42. Danielova V., Rudenko N., Daniel M., Holubova J., Materna J., Golovchenko M., Schwarzova L. Extension of Ixodes ricinus ticks and agents of tick-borne diseases to mountain areas in the Czech Republic. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 2006, 296:S48-S53.
43. de la Fuente J., Torina A., Naranjo V., Caracappa S., Di Marco V., Alongi A., Russo M., Maggio A.R., Kocan K.M. Infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum in a seronegative patient in Sicily, Italy: case report. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. 2005, 4:15.
44. Diaz-Martin V., Manzano-Roman R., Valero L., Oleaga A., Encinas-Grandes A., Perez-Sanchez R. An insight into the proteome of the saliva of the argasid tick Ornithodoros moubata reveals important differences in saliva protein composition between the sexes. J. Proteomics 2013, 80C:216-235.
45. Dobler G. Zoonotic tick-borne flaviviruses. Vet. Microbiol. 2010, 140:221-228.
46. Doucoure S., Mouchet F., Cornélie S., DeHecq J.S., Rutee A.H., Roca Y., Walter A., Hervé J.P., Missé D., Favier F., Gasque P., Remoué F. Evaluation of the human IgG antibody response to Aedes albopictus saliva as a new specific biomarker of exposure to vector bites. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2012, 6:e1487.
47. Doucoure S., Mouchet F., Cournil A., Le Goff G., Cornélie S., Roca Y., Giraldez M.G., Simon Z.B., Loayza R., Missé D., Flores J.V., Walter A., Rogier C., Hervé J.P., Remoué F. Human antibody response to Aedes aegypti saliva in an urban population in Bolivia: a new biomarker of exposure to Dengue vector bites. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2012, 87:504-510.
48. Drame P.M., Poinsignon A., Besnard P., Le Mire J., Dos-Santos M.A., Sow C.S., Cornélie S., Foumane V., Toto J.C., Sembène M., Boulanger D., Simondon F., Fortes F., Carnevale P., Remoué F. Human antibody response to Anopheles gambiae saliva: an immuno-epidemiological biomarker to evaluate the efficacy of insecticide-treated nets in malaria vector control. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2010, 83:115-121.
49. Drame P.M., Machault V., Diallo A., Cornélie S., Poinsignon A., Lalou R., Sembène M., Dos Santos S., Rogier C., Pagès F., Le Hesran J.Y., Remoué F. IgG responses to the gSG6-P1 salivary peptide for evaluating human exposure to Anopheles bites in urban areas of Dakar region, Senegal. Malar. J. 2012, 11:72.
50. Dubska L., Literak I., Kocianova E., Taragelova V., Sychra O. Differential role of passerine birds in distribution of Borrelia spirochetes, based on data from ticks collected from birds during the postbreeding migration period in Central Europe. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2009, 75:596-602.
51. Due C., Fox W., Medlock J.M., Pietzsch M., Logan J.G. Tick bite prevention and tick removal. BMJ 2013, 347:f7123.
52. Dunn J.M., Davis S., Stacey A., Diuk-Wasser M.A. A simple model for the establishment of tick-borne pathogens of Ixodes scapularis: a global sensitivity analysis of R0. J. Theor. Biol. 2013, 335:213-221.
53. Edouard S., Koebel C., Goehringer F., Socolovschi C., Jaulhac B., Raoult D., Brouqui P. Emergence of human granulocytic anaplasmosis in France. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2012, 3:403-405.
54. Edouard S., Parola P., Socolovschi C., Davoust B., La Scola B., Raoult D. Clustered cases of Rickettsia sibirica mongolitimonae infection, France. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2013, 19:337-338.
55. Estrada-Pena A., Venzal J.M. Climate niches of tick species in the Mediterranean region: modeling of occurrence data, distributional constraints, and impact of climate change. J. Med. Entomol. 2007, 44:1130-1138.
56. Estrada-Pena A., Vatansever Z., Gargili A., Buzgan T. An early warning system for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever seasonality in Turkey based on remote sensing technology. Geospat. Health 2007, 2:127-135.
57. Estrada-Pena A., Vatansever Z., Gargili A., Ergonul O. The trend towards habitat fragmentation is the key factor driving the spread of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Epidemiol. Infect. 2010, 138:1194-1203.
58. Estrada-Pena A., Ayllon N., de la Fuente J. Impact of climate trends on tick-borne pathogen transmission. Front. Physiol. 2012, 3:64.
59. Estrada-Pena A., Palomar A.M., Santibanez P., Sanchez N., Habela M.A., Portillo A., Romero L., Oteo J.A. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks, Southwestern Europe, 2010. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2012, 18:179-180.
60. Estrada-Peña A., Estrada-Sánchez A., Estrada-Sánchez D., de la Fuente J. Assessing the effects of variables and background selection on the capture of the tick climate niche. Int. J. Health Geogr. 2013, 12:43.
61. Estrada-Peña A., Farkas R., Jaenson T.G., Koenen F., Madder M., Pascucci I., Salman M., Tarrés-Call J., Jongejan F. Association of environmental traits with the geographic ranges of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of medical and veterinary importance in the western Palearctic. A digital data set. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 2013, 59:351-366.
62. European Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 2012. Epidemiological situation of tick-borne encephalitis in the European Union and European Free Trade Association countries Stockholm.
63. Fernandez-Soto P., Encinas-Grandes A., Perez-Sanchez R. Rickettsia aeschlimannii in Spain: molecular evidence in Hyalomma marginatum and five other tick species that feed on humans. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2003, 9:889-890.
64. Ferreira B.R., Szabo M.J., Cavassani K.A., Bechara G.H., Silva J.S. Antigens from Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks elicit potent cell-mediated immune responses in resistant but not in susceptible animals. Vet. Parasitol. 2003, 115:35-48.
65. Fertner M.E., Molbak L., Boye Pihl T.P., Fomsgaard A., Bodker R. First detection of tick-borne Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis in Denmark 2011. Eur. Surveill. 2012, 17:8.
66. Foley J.E., Nieto N.C. Tularemia. Vet. Microbiol. 2010, 140:332-338.
67. Fomsgaard A., Christiansen C., Bodker R. First identification of tick-borne encephalitis in Denmark outside of Bornholm, August 2009. Eur. Surveill. 2009, 14:36.
68. Fontaine A., Pascual A., Diouf I., Bakkali N., Bourdon S., Fusai T., Rogier C., Almeras L. Mosquito salivary gland protein preservation in the field for immunological and biochemical analysis. Parasit. Vectors 2011, 4:33.
69. Fontaine A., Pascual A., Orlandi-Pradines E., Diouf I., Remoué F., Pagès F., Fusai T., Rogier C., Almeras L. Relationship between exposure to vector bites and antibody responses to mosquito salivary gland extracts. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e29107.
70. Fontaine A., Fusai T., Briolant S., Buffet S., Villard C., Baudelet E., Pophillat M., Granjeaud S., Rogier C., Almeras L. Anopheles salivary gland proteomes from major malaria vectors. BMC Genomics 2012, 13:614.
71. Francischetti I.M., Sa-Nunes A., Mans B.J., Santos I.M., Ribeiro J.M. The role of saliva in tick feeding. Front. Biosci. 2009, 14:2051-2088.
72. Franke J., Hildebrandt A., Meier F., Straube E., Dorn W. Prevalence of Lyme disease agents and several emerging pathogens in questing ticks from the German Baltic coast. J. Med. Entomol. 2011, 48:441-444.
73. Frauenschuh A., Power C.A., Deruaz M., Feirreira B.R., Silva J.C., Teixeira M.M., Dias J.M., Martin T., Wells T.N., Proudfoot A.E. Molecular cloning and characterization of a highly selective chemokine-binding protein from the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:27250-27258.
74. Fryland L., Wilhelmsson P., Lindgren P.E., Nyman D., Ekerfelt C., Forsberg P. Low risk of developing Borrelia burgdorferi infection in the south-east of Sweden after being bitten by a Borrelia burgdorferi-infected tick. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2011, 15:e174-e181.
75. Giammanco G.M., Vitale G., Mansueto S., Capra G., Caleca M.P., Ammatuna P. Presence of Rickettsia conorii subsp. israelensis, the causative agent of Israeli spotted fever, in Sicily, Italy, ascertained in a retrospective study. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2005, 43:6027-6031.
76. Gilbert L., Maffey G.L., Ramsay S.L., Hester A.J. The effect of deer management on the abundance of Ixodes ricinus in Scotland. Ecol. Appl. 2012, 22:658-667.
77. Godfrey E.R., Randolph S.E. Economic downturn results in tick-borne disease upsurge. Parasit. Vectors 2011, 4:35.
78. Grzeszczuk A., Ziarko S., Kovalchuk O., Stanczak J. Etiology of tick-borne febrile illnesses in adult residents of North-Eastern Poland: report from a prospective clinical study. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 2006, 296:S242-S249.
79. Haapasalo K., Suomalainen P., Sukura A., Siikamaki H., Jokiranta T.S. Fatal babesiosis in man, Finland, 2004. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2010, 16:1116-1118.
80. Haemig P.D., Sjöstedt de Luna S., Grafström A., Lithner S., Lundkvist Å., Waldenström J., Kindberg J., Stedt J., Olsén B. Forecasting risk of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE): using data from wildlife and climate to predict next year's number of human victims. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 2011, 43:366-372.
81. Halos L., Bord S., Cotte V., Gasqui P., Abrial D., Barnouin J., Boulouis H.J., Vayssier-Taussat M., Vourc'h G. Ecological factors characterizing the prevalence of bacterial tick-borne pathogens in Ixodes ricinus ticks in pastures and woodlands. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2010, 76:4413-4420.
82. Hapunik J., Vichova B., Karbowiak G., Wita I., Bogdaszewski M., Pet'ko B. Wild and farm breeding cervids infections with Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 2011, 18:73-77.
83. Harrison A., Montgomery W.I., Bown K.J. Investigating the persistence of tick-borne pathogens via the R0 model. Parasitology 2011, 138:1-10.
84. Hasle G., Bjune G.A., Midthjell L., Roed K.H., Leinaas H.P. Transport of Ixodes ricinus infected with Borrelia species to Norway by northward-migrating passerine birds. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2011, 2:37-43.
85. Heyman P., Cochez C., Hofhuis A., van der Giessen J., Sprong H., Porter S.R., Losson B., Saegerman C., Donoso-Mantke O., Niedrig M., Papa A. A clear and present danger: tick-borne diseases in Europe. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 2010, 8:33-50.
86. Hildebrandt A., Gray J.S., Hunfeld K.P. Human Babesiosis in Europe: what clinicians need to know. Infection 2013, 41:1057-1072.
87. Hoen A.G., Rollend L.G., Papero M.A., Carroll J.F., Daniels T.J., Mather T.N., Schulze T.L., Stafford K.C., Fish D. Effects of tick control by acaricide self-treatment of white-tailed deer on host-seeking tick infection prevalence and entomologic risk for Ixodes scapularis-borne pathogens. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2009, 9:431-438.
88. Homer M.J., Aguilar-Delfin I., Telford S.R., Krause P.J., Persing D.H. Babesiosis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2000, 13:451-469.
89. Hoogstraal H. The epidemiology of tick-borne Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Asia, Europe, and Africa. J. Med. Entomol. 1979, 15:307-417.
90. Hornok S., Csorgo T., de la Fuente J., Gyuranecz M., Privigyei C., Meli M.L., Kreizinger Z., Fernandez de Mera I.G., Hofmann-Lehmann R. Synanthropic birds associated with high prevalence of tick-borne rickettsiae and with the first detection of Rickettsia aeschlimannii in Hungary. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2013, 13:77-83.
91. Hubalek Z. Epidemiology of lyme borreliosis. Curr. Probl. Dermatol. 2009, 37:31-50.
92. Hubalek Z., Rudolf I. Tick-borne viruses in Europe. Parasitol. Res. 2012, 111:9-36.
93. Hubalek Z., Halouzka J., Juricova Z., Sikutova S., Rudolf I. Effect of forest clearing on the abundance of Ixodes ricinus ticks and the prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. Med. Vet. Entomol. 2006, 20:166-172.
94. Hulinska D., Votypka J., Vanousova D., Hercogova J., Hulinsky V., Drevova H., Kurzova Z., Uherkova L. Identification of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in patients with erythema migrans. Folia Microbiol. 2009, 54:246-256.
95. Ibarra V., Oteo J.A., Portillo A., Santibanez S., Blanco J.R., Metola L., Eiros J.M., Perez-Martinez L., Sanz M. Rickettsia slovaca infection: DEBONEL/TIBOLA. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2006, 1078:206-214.
96. Ica A., Inci A., Vatansever Z., Karaer Z. Status of tick infestation of cattle in the Kayseri region of Turkey. Parasitol. Res. 2007, 101:S167-S169.
97. Inokuma H., Mukai M., Ohno K., Yamamoto Y., Takahashi S., Onishi T. Duration of antibodies against 24kd protein of Rhipicephalus sanguineus extract in dogs infested with the adult ticks. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 1999, 61:179-181.
98. Inokuma H., Ohno K., Onishi T. Is the detection of anti-Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Rs24p) antibodies a valuable epidemiological tool of tick infestation in dogs?. Vet. Res. 2000, 31:365-369.
99. Jado I., Oteo J.A., Aldamiz M., Gil H., Escudero R., Ibarra V., Portu J., Portillo A., Lezaun M.J., Garcia-Amil C., Rodriguez-Moreno I., Anda P. Rickettsia monacensis and human disease, Spain. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2007, 13:1405-1407.
100. Jaenson T.G., Hjertqvist M., Bergstrom T., Lundkvist A. Why is tick-borne encephalitis increasing? A review of the key factors causing the increasing incidence of human TBE in Sweden. Parasit. Vectors 2012, 5:184.
101. Jaenson T.G., Jaenson D.G., Eisen L., Petersson E., Lindgren E. Changes in the geographical distribution and abundance of the tick Ixodes ricinus during the past 30 years in Sweden. Parasit. Vectors 2012, 5:8.
102. Jahfari S., Fonville M., Hengeveld P., Reusken C., Scholte E.J., Takken W., Heyman P., Medlock J., Heylen D., Kleve J., Sprong H. Prevalence of Neoehrlichia mikurensis in ticks and rodents from North-west Europe. Parasit. Vectors 2012, 5:74.
103. James M.C., Bowman A.S., Forbes K.J., Lewis F., McLeod J.E., Gilbert L. Environmental determinants of Ixodes ricinus ticks and the incidence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the agent of Lyme borreliosis, in Scotland. Parasitology 2013, 140:237-246.
104. Jameson L.J., Medlock J.M. Tick surveillance in Great Britain. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011, 11:403-412.
105. Jore S., Viljugrein H., Hofshagen M., Brun-Hansen H., Kristoffersen A.B., Nygard K., Brun E., Ottesen P., Saevik B.K., Ytrehus B. Multi-source analysis reveals latitudinal and altitudinal shifts in range of Ixodes ricinus at its northern distribution limit. Parasit. Vectors 2011, 4:84.
106. Juncadella I.J., Garg R., Ananthnarayanan S.K., Yengo C.M., Anguita J. T-cell signaling pathways inhibited by the tick saliva immunosuppressor, Salp15. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 2007, 49:433-438.
107. Kaiser R. Tick-borne encephalitis-still a serious disease?. Wien. Med. Wochenschr. 2012, 162:229.
108. Kalinova Z., Halanova M., Cislakova L., Sulinova Z., Jarcuska P. Occurrence of IgG antibodies to Anaplasma phagocytophilum in humans suspected of Lyme borreliosis in eastern Slovakia. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 2009, 16:285-288.
109. Kaya A.D., Parlak A.H., Ozturk C.E., Behcet M. Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi infection among forestry workers and farmers in Duzce, north-western Turkey. New Microbiol. 2008, 31:203-209.
110. Khasnatinov M.A., Ustanikiva K., Frolova T.V., Pogodina V.V., Bochkova N.G., Levina L.S., Slovak M., Kazimirova M., Labuda M., Klempa B., Eleckova E., Gould E.A., Gritsun T.S. Non-hemagglutinating flaviviruses: molecular mechanisms for the emergence of new strains via adaptation to European ticks. PLoS ONE 2009, 4:e7295.
111. Kjelland V., Stuen S., Skarpaas T., Slettan A. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from migratory birds in Southern Norway. Acta Vet. Scand. 2010, 52:59.
112. Knap N., Korva M., Dolinsek V., Sekirnik M., Trilar T., Avsic-Zupanc T. Patterns of tick-borne encephalitis virus infection in rodents in Slovenia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2012, 12:236-242.
113. Koebel C., Kern A., Edouard S., Hoang A.T., Celestin N., Hansmann Y., Jaulhac B., Brouqui P., De Martino S.J. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis in eastern France: clinical presentation and laboratory diagnosis. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2012, 72:214-218.
114. Komitova R., Lakos A., Aleksandrov A., Christova I., Murdjeva M. A case of tick-transmitted lymphadenopathy in Bulgaria associated with Rickettsia slovaca. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 2003, 35:213.
115. Korenberg E.I. Chapter 4: Recent epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis an effect of climate change?. Adv. Virus Res. 2009, 74:123-144.
116. Kuehn B.M. Emerging tick-borne diseases expand range along with rebounding deer populations. JAMA 2013, 309:124-125.
117. Kunze U. Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE): an underestimated risk...still: report of the 14th annual meeting of the International Scientific Working Group on Tick-Borne Encephalitis (ISW-TBE). Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2012, 3:197-201.
118. Kupca A.M., Essbauer S., Zoeller G., de Mendonca P.G., Brey R., Rinder M., Pfister K., Spiegel M., Doerrbecker B., Pfeffer M., Dobler G. Isolation and molecular characterization of a tick-borne encephalitis virus strain from a new tick-borne encephalitis focus with severe cases in Bavaria, Germany. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2010, 1:44-51.
119. Lambin E.F., Tran A., Vanwambeke S.O., Linard C., Soti V. Pathogenic landscapes: interactions between land, people, disease vectors, and their animal hosts. Int. J. Health Geogr. 2010, 9:54.
120. Laurenson M.K., McKendrick I.J., Reid H.W., Challenor R., Mathewson G.K. Prevalence, spatial distribution and the effect of control measures on louping-ill virus in the Forest of Bowland, Lancashire. Epidemiol. Infect. 2007, 135:963-973.
121. Linard C., Lamarque P., Heyman P., Ducoffre G., Luyasu V., Tersago K., Vanwambeke S.O., Lambin E.S. Determinants of the geographic distribution of Puumala virus and Lyme borreliosis infections in Belgium. Int. J. Health Geogr. 2007, 6:15.
122. Lledo L., Gegundez M.I., Saz J.V., Beltran M. Screening of the prevalence of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in Madrid province, Spain. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2004, 19:471-472.
123. Lledo L., Gegundez M.I., Fernandes N., Sousa R., Vicente J., Alamo R., Fernandez-Soto P., Perez-Sanchez R., Bacellar F. The seroprevalence of human infection with Rickettsia slovaca, in an area of northern Spain. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 2006, 100:337-343.
124. Londono-Renteria B.L., Eisele T.P., Keating J., James M.A., Wesson D.M. Antibody response against Anopheles albimanus (Diptera: Culicidae) salivary protein as a measure of mosquito bite exposure in Haiti. J. Med. Entomol. 2010, 47:1156-1163.
125. Madeddu G., Mancini F., Caddeo A., Ciervo A., Babudieri S., Maida I., Fiori M.L., Rezza G., Mura M.S. Rickettsia monacensis as cause of Mediterranean spotted fever-like illness, Italy. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2012, 18:702-704.
126. Malouin R., Winch P., Leontsini E., Glass G., Simon D., Hayes E.B., Schwartz B.S. Longitudinal evaluation of an educational intervention for preventing tick bites in an area with endemic lyme disease in Baltimore County, Maryland. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2003, 157:1039-1051.
127. Maltezou H.C., Papa A. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: risk for emergence of new endemic foci in Europe?. Travel Med. Infect. Dis. 2010, 8:139-143.
128. Mannelli A., Mandola M.L., Pedri P., Tripoli M., Nebbia P. Associations between dogs that were serologically positive for Rickettsia conorii relative to the residences of two human cases of Mediterranean spotted fever in Piemonte (Italy). Prev. Vet. Med. 2003, 60:13-26.
129. Martin-Martin I., Molina R., Jimenez M. An insight into the Phlebotomus perniciosus saliva by a proteomic approach. Acta Trop. 2012, 123:22-30.
130. Mastrandrea S., Mura M.S., Tola S., Patta C., Tanda A., Porcu R., Masala G. Two cases of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Sardinia. Italy confirmed by PCR. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2006, 1078:548-551.
131. Masala G., Chisu V., Foxi C., Socolovschi C., Raoult D., Parola P. First detection of Ehrlichia canis in Rhipicephalus bursa ticks in Sardinia, Italy. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2012, 3:396-397.
132. Maurer F.P., Keller P.M., Beuret C., Joha C., Achermann Y., Gubler J., Bircher D., Karrer U., Fehr J., Zimmerli L., Bloemberg G.V. Close geographic association of human neoehrlichiosis and tick populations carrying Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis in eastern Switzerland. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2013, 51:169-176.
133. Mediannikov O., Matsumoto K., Samoylenko I., Drancourt M., Roux V., Rydkina E., Davoust B., Tarasevich I., Brouqui P., Fournier P.E. Rickettsia raoultii sp. nov., a spotted fever group rickettsia associated with Dermacentor ticks in Europe and Russia. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2008, 58:1635-1639.
134. Medlock J.M., Hansford K.M., Bormane A., Derdakova M., Estrada-Peña A., George J.C., Golovljova I., Jaenson T.G., Jensen J.K., Jensen P.M., Kazimirova M., Oteo J.A., Papa A., Pfister K., Plantard O., Randolph S.E., Rizzoli A., Santos-Silva M.M., Sprong H., Vial L., Hendrickx G., Zeller H., Van Bortel W. Driving forces for changes in geographical distribution of Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe. Parasit. Vectors 2013, 6:1.
135. Meer-Scherrer L., Adelson M., Mordechai E., Lottaz B., Tilton R. Babesia microti infection in Europe. Curr. Microbiol. 2004, 48:435-437.
136. Mertens M., Schmidt K., Ozkul A., Groschup M.H. The impact of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus on public health. Antiviral Res. 2013, 98:248-260.
137. Nazzi F., Martinelli E., Del F.S., Bernardinelli I., Milani N., Iob A., Pischiutti P., Campello C., D'Agaro P. Ticks and Lyme borreliosis in an alpine area in northeast Italy. Med. Vet. Entomol. 2010, 24:220-226.
138. Oliveira C.J., Carvalho W.A., Garcia G.R., Gutierrez F.R., de Miranda Santos I.K., Silva J.S., Ferreira B.R. Tick saliva induces regulatory dendritic cells: MAP-kinases and Toll-like receptor-2 expression as potential targets. Vet. Parasitol. 2010, 167:288-297.
139. Orlandi-Pradines E., Almeras L., de Senneville D.L., Barbe S., Remoué F., Villard C., Cornélie S., Penhoat K., Pascual A., Bourgouin C., Fontenille D., Bonnet J., Corre-Catelin N., Reiter P., Pagès F., Laffite D., Boulanger D., Simondon F., Pradines B., Fusai T., Rogier C. Antibody response against saliva antigens of Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti in travellers in tropical Africa. Microbes Infect. 2007, 9:1454-1462.
140. Oteo J.A., Portillo A. Tick-borne rickettsioses in Europe. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2012, 3:271-278.
141. Oteo J.A., Ibarra V., Blanco J.R., Martinez de Artola V., Marquez F.J., Portillo A., Raoult D., Anda P. Dermacentor-borne necrosis erythema and lymphadenopathy: clinical and epidemiological features of a new tick-borne disease. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2004, 10:327-331.
142. Palecek T., Kuchynka P., Hulinska D., Schramlova J., Hrbackova H., Vitkova I., Simek S., Horak J., Louch W.E., Linhart A. Presence of Borrelia burgdorferi in endomyocardial biopsies in patients with new-onset unexplained dilated cardiomyopathy. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 2010, 199:139-143.
143. Palomar A.M., Santibanez P., Mazuelas D., Roncero L., Santibanez S., Portillo A., Oteo J.A. Role of birds in dispersal of etiologic agents of tick-borne zoonoses, Spain, 2009. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2012, 18:1188-1191.
144. Palosuo K., Brummer-Korvenkontio H., Mikkola J., Sahi T., Reunala T. Seasonal increase in human IgE and IgG4 antisaliva antibodies to Aedes mosquito bites. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 1997, 114:367-372.
145. Pancewicz S., Moniuszko A., Bieniarz E., Pucilo K., Grygorczuk S., Zajkowska J., Czupryna P., Kondrusik M., Swierzbinska-Pijanowska R. Anti-Babesia microti antibodies in foresters highly exposed to tick bites in Poland. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 2011, 43:197-201.
146. Papa A., Maltezou H.C., Tsiodras S., Dalla V.G., Papadimitriou T., Pierroutsakos I., Kartalis G.N., Antoniadis A. A case of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Greece, June 2008. Eur. Surveill. 2008, 13:33.
147. Papa A., Dalla V., Petala A., Maltezou H.C., Maltezos E. Fatal Mediterranean spotted fever in Greece. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2010, 16:589-592.
148. Papa A., Chaligiannis I., Xanthopoulou K., Papaioakim M., Papanastasiou S., Sotiraki S. Ticks parasitizing humans in Greece. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011, 11:539-542.
149. Parola P., Raoult D. Ticks and tickborne bacterial diseases in humans: an emerging infectious threat. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2001, 32:897-928.
150. Parola P., Socolovschi C., Jeanjean L., Bitam I., Fournier P.E., Sotto A., Labauge P., Raoult D. Warmer weather linked to tick attack and emergence of severe rickettsioses. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2008, 2:e338.
151. Parola P., Rovery C., Rolain J.M., Brouqui P., Davoust B., Raoult D. Rickettsia slovaca and R. raoultii in tick-borne Rickettsioses. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2009, 15:1105-1108.
152. Parola P., Socolovschi C., Raoult D. Deciphering the relationships between Rickettsia conorii conorii and Rhipicephalus sanguineus in the ecology and epidemiology of Mediterranean spotted fever. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2009, 1166:49-54.
153. Parola P., Paddock C.D., Socolovschi C., Labruna M.B., Mediannikov O., Kernif T., Abdad M.Y., Stenos J., Bitam I., Fournier P.E., Raoult D. Update of tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: a geographic approach. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2013, 26:1-45.
154. Pavelites J.J., Prahlow J.A. Fatal human monocytic ehrlichiosis: a case study. Forensic Sci. Med. Pathol. 2011, 7:287-293.
155. Pavlidou V., Gerou S., Kahrimanidou M., Papa A. Ticks infesting domestic animals in northern Greece. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 2008, 45:195-198.
156. Perez-Perez L., Portillo A., Allegue F., Zulaica A., Oteo J.A., Caeiro J.L., Fabeiro J.M. Dermacentor-borne Necrosis Erythema and Lymphadenopathy (DEBONEL): A case associated with Rickettsia rioja. Acta Derm. Venereol. 2010, 90:214-215.
157. Platonov A.E., Karan L.S., Kolyasnikova N.M., Makhneva N.A., Toporkova M.G., Maleev V.V., Fish D., Krause P.J. Humans infected with relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia miyamotoi, Russia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2011, 17:1816-1823.
158. Poinsignon A., Cornelie S., Mestres-Simon M., Lanfrancotti A., Rossignol M., Boulanger D., Cisse B., Sokhna C., Arcà B., Simondon F., Remoué F. Novel peptide marker corresponding to salivary protein gSG6 potentially identifies exposure to Anopheles bites. PLoS ONE 2008, 3:e2472.
159. Prates D.B., Santos L.D., Miranda J.C., Souza A.P., Palma M.S., Barral-Netto M., Barral A. Changes in amounts of total salivary gland proteins of Lutzomyia longipallpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) according to age and diet. J. Med. Entomol. 2008, 45:409-413.
160. Psaroulaki A., Germanakis A., Gikas A., Scoulica E., Tselentis Y. Simultaneous detection of Rickettsia mongolotimonae in a patient and in a tick in Greece. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2005, 43:3558-3559.
161. Ramos J.M., Jado I., Padilla S., Masia M., Anda P., Gutierrez F. Human infection with Rickettsia sibirica mongolitimonae, Spain, 2007-2011. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2013, 19:267-269.
162. Randolph S. Predicting the risk of tick-borne diseases. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 2002, 291:6-10.
163. Randolph S.E. To what extent has climate change contributed to the recent epidemiology of tick-borne diseases?. Vet. Parasitol. 2010, 167:92-94.
164. Raoult D., Parola P. Rickettsial Diseases 2007, Informa Healthcare USA, Inc., New York.
165. Raoult D., Jean-Pastor M.J., Xeridat B., Garnier J.M., Weiller P.J., Garcin G., Privat Y., Gallais H., Casanova P. Mediterranean boutonneuse fever. Apropos of 154 recent cases. Ann. Dermatol. Venereol. 1983, 110:909-914.
166. Raoult D., Berbis P., Roux V., Xu W., Maurin M. A new tick-transmitted disease due to Rickettsia slovaca. Lancet 1997, 350:112-113.
167. Raoult D., Lakos A., Fenollar F., Beytout J., Brouqui P., Fournier P.E. Spotless rickettsiosis caused by Rickettsia slovaca and associated with Dermacentor ticks. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2002, 34:1331-1336.
168. Rebaudet S., Parola P. Epidemiology of relapsing fever borreliosis in Europe. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 2006, 48:11-15.
169. Reis C., Cote M., Paul R.E., Bonnet S. Questing ticks in suburban forest are infected by at least six tick-borne pathogens. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011, 11:907-916.
170. Remoue F., Cisse B., Ba F., Sokhna C., Herve J.P., Boulanger D., Simondon F. Evaluation of the antibody response to Anopheles salivary antigens as a potential marker of risk of malaria. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2006, 100:363-370.
171. Rene M., Chene J., Beaufils J.P., Valiente M.C., Bourdoiseau G., Mavingui P., Chabanne L. First evidence and molecular characterization of Babesia vogeli in naturally infected dogs and Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks in southern France. Vet. Parasitol. 2012, 187:399-407.
172. Ribeiro J.M., Makoul G.T., Levine J., Robinson D.R., Spielman A. Antihemostatic, antiinflammatory, and immunosuppressive properties of the saliva of a tick, Ixodes dammini. J. Exp. Med. 1985, 161:332-344.
173. Ribeiro J.M., Mans B.J., Arca B. An insight into the sialome of blood-feeding Nematocera. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2010, 40:767-784.
174. Richter D., Matuschka F.R. "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis," Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and lyme disease spirochetes in questing european vector ticks and in feeding ticks removed from people. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2012, 50:943-947.
175. Rieg S., Schmoldt S., Theilacker C., de With K., Wolfel S., Kern W.V., Dobler G. Tick-borne lymphadenopathy (TIBOLA) acquired in Southwestern Germany. BMC Infect. Dis. 2011, 11:167.
176. Rizzo C., Ronca R., Fiorentino G., Verra F., Mangano V., Poinsignon A., Sirima S.B., Nèbiè I., Lombardo F., Remoué F., Coluzzi M., Petrarca V., Modiano D., Arcà B. Humoral response to the Anopheles gambiae salivary protein gSG6: a serological indicator of exposure to Afrotropical malaria vectors. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e17980.
177. Rizzoli A., Hauffe H., Carpi G., Vourc H.G., Neteler M., Rosa R. Lyme borreliosis in Europe. Eur. Surveill. 2011, 16:27.
178. Rosa R., Pugliese A. Effects of tick population dynamics and host densities on the persistence of tick-borne infections. Math. Biosci. 2007, 208:216-240.
179. Rosa R., Pugliese A., Ghosh M., Perkins S.E., Rizzoli A. Temporal variation of Ixodes ricinus intensity on the rodent host Apodemus flavicollis in relation to local climate and host dynamics. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2007, 7:285-295.
180. Rovery C., Raoult D. Mediterranean spotted fever. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 2008, 22:515-530.
181. Rumer L., Graser E., Hillebrand T., Talaska T., Dautel H., Mediannikov O., Roy-Chowdhury P., Sheshukova O., Donoso Mantke O., Niedrig M. Rickettsia aeschlimannii in Hyalomma marginatum ticks, Germany. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2011, 17:325-326.
182. Ruzek D., Yakimenko V.V., Karan L.S., Tkachev S.E. Omsk haemorrhagic fever. Lancet 2010, 376:2104-2113.
183. Ryffel K., Peter O., Rutti B., Suard A., Dayer E. Scored antibody reactivity determined by immunoblotting shows an association between clinical manifestations and presence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, B., garinii, B. afzelii, and B. valaisiana in humans. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1999, 37:4086-4092.
184. Sanders M.L., Jaworski D.C., Sanchez J.L., DeFraites R.F., Glass G.E., Scott A.L., Raha S., Ritchie B.C., Needham G.R., Schwartz B.S. Antibody to a cDNA-derived calreticulin protein from Amblyomma americanum as a biomarker of tick exposure in humans. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1998, 59:279-285.
185. Sanders M.L., Glass G.E., Nadelman R.B., Wormser G.P., Scott A.L., Raha S., Ritchie B.C., Jaworski D.C., Schwartz B.S. Antibody levels to recombinant tick calreticulin increase in humans after exposure to Ixodes scapularis (Say) and are correlated with tick engorgement indices. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1999, 149:777-784.
186. Schicht S., Junge S., Schnieder T., Strube C. Prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the hard tick Ixodes ricinus in the city of Hanover (Germany). Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011, 11:1595-1597.
187. Schwartz B.S., Ribeiro J.M., Goldstein M.D. Anti-tick antibodies: an epidemiologic tool in Lyme disease research. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1990, 132:58-66.
188. Schwartz B.S., Ford D.P., Childs J.E., Rothman N., Thomas R.J. Anti-tick saliva antibody: a biologic marker of tick exposure that is a risk factor for Lyme disease seropositivity. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1991, 134:86-95.
189. Schwarz A., Maier W.A., Kistemann T., Kampen H. Analysis of the distribution of the tick Ixodes ricinus L. (Acari: Ixodidae) in a nature reserve of western Germany using Geographic Information Systems. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2009, 212:87-96.
190. Schwarz A., Sternberg J.M., Johnston V., Medrano-Mercado N., Anderson J.M., Hume J.C., Valenzuela J.G., Schaub G.A., Billingsley P.F. Antibody responses of domestic animals to salivary antigens of Triatoma infestans as biomarkers for low-level infestation of triatomines. Int. J. Parasitol. 2009, 39:1021-1029.
191. Sekeyova Z., Subramanian G., Mediannikov O., Diaz M.Q., Nyitray A., Blaskovicova H., Raoult D. Evaluation of clinical specimens for Rickettsia, Bartonella, Borrelia, Coxiella, Anaplasma, Franciscella and Diplorickettsia positivity using serological and molecular biology methods. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 2012, 64:82-91.
192. Silaghi C., Hamel D., Thiel C., Pfister K., Pfeffer M. Spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks, Germany. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2011, 17:890-892.
193. Silaghi C., Woll D., Hamel D., Pfister K., Mahling M., Pfeffer M. Babesia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing ticks, ticks parasitizing rodents and the parasitized rodents-analyzing the host-pathogen-vector interface in a metropolitan area. Parasit. Vectors 2012, 5:191.
194. Simon F., Savini H., Parola P. Chikungunya: a paradigm of emergence and globalization of vector-borne diseases. Med. Clin. North Am. 2008, 92:1323-1343.
195. Skuballa J., Petney T., Pfaffle M., Oehme R., Hartelt K., Fingerle V., Kimmig P., Taraschewski H. Occurrence of different Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies including B. afzelii, B. bavariensis, and B. spielmanii in hedgehogs (Erinaceus spp.) in Europe. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2012, 3:8-13.
196. Smith F.D., Ballantyne R., Morgan E.R., Wall R. Estimating Lyme disease risk using pet dogs as sentinels. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2012, 35:163-167.
197. Socolovschi C., Mediannikov O., Raoult D., Parola P. Update on tick-borne bacterial diseases in Europe. Parasite 2009, 16:259-273.
198. Sousa R.D., Franca A., Doria Nobrega S., Belo A., Amaro M., Abreu T., Pocas J., Proenca P., Vaz J., Torgal J., Bacellar F., Ismail N., Walker D.H. Host- and microbe-related risk factors for and pathophysiology of fatal Rickettsia conorii infection in Portuguese patients. J. Infect. Dis. 2008, 198:576-585.
199. Stanek G., Reiter M. The expanding Lyme Borrelia complex-clinical significance of genomic species?. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2011, 17:487-493.
200. Stanek G., Wormser G.P., Gray J., Strle F. Lyme borreliosis. Lancet 2012, 379:461-473.
201. Steen N.A., Barker S.C., Alewood P.F. Proteins in the saliva of the Ixodida (ticks): pharmacological features and biological significance. Toxicon 2006, 47:1-20.
202. Stefanoff P., Rosinska M., Samuels S., White D.J., Morse D.L., Randolph S.E. A national case-control study identifies human socio-economic status and activities as risk factors for tick-borne encephalitis in Poland. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e45511.
203. Stefanoff P., Pfeffer M., Hellenbrand W., Rogalska J., Ruhe F., Makowka A., Michalik J., Wodecka B., Rymaszewska A., Kiewra D., Baumann-Popczyk A., Dobler G. Virus detection in questing ticks is not a sensitive indicator for risk assessment of tick-borne encephalitis in humans. Zoonoses Public Health 2013, 60:215-226.
204. Stoebel K., Schoenberg A., Streich W.J. The seroepidemiology of Lyme borreliosis in zoo animals in Germany. Epidemiol. Infect. 2003, 131:975-983.
205. Szell Z., Sreter-Lancz Z., Marialigeti K., Sreter T. Temporal distribution of Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor reticulatus and Haemaphysalis concinna in Hungary. Vet. Parasitol. 2006, 141:377-379.
206. Torina A., Alongi A., Scimeca S., Vicente J., Caracappa S., de la Fuente J. Prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in ticks in Sicily. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2010, 57:46-48.
207. Torina A., Fernandez de Mera I.G., Alongi A., Mangold A.G., Blanda V., Scarlata F., Di Marco V., de la Fuente J. Rickettsia conorii Indian tick typhus strain and R. slovaca in humans, Sicily. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2012, 18:1008-1010.
208. Trevejo R.T., Reisen W.K., Yoshimura G., Reeves W.C. Detection of chicken antibodies to mosquito salivary gland antigens by enzyme immunoassay. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 2005, 21:39-48.
209. Trotta M., Nicetto M., Fogliazza A., Montarsi F., Caldin M., Furlanello T., Solano-Gallego L. Detection of Leishmania infantum, Babesia canis, and rickettsiae in ticks removed from dogs living in Italy. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2012, 3:294-297.
210. Vancova I., Hajnicka V., Slovak M., Nuttall P.A. Anti-chemokine activities of ixodid ticks depend on tick species, developmental stage, and duration of feeding. Vet. Parasitol. 2010, 167:274-278.
211. Vanwambeke S.O., Sumilo D., Bormane A., Lambin E.F., Randolph S.E. Landscape predictors of tick-borne encephalitis in Latvia: land cover, land use, and land ownership. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2010, 10:497-506.
212. Volf P., Tesarova P., Nohynkova E.N. Salivary proteins and glycoproteins in phlebotomine sandflies of various species, sex and age. Med. Vet. Entomol. 2000, 14:251-256.
213. von Loewenich F.D., Geissdorfer W., Disque C., Matten J., Schett G., Sakka S.G., Bogdan C. Detection of Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis in two patients with severe febrile illnesses: evidence for a European sequence variant. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2010, 48:2630-2635.
214. Vourc'h G., Marmet J., Chassagne M., Bord S., Chapuis J.L. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Siberian chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus) introduced in suburban forests in France. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2007, 7:637-641.
215. Vu Hai V., Almeras L., Audebert S., Pophillat M., Boulanger N., Parola P., Raoult D., Pagès F. Identification of salivary antigenic markers discriminating host exposition between two European ticks: Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Dermacentor reticulatus. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2013, 36:39-53.
216. Vu Hai V., Pagès F., Boulanger N., Audebert S., Parola P., Almeras L. Immunoproteomic identification of antigenic salivary biomarkers detected by Ixodes ricinus-exposed rabbit sera. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2013, in press.
217. Wheeler C.M., Coleman J.L., Benach J.L. Salivary gland antigens of Ixodes dammini are glycoproteins that have interspecies cross-reactivity. J. Parasitol. 1991, 77:965-973.
218. Zimmermann H. Tickborne encephalitis in Switzerland: significant increase in notified cases, 2005. Eur. Surveill. 2005, 10:e051006.
219. Zwolinski J., Chmielewska-Badora J., Cisak E., Buczek A., Dutkiewicz J. Prevalence of antibodies to Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi in forestry workers from the Lublin region. Wiad. Parazytol. 2004, 50:221-227.
220. Zygner W., Gorski P., Wedrychowicz H. New localities of Dermacentor reticulatus tick (vector of Babesia canis canis) in central and eastern Poland. Pol. J. Vet. Sci. 2009, 12:549-555.