Epidemiology of Lyme Borreliosis

Current Problems in Dermatology

Volumn 37, Issue , 2009, Pages 31-50

  Hubálek, Zdenek ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF VERTEBRATE BIOLOGY   (Czech Republic)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGE DISTRIBUTION; ALTITUDE; BACTERIAL TRANSMISSION; CLIMATE CHANGE; DEMOGRAPHY; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HIGH RISK BEHAVIOR; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOBLOTTING; INCIDENCE; INFECTION RISK; IXODES RICINUS; LATITUDE; LYME DISEASE; MORBIDITY; OCCUPATION; POPULATION DISTRIBUTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RURAL AREA; SEASONAL VARIATION; SEX DIFFERENCE; SKIN MANIFESTATION; TICK BITE; TICK BORNE ENCEPHALITIS; TRANSPORT HOST; URBAN AREA; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; HEALTH; SEASON;

DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; LYME DISEASE; SEASONS; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 67649556676     PISSN: 14215721     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1159/000213069     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Jaenson TGT: The epidemiology of Lyme borreliosis. Parasitol Today 1991;7:39-45.
2. Stanek G, Satz N, Strle F, Wilske B: Epidemiology of Lyme borreliosis; in Weber K, Burgdorfer W (eds): Aspects of Lyme Borreliosis. Berlin, Sprin ger, 1993, pp 358-370.
3. O'Connell S, Granström M, Gray JS, Stanek G: Epidemiology of European Lyme borreliosis. Zentralbl Bakteriol 1998;287:229-240.
4. Gern L, Falco RC: Lyme disease. Rev Sci Tech 2000;19:121-135.
5. Dennis DT, Hayes EB: Epidemiology of Lyme disease; in Gray J, Kahl O, Lane RS, Stanek G (eds): Lyme Borreliosis: Biology, Epidemiology and Control. Wallingford, CABI, 2002, pp 251-280.
6. Piesman J, Gern L: Lyme borreliosis in Europe and North America. Parasitology 2004;129(suppl):191-220.
7. Lindgren E, Jaenson TGT: Lyme borreliosis in Europe: influences of climate and climate change, epidemiology and adaptation measures; in Menne B, Ebi KL (eds): Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies for Human Health. Darmstadt, Steinkopff, 2006, pp 157-188.
8. Campbell GL, Fritz CL, Fish D, Nowakowski J, Nadelman RB, Wormser GP: Estimation of the incidence of Lyme disease. Am J Epidemiol 1998;148:1018-1026.
9. Naleway AL, Belongia EA, Kazmierczak JJ, Greenlee RT, Davis JP: Lyme disease incidence in Wisconsin: a comparison of state-reported rates and rates from a population-based cohort. Am J Epidemiol 2002;155:1120-1127.
10. Tibbles CD, Edlow JA: Does this patient have erythema migrans? JAMA 2007;297:2617-2627.
11. Stanek G, O'Connell S, Cimmino M, Aberer E, Kristoferitsch W, Granström M, Guy E, Gray J: European Union Concerted Action on Risk Assessment in Lyme borreliosis: clinical case definitions for Lyme borreliosis. Wien Klin Wochenschr 1996;108:741-747.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance. MMWR Recomm Rep 1997;46:1-55.
13. World Health Organization: Report of WHO workshop on Lyme borreliosis diagnosis and surveillance (who/cds/vph/95141-1). Warsaw, 20-22 June 1995, pp 1-220.
14. Hunfeld KP, Stanek G, Straube E, Hagedorn HJ, Schörner C, Mühlschlegel F, Brade V: Quality of Lyme disease serology. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2002;114:591-600.
15. Orloski KA, Hayes EB, Campbell GL, Dennis DT: Surveillance for Lyme disease - United States, 1992-1998. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ 2000;49:1-11.
16. Robert Koch-Institut: Risikofaktoren für Lyme-Borreliose: Ergebnisse einer Studie in einem Brandenburger Landk reis. Epidemiol Bull 2001;21:14 7-149.
17. Bennet L, Halling A, Berglund J: Increased incidence of Lyme borreliosis in southern Sweden following mild winters and during warm, humid summers. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2006;25:426-432.
18. Junttila J, Peltomaa M, Soini H, Marjamäki M, Viljanen MK: Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodes ricinus ticks in urban recreational areas of Helsinki. J Clin Microbiol 1999;37:1361-1365.
19. Robert Koch-Institut: Zur Lyme-Borreliose im Land Brandenburg. Epidemiol Bull 2005;20:173-178.
20. Strle F: Lyme borreliosis in Slovenia. Zentralbl Bakteriol 1999;289:643-652.
21. Strle F, Videčnik J, Zorman P, Cimperman J, Lotrič-Furlan S, Maraspin V: Clinical and epidemiological findings for patients with erythema migrans - comparison of cohorts from the years 1993 and 2000. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2002;31:493-497.
22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Reports with statistics on Lyme disease cases. Morb Mort Week Rep, continuously up to August 2007.
23. Ciceroni L, Ciarrocchi S: Lyme disease in Italy, 1983-1996. New Microbiol 1998;21:407-418.
24. Letrilliart L, Ragon B, Hanslik T, Flahault A: Lyme disease in France: a primary care-based study. Epidemiol Infect 2005;133:935-942.
25. Estrada-Peña A, Oteo JA, Estrada-Peña R, Gortázar C, Osácar JJ, Moreno JA, Castellá J: Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from two different foci in Spain. Exp Appl Acarol 1995;19:173-180.
26. Angelov L, Aeschlimann A, Korenberg E, Gern L, Shchereva C, Marinova R, Kalinin M: Data on the epidemiology of Lyme disease in Bulgaria (in Russian). Med Parazitol Parazit Bol 1990;4:13-14.
27. Angelov L, Arnaudov D, Rakadjieva T, Lipchev G, Kostova E: Lyme borreliosis in Bulgaria. Report WHO Workshop Lyme Borreliosis Diagn Surveill, Warsaw, 20-22 June 1995, pp 41-52.
28. Berglund J, Eitrem R, Ornstein K, Lindberg A, Ringner A, Elmrud H, Carlsson M, Runehagen A, Svanborg C, Norrby R: An epidemiological study of Lyme disease in southern Sweden. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1319-1324.
29. Korenberg EI: Ixodid tick-borne borrelioses (ITBBs), infections of the Lyme borreliosis group, in Russia. Report WHO Workshop Lyme Borreliosis Diagn Surveill, Warsaw, 20-22 June 1995, pp 128-136.
30. Korenberg EI: Infections of the Lyme borreliosis group - ixodid tick-borne borrelioses in Russia (in Russian). Med Parazitol Parazit Bolez 1996;3:14-18.
31. Nicholson MC, Mather TN: Methods for evaluating Lyme disease risk using geographic information systems and geospatial analysis. J Med Entomol 1996;33:711-720.
32. Stanek G, Flamm H, Groh V, Hirschl A, Kristoferitsch W, Neumann R, Schmutzhard E, Wewalka G: Epidemiology of Borrelia infections in Austria. Zentralbl Ba kteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1986;263:442-449.
33. Stünzner D, Hubálek Z, Halouzka J, Wendelin I, Sixl W, Marth E: Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the tick Ixodes ricinus in the Styrian mountains of Austria. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2006;118:682-685.
34. Daniel M, Danielová V, Kříž B, Jirsa A, Nožička J: Shift of the tick Ixodes ricinus and tick-borne encephalitis to higher altitudes in Central Europe. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003;22:327-328.
35. Zeman P, Beneš Č: A tick-borne encephalitis ceiling in Central Europe has moved upwards during the last 30 years: possible impact of global warming? Int J Med Microbiol 2004;293(suppl 37):48-54.
36. Burri C, Cadenas FM, Douet V, Moret J, Gern L: Ixodes ricinus density and infection prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato along a north-facing altitudinal gradient in the Rhône Valley (Switzerland). Vector Borne Zoon Dis 2007;7:50-58.
37. Aeschlimann A, Chamot E, Gigon F, Jeanneret JP, Kesseler D, Walther C: Borrelia burgdorferi in Switzerland. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1986;263:450-458.
38. Wilske B, Steinhuber R, Bergmeister H, Fingerle V, Schierz G, Preac-Mursic V, Vanek E, Lorbeer B: Lyme borreliosis in South Germany. Epidemiologic data on the incidence of cases and on the epidemiology of ticks (Ixodes ricinus) carrying Borrelia burgdorferi (in German). Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1987;112:1730-1736.
39. Korenberg EI, Kuznetsova RI, Kovalevskij JV, Vasilenko ZE, Mebel BD: Basic epidemiological patterns of Lyme borreliosis in the north-west of the USSR (in Russian). Med Parazitol Parazit Bolez 1991;3:14-17.
40. Borčić B, Kaić B, Kralj V: Some epidemiological data on TBE and Lyme borreliosis in Croatia. Zentralbl Bakteriol 1999;289:540-547.
41. Janovská D, Hálková B, Ranná M: Surveillance of Lyme borreliosis in the Czech Republic. Abstracts 3rd Czech Days on Lyme Borreliosis, Prague, 27-29 Aug 1997.
42. Kříž B, Beneš Č: Lyme Borreliosis (in Czech). Prague, National Institute of Public Health, 2007. http://www.szu.cz/ cem.
43. Dournon E, Villeminot S, Hubert B: Le maladie de Lyme en France: enquête réalisée auprès d'un réseau sentinelle de médecins généralistes. Bull Épidém Hebd 1989;45:185-186.
44. Degeilh B, Pichot J, Gilot B, Allen S, Doche B, Guiguen C: Dynamique annuelle des cas de primoinfestation humaine de borreliose de Lyme (erythème chronique migrant) en France et phenologie des populations de tiques vectrices ( Ixodes ricinus Linné, 1758): essai de correlation. Acarologia 1996;37:7-17.
45. Huppertz HI, Böhme M, Standaert SM, Karch H, Plotkin SA: Incidence of Lyme borreliosis in the Würzburg region of Germany. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1999;18:697-703.
46. Robert Koch-Institut: Zur Lyme-Borreliose in ausgewählten Bundesländern. Epidemiol Bull 2000;50:395-398.
47. Robert Koch-Institut: Erkrankungen an Lyme-Borreliose in den sechs östlichen Bundesländern in den Jahren 2002 und 2003. Epidemiol Bull 2004;28:219-222.
48. Robert Koch-Institut: Neuerkrankungen an Lyme-Borreliose im Jahr 2004. Epidemiol Bull 2005;32:285-288.
49. Mehnert WH, Krause G: Surveillance of Lyme borreliosis in Germany, 2002 and 2003. Euro Surveill 2005;10:83-85. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=531.
50. Dmitrovic R: Lyme borreliosis in Yugoslavia 1987-1994. Report WHO Workshop Lyme Borreliosis Diagn Surveill, Warsaw, 20-22 June 1995, pp 182-191.
51. Bazovska S, Machacova E, Spalekova M, Kontrosova S: Reported incidence of Lyme disease in Slovakia and antibodies to B. burgdorferi antigens detected in healthy population. Bratisl Lek Listy 2005;106:270-273.
52. Schmitt M, Encrenaz N, Chubilleau C, Verrier A: Données épidémiologiques sur la maladie de Lyme en Alsace, Limousin et Rhône-Alpes. Bull Épidém Hebd 2006;27-28:202-203.
53. Stanek G, Kristoferitsch W, Hirschl A, Wewalka G: Borrelia -Infektionen in Österreich 1984. Mitt Österr Ges Tropenmed Parasitol 1985;7:55-62.
54. Christova I, Komitova R: Clinical and epidemiological features of Lyme borreliosis in Bulgaria. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2004;116:42-46.
55. Hulínská D, Janovská D, Bašta J: Lyme borrelio sis - epidemiological survey in the Czech Republic in 1994. Report WHO Workshop Lyme Borreliosis Diagn Surveill, Warsaw, 20-22 June 1995, pp 53-75.
56. Smith R, O'Connell S, Palmer S: Lyme disease surveillance in England and Wales, 1986-1998. Emerg Infect Dis 2000;6:404-407.
57. Lakos A: Lyme borreliosis in Hungary. Report WHO Workshop Lyme Borreliosis Diagn Surveill. Warsaw, 20-22 June 1995, pp 84-102.
58. Epinfo (Epidemiológiai Informácios Hetilap): Magyarország 2005. Évi Járványügyi Helyzete 2007;14:46.
59. Bennet L, Sternberg L, Berglund J: Effect of gender on clinical and epidemiologic features of Lyme borreliosis. Vector Borne Zoon Dis 2007;7:34-41.
60. Gustafson R, Svennungson B, Gardulf A, Stiernstedt G, Forsgren M: Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme borreliosis in a defined Swedish population. Scand J Infect Dis 1990;22:297-306.
61. Pazdiora P, Benešová J, Böhm K, Brejcha O, Kubátová A, Machovská E, Mareš J, Morávková I, Spáčilová M, Turková D, Vodrážková Z: Incidence of Lyme borreliosis in the West Bohemian Region, 1988-1992 (in Czech). Epidemiol Mikrobiol Immunol 1994;43:71-74 .
62. Doby JM, Couatarmanac'h A, Fages J, Chevrier S: Les spirochétoses à tiques chez les professionnels de la forêt. Arch Mal Profess 1989;50:751-757.
63. Gray J: Risk assessment in Lyme borreliosis. Wien Klin Wochenschr 1999;111:990-993.
64. Fahrer H, van der Linden SM, Sauvain MJ, Gern L, Zhioua E, Aeschlimann A: The prevalence and incidence of clinical and asymptomatic Lyme borreliosis in a population at risk. J Infect Dis 1991;163:305-310.
65. Korenberg EI: Comparative ecology and epidemiology of Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis in the former Soviet Union. Parasitol Today 1994;10:157-160.
66. Hubálek Z, Halouzka J, Juřicová Z: Prevalence of borreliae in Ixodes ricinus ticks from urban parks. Folia Parasitol 1993;40:236.
67. Joss AWL, Mavin S, Ho-Yen DO: Increased incidence of Lyme borreliosis following mild winters and during warm, humid summers. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007;26:79.
68. Subak S: Effects of climate on variability in Lyme disease incidence in the northeastern United States. Am J Epidemiol 2003;157:531-538.
69. McCabe GJ, Bunnell JE: Precipitation and the occurrence of Lyme disease in the northeastern United States. Vector Borne Zoon Dis 2004;4:143-148.
70. Ashley ST, Meentemeyer V: Climatic analysis of Lyme disease in the United States. Clim Res 2004;27:177-187.
71. Estrada-Peña A, Venzal JM: Changes in habitat suitability for the tick Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Europe (1900-1999). Ecohealth 2006;3:154-162.
72. Piesman J, Mather TN, Dammin GJ, Telford SR, Lastavica CC, Spielman A: Seasonal variation of transmission risk of Lyme disease and human babesiosis. Am J Epidemiol 1987;126:1187-1189.
73. Hubálek Z, Halouzka J, Juřicová Z: A comparison of the occurrence of borreliae in nymphal and adult Ixodes ricinus ticks. Zentralbl Bakteriol 1991;276:133-137.
74. Hubálek Z, Halouzka J Juřicová Z: Longitudinal surveillance of the tick Ixodes ricinus for borreliae. Med Vet Entomol 2003;17:46-51.
75. Hubálek Z, Halouzka J, Juřicová Z: Borreliae in Ixodes ricinus ticks feeding on humans. Med Vet Entomol 2004;18:228-231.
76. Falco RC, McKenna DF, Daniels TJ, Nadelman RB, Nowakowski J, Fish D, Wormser GP: Temporal relation between Ixodes scapularis abundance and risk for Lyme disease associated with erythema migrans. Am J Epidemiol 1999;149:771-776.
77. Dorn W, Flügel C, Grübner I: Data on human-biting Ixodes ricinus ticks in a region of Thuringia (Germany). Int J Med Microbiol 2002;291(suppl 33):219.
78. Nahimana I, Gern L, Blanc DS, Praz G, Francioli P, Péter O: Risk of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in western Switzerland following a tick bite. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004;23:603-608.
79. Stafford KC, Cartter ML, Magnarelli LA, Ertel SH, Mshar PA: Temporal correlations between tick abundance and prevalence of ticks infected with Borrelia burgdorferi and increasing incidence of Lyme disease. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:1240-1244.
80. Bialowas K, Jablonowski Z: Frequency of contact with ticks and pathogenic effects of such contacts in forestry workers of north-eastern Poland. Int J Med Microbiol 2002;291(suppl 33):214.
81. Maiwald M, Oehme R, March O, Petney TN, Kimmig P, Naser K, Zappe HA, Hassler D, von Knebel Doeberitz M: Transmission risk of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from Ixodes ricinus ticks to humans in southwest Germany. Epidemiol Infect 1998;121:103-108.
82. Gustafson R, Svennungson B, Forsgren M, Gardulf A, Granstrom M: Two-year survey of the incidence of Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis in a high-risk population in Sweden. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1992;11:894-900.
83. Shapiro ED, Gerber MA, Holabird NB, Berg AT, Feder HM, Bell GL, Rys PN, Persing DH: A controlled trial of antimicrobial prophylaxis for Lyme disease after deer-tick bites. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1769-1773.
84. Sood SK, Salzman MB, Johnson BJB, Happ CM, Feig K, Carmody L, Rubin LG, Hilton E, Piesman J: Duration of tick attachment as a predictor of the risk of Lyme disease in an area in which Lyme disease is endemic. J Infect Dis 1997;175:996-999.
85. Nadelman RB, Nowakowski J, Fish D, Falco RC, Freeman K, McKenna D, Welch P, Marcus R, Agüe-ro-Rosenfeld ME, Dennis DT, Wormser GP: Prophylaxis with single-dose doxycycline for the prevention of Lyme disease after an Ixodes scapularis tick bite. N Eng J Med 2001;345:79-84.
86. Piesman J, Mather TN, Sinsky RJ, Spielman A: Duration of tick attachment and Borrelia burgdorferi transmission. J Clin Microbiol 1987;25:557-558.
87. Lebet N, Gern L: Histological examination of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in unfed Ixodes ricinus nymphs. Exp Appl Acarol 1994;18:177-183.
88. Leuba-Garcia S, Kramer MD, Wallich R, Gern L: Characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi isolated from different organs of Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in nature. Zentralbl Bakteriol 1994;280:468-475.
89. Zhu Z: Histological observations on Borrelia burgdorferi growth in naturally infected female Ixodes ricinus . Acarologia 1998;39:11-22.
90. Hubálek Z, Halouzka J, Juřicová Z: Investigation of haematophagous arthropods for borreliae - summarized data, 1988-1996. Folia Parasitol 1998;45:67-72.
91. Korenberg EI, Gorban LY, Kovalevskii YV, Frizen VI, Karavanov AS: Risk for human tick-borne encephalitis, borrelioses, and double infection in the pre-Ural region of Russia. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7:459-462.
92. Crippa M, Reis O, Gern L: Investigations on the mode and dynamics of transmission and infectivity of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and B. afzelii in Ixodes ricinus ticks. Vector Borne Zoon Dis 2002;2:3-9.
93. Kahl O, Janetzki-Mittmann C, Gray JS, Jonas R, Stein J, de Boer R: Risk of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato for a host in relation to the duration of nymphal Ixodes ricinus feeding and the method of tick removal. Zentralbl Bakteriol 1998;287:41-52.
94. Ginsberg HS: Transmission risk of Lyme disease and implications for tick management. Am J Epidemiol 1993;138:65-73.
95. Hubálek Z, Halouzka J, Juřicová Z: A simple method of transmission risk assessment in enzootic foci of Lyme borreliosis. Eur J Epidemiol 1996;12:331-333.
96. Schulze TL, Taylor RC, Taylor GC, Bosler EM: Lyme disease: a proposed ecological index to assess areas of risk in the northeastern United States. Am J Publ Health 1991;81:714-718.
97. Connally NP, Ginsbergh HS, Mather TN: Assessing peridomestic entomological factors as predictors for Lyme disease. J Vector Ecol 2006;31:364-370.
98. Fitzner J, Ammon A, Baumann I, Talaska T, Schönberg A, Stöbel K, Fingerle V, Wilske B, Petersen L: Risk factors in Lyme borreliosis: a German casecontrol study. Int J Med Microbiol 2002;291(suppl 33):220.
99. Horobik V, Keesing F, Ostfeld RS: Abundance and Borrelia burgdorferi -infection prevalence of nymphal Ixodes scapularis ticks along forest-field edges. Ecohealt h 2007;3:262-268.
100. Stafford KC, Magnarelli LA: Spatial and temporal patterns of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in southeastern Connecticut. J Med Entomol 1993;30:762-771.
101. Fish D: Environmental risk and prevention of Lyme disease. Am J Med 1995;98(suppl 4A):2-9.
102. Brownstein JS, Skelly DK, Holford TR, Fish D: Forest fragmentation predicts local scale heterogeneity of Lyme disease risk. Oecologia 2005;146:469-475.
103. Prusinski MA, Chen H, Drobnack JM, Kogut SJ, Means RG, Howard JJ, Oliver J, Lukacik G, Backenson PB, White DJ: Habitat structure associated with Borrelia burgdorferi prevalence in small mammals in New York State. Environ Entomol 2006;35:308-319.
104. Steere AC: Lyme disease. N Eng J Med 1989;321:586-596.
105. Zeman P, Januška J: Epizootiologic background of dissimilar distribution of human cases of Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis in a join endemic area. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1999;22:247-260.
106. Ostfeld RS: The ecology of Lyme disease risk. Am Sci 1997;85:338-346.
107. Lane RS, Steinlein DB, Mun J: Human behaviors elevating exposure to Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs and their associated bacterial zoonotic agents in a hardwood forest. J Med Entomol 2004;41:239-248.
108. Epidat: Notification of Infectious Diseases in the Czech Republic National Public Health Institute. Prague, Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 2007. http://www.szu.cz/cema/hpcema.htm.
109. EpiNorth: Data on Lyme borreliosis. 2007. http://www.epinorth.org.
110. Health Protection Agency: UK Data on Lyme borreliosis. 2007. http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections.
111. Smith R, Takkinen J: Lyme borreliosis: Europe-wide coordinated surveillance and action needed? Euro Surveill 2006;11:E0606221.1. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx? ArticleId=2977.
112. Stamouli M, Totos G, Braun HB, Michel G, Gizaris V: Very low seroprevalence of Lyme borreliosis in young Greek males. Eur J Epidemiol 2000;16:495-496.
113. Hofhuis A, van der Giessen JWB, Borgsteede FHM, Wielinga PR, Notermans DW, van Pelt W: Lyme borreliosis in the Netherlands: strong increase in GP consultations and hospital admissions in past 10 years. Euro Surveill 2006;11:E060622.2. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId= 2978.
114. Hasseltvedt V: Cases of Lyme borreliosis notified in Norway, 2000. Euro Surveill 2001;5:010809.2. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle. aspx?ArticleId=1706.
115. Epimeld: Infectious Diseases and Poisonings in Poland. Warsaw, National Research Centre of Public Health, 2007. http://www.pzh.gov.pl.
116. Lopes de Carvalho I, Nuncio MS: Laboratory diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis at the Portuguese National Institute of Health (1990-2004). Euro Surveill 2006;11:257-260.
117. Gern L: Lyme borreliosis in Switzerland. Report WHO Workshop Lyme Borreliosis Diagn Surveill. Warsaw, 20-22 June 1995, pp 152-156.
118. Güner ES, Hashimoto N, Takada N, Kaneda K, Imai Y, Masuzawa T: First isolation and characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato strains from Ixodes ricinus ticks in Turkey. J Med Microbiol 2003;52:807-813
119. Romanova EV, Buchinskaya EA: Peculiarities of clinical manifestations of tick-borne borrelioses based on the data from 1st Novosibirsk City Infectious Diseases Hospital (in Russian); in Matushenko AA (ed): Current Aspects of Diseases with Natural Focality. Omsk, 2001, pp 123-124.
120. Miyamoto K, Masuzawa T: Ecology of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Japan and East Asia; in Gray J, Kahl O, Lane RS, Stanek G: Lyme Borreliosis - Biology, Epidemiology and Control. Wallingford, CABI, 2002, pp 201-222.
121. Masuzawa T: Terrestrial distribution of the Lyme borreliosis agent Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in East Asia. Jap J Infect Dis 2004;57:229-235.
122. Shih CM, Wang JC, Chao LL, Wu TN: Lyme disease in Taiwan: first human patient with characteristic erythema chronicum migrans skin lesion. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:807-808.
123. Matuschka FR, Eiffert H, Ohlenbusch A, Richter D, Schein E, Spielman A: Transmission of the agent of Lyme disease on a subtropical island. Trop Med Parasitol 1994;45:39-44.
124. Ouhabi H, Slassi I, El Aloui-Frais M: Paralysie faciale et maladie de Lyme. Arch Inst Pasteur Maroc 1994;9:51-55.
125. Rousselle C, Floret D, Cochat P, Reignier F, Wright C: Encéphalite aige à Borrelia burgdorferi (maladie de Lyme) chez un enfant algérien. Pédiatrie 1989;44:265-269.
126. Aoun K, Kechrid A, Lagha N, Zarrouk A, Bouzouaia N: La maladie de Lyme en Tunisie, résultats d'une étude clinico-sérologique (1992-1996). Cah Santé1998;8:98-100.
127. Younsi H, Postic D, Baranton G, Bouattour A: High prevalence of Borrelia lusitaniae in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Tunisia. Eur J Epidem 2001;17:53-56.