Lifestyle intervention for improving school achievement in overweight or obese children and adolescents

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2014, Issue 3, 2014, Pages

  Martin, Anne ^a   Saunders, David H ^a   Shenkin, Susan D ^b   Sproule, John ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT; ADOLESCENT; ATTENTION; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; BODY WEIGHT MANAGEMENT; BRAIN FUNCTION; CHILD; CHILDHOOD OBESITY; COGNITION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DIET THERAPY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; HUMAN; INHIBITORY CONTROL; LANGUAGE; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MATHEMATICS; META ANALYSIS; NUTRITION; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RATING SCALE; READING; REVIEW; SCHOOL; SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SIMULTANEOUS PROCESSING; STATISTICAL BIAS; STUDY DESIGN; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; VOCABULARY; WORKING MEMORY; ACHIEVEMENT; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; EXERCISE; LIFESTYLE; OBESITY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

ACHIEVEMENT; ADOLESCENT; CHILD; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; EXERCISE; HUMANS; LIFE STYLE; MATHEMATICS; OVERWEIGHT; PEDIATRIC OBESITY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

EID: 84907424150     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009728.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Ahamed Y, Macdonald H, Reed K, Naylor PJ, Liu-Ambrose T, McKay H. School-based physical activity does not compromise children's academic performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2007;39(2):371-6.
2. Naylor PJ, Macdonald HM, Zebedee JA, Reed KE, McKay HA. Lessons learned from Action Schools! BC - An 'active school' model to promote physical activity in elementary schools. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2006;9(5):413-23.
3. Naylor PJ, Scott J, Drummond J, Bridgewater L, McKay HA, Panagiotopoulos C. Implementing a whole school physical activity and healthy eating model in rural and remote first nations schools: a process evaluation of action schools! BC. Rural and Remote Health 2010;10(2):1296.
4. Reed KE, Warburton DER, Macdonald HM, Naylor PJ, McKay HA. Action Schools! BC: a school-based physical activity intervention designed to decrease cardiovascular disease risk factors in children. Preventive Medicine 2008;46(6):525-31.
5. Davis CL, Pollock NK, Waller JL, Allison JD, Dennis BA, Bassali R, et al.Exercise dose and diabetes risk in overweight and obese children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2012;308(11):1103-12.
6. Davis CL, Tomporowski PD, Boyle CA, Waller JL, Miller PH, Naglieri JA, et al.Effects of aerobic exercise on overweight children's cognitive functioning: a randomized controlled trial. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 2007;78(5):510-9.
7. Davis CL, Tomporowski PD, McDowell JE, Austin BP, Miller PH, Yanasak NE, et al.Exercise improves executive function and achievement and alters brain activation in overweight children: a randomized, controlled trial. Health Psychology 2011;30(1):91-8.
8. Tkacz J, Young-Hyman D, Boyle CA, Davis CL. Aerobic exercise program reduces anger expression among overweight children. Pediatric Exercise Science 2008;20(4):390-401.
9. Johnston CA, Moreno JP, El-Mubasher A, Gallagher M, Tyler C, Woehler D. Impact of a school-based pediatric obesity prevention program facilitated by health professionals. Journal of School Health 2013;83(3):171-81.
10. Exner AL. Impact of cooperative versus competitive exergame play on overweight and obese adolescents' physical, socio-emotional, and cognitive health. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2011;72(2-B):1193.
11. Staiano AE, Abraham AA, Calvert SL. Competitive versus cooperative exergame play for African American adolescents' executive function skills: short-term effects in a long-term training intervention. Developmental Psychology 2012;48(2):337-42.
12. Winter SM, Sass DA. Healthy & ready to learn: examining the efficacy of an early approach to obesity prevention and school readiness. Journal of Research in Childhood Education 2011;25(3):304-25.
13. Dreyhaupt J, Koch B, Wirt T, Schreiber A, Brandstetter S, Kesztyus D, et al.Study protocol: evaluation of a health promotion program in children: study protocol and design of the cluster-randomized Baden-Wurttemberg primary school study [DRKS-ID: DRKS00000494]. BMC Public Health 2012;12:157.
14. Wirt T, Schreiber A, Dreyhaupt J, Kesztyues D, Hundsdoerfer V, Steinacker JM. Health promotion in primary schools and cognitive performance - evaluation of transfer effects of a school based programme [personal communication]. Email to: Anne Martin 28 February 2013.
15. Bartholomew JB, Jowers EM. Physically active academic lessons in elementary children. Preventive Medicine 2011;52 Suppl:S51-4.
16. Chaya MS, Nagendra H, Selvam S, Kurpad A, Srinivasan K. Effect of yoga on cognitive abilities in schoolchildren from a socioeconomically disadvantaged background: a randomized controlled study. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2012;18(12):1161-7.
17. Delgado-Rico E, Rio-Valle JS, Albein-Urios N, Caracuel A, González-Jiménez E, Piqueras MJ, et al.Effects of a multicomponent behavioral intervention on impulsivity and cognitive deficits in adolescents with excess weight. Behavioural Pharmacology 2012;23(5-6):609-15.
18. Epstein LH, Paluch RA, Gordy CC, Saelens BE, Ernst MM. Problem solving in the treatment of childhood obesity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2000;68(4):717-21.
19. Grieco LA, Jowers EM, Bartholomew JB. Physically active academic lessons and time on task: the moderating effect of body mass index. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2009;41(10):1921-6.
20. Gunnarsdottir T, Njardvik U, Olafsdottir AS, Craighead L, Bjarnason R. Childhood obesity and co-morbid problems: effects of Epstein's family-based behavioural treatment in an Icelandic sample. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2012;18(2):465-72.
21. Hill LJ, Williams JH, Aucott L, Thomson J, Mon-Williams M. How does exercise benefit performance on cognitive tests in primary-school pupils?. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 2011;53(7):630-5.
22. Hollar D, Messiah SE, Lopez-Mitnik G, Hollar T, Almon M, Agatston AS. Effect of a two-year obesity prevention intervention on percentile changes in body mass index and academic performance in low-income elementary school children. American Journal of Public Health 2010;100(4):646-53.
23. Hutson JB. The Relationship between Adolescent Obesity Treatment and Academic Performance [Thesis]. ProQuest, 2008.
24. Leidy H. The beneficial effects of a protein-rich breakfast on appetite control & cognition in overweight and obese adolescents. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01192100 (accessed 21 October 2013).
25. Milosis D, Papaioannou AG. Interdisciplinary teaching, multiple goals and self-concept. In: Liokkonen J, Vanden Auweele Y, Vereijken B, Theodorakis Y editor(s). Psychology for Physical Educators: Student in Focus. 2nd Edition. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2007:175-98.
26. Reed JA, Maslow AL, Long S, Hughey M. Examining the impact of 45 minutes of daily physical education on cognitive ability, fitness performance, and body composition of African American youth. Journal of Physical Activity & Health 2013; Vol. 10, issue 2:185-97.
27. Robinson TN, Matheson DM, Kraemer HC, Wilson DM, Obarzanek E, Thompson NS, et al.A randomized controlled trial of culturally tailored dance and reducing screen time to prevent weight gain in low-Income African American Girls: Stanford GEMS. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2010;164(11):995-1004.
28. Tomporowski PD, Davis CL, Lambourne K, Gregoski M, Tkacz J. Task switching in overweight children: effects of acute exercise and age. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 2008;30(5):497-511.
29. Vanhelst J, Beghin L, Fardy PS, Bui-Xuan G, Mikulovic J. A conative educational model for an intervention program in obese youth. BMC Public Health 2012;12:416.
30. Vanhelst J, Marchand F, Fardy P, Zunquin G, Loeuille GA, Renaut H, et al.The CEMHaVi program: control, evaluation, and modification of lifestyles in obese youth. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention 2010;30(3):181-5.
31. Verbeken S, Braet C, Goossens L, Van der Oord S. Executive function training with game elements for obese children: a novel treatment to enhance self-regulatory abilities for weight-control. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2013;51(6):290-9.
32. Vos RC, Wit JM, Pijl H, Kruyff CC, Houdijk ECAM. The effect of family-based multidisciplinary cognitive behavioral treatment in children with obesity: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2011;12:110.
33. Coe DP, Pivarnik JM, Womack CJ, Reeves MJ, Malina RM. Effect of physical education and activity levels on academic achievement in children. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2006;38(8):1515-9.
34. Donnelly JE, Greene JL, Gibson CA, Smith BK, Washburn RA, Sullivan DK, et al.Physical Activity Across the Curriculum (PAAC): a randomized controlled trial to promote physical activity and diminish overweight and obesity in elementary school children. Preventive Medicine 2009; Vol. 49, issue 4:336-41.
35. Donnelly JE, Lambourne K. Classroom-based physical activity, cognition, and academic achievement. Preventive Medicine 2011;52(42):S36-42.
36. Murray NG, Garza JC, Diamond PM, Stigler MH, Hoelscher D, Kelder S, et al.PASS & CATCH improves academic achievement. www.nemours.org/content/dam/nemours/wwwv2/filebox/service/healthy-living/growuphealthy/makeschoolmove/educators/take10/passcatch.pdf (accessed 21 October 2013).
37. Niederer I, Bürgi F, Ebenegger V, Marques-Vidal, Schindler C, Nydegger A, et al.Effects of a lifestyle intervention on adiposity and fitness in overweight or low fit preschoolers (Ballabeina). Obesity 2013;21(3):E287-93.
38. Niederer I, Kriemler S, Zahner L, Burgi F, Ebenegger V, Hartmann T, et al.Influence of a lifestyle intervention in preschool children on physiological and psychological parameters (Ballabeina): study design of a cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2009;9:94.
39. Puder JJ, Marques-Vidal P, Schindler C, Zahner L, Niederer I, Ebenegger V, et al.Effect of multidimensional lifestyle intervention on fitness and adiposity in predominantly migrant preschool children (Ballabeina): cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2011;343(7830):945.
40. Reed JA, Einstein G, Hahn E, Hooker SP, Gross VP, Kravitz J. Examining the impact of integrating physical activity on fluid intelligence and academic performance in an elementary school setting: a preliminary investigation. Journal of Physical Activity & Health 2010;7(3):343-51.
41. Telford RD, Cunningham RB, Fitzgerald R, Olive LS, Prosser L, Jiang X, et al.Physical education, obesity, and academic achievement: a 2-year longitudinal investigation of Australian elementary school children. American Journal of Public Health 2012;102(2):368-74.
42. Accacha S, Corletto J, Fiore E. Insulin resistance and cognitive dysfunction on obese adolescents: pilot study. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01737658 (accessed 21 October 2013).
43. Andersen LB. The Odense Overweight Intervention Study (OOIS). http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01574352 (accessed 21 October 2013).
44. Damsgaard CT, Dalskov SM, Petersen RA, Sørensen LB, Mølgaard C, Biltoft-Jensen A, et al.Design of the OPUS School Meal Study: a randomised controlled trial assessing the impact of serving school meals based on the New Nordic Diet. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 2012;40(8):693-703.
45. Donnelly J. Physical Activity and Academic Achievement Across the Curriculum (A+PAAC). http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01699295 (accessed 21 October 2013).
46. Martinez-Vizcaino V, Sanchez-Lopez M, Salcedo-Aguilar F, Notario-Pacheco B, Solera- Martínez M, Moya-Martínez M, et al.Protocol of a randomized cluster trial to assess the effectiveness of the MOVI-2 program on overweight prevention in schoolchildren [Protocolo de un ensayo aleatorizado de clusters para evaluar la efectividad del programa MOVI-2 en la prevencion del sobrepeso en escolares]. Revista Española de Cardiología 2012;65(5):427-33.
47. Pentz MA, Huh J, Riggs NR, Spruijt-Metz D, Chou CP. Effects of a childhood obesity prevention program aimed at executive cognitive function: the pathways trial. Obesity. Proceedings of the 29th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Obesity Society; 2011 October 1-5; Orlando (FL). 2011:S121.
48. Robinson TN, Matheson D. Clinic, family and community collaboration to treat overweight and obese children (Stanford GOALS). http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01642836 (accessed 21 October 2013).
49. Tompkins CL, Hopkins J, Goddard L, Brock DW. The effect of an unstructured, moderate to vigorous, before-school physical activity program in elementary school children on academics, behavior, and health. BMC Public Health 2012;12:300.
50. Beebe DW, Ris MD, Kramer ME, Long E, Amin R, Beebe DW, et al.The association between sleep disordered breathing, academic grades, and cognitive and behavioral functioning among overweight subjects during middle to late childhood. Sleep 2010;33(11):1447-56.
51. Belot M, James J. Healthy school meals and educational outcomes. Journal of Health Economics 2011;30(3):489-504.
52. Brixval CS, Rayce SL, Rasmussen M, Holstein BE, Due P. Overweight, body image and bullying - an epidemiological study of 11- to 15-years olds. European Journal of Public Health 2012;22(1):126-30.
53. Bruce AS, Martin LE, Savage CR. Neural correlates of pediatric obesity. Preventive Medicine 2011;52 Suppl:S29-35.
54. Caird J, Kavanagh J, Oliver K, Oliver S, ÖMara A, Stansfield C, et al.Childhood obesity and educational attainment: a systematic review. Report for the EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London. London, UK: University of London, 2011.
55. Calcaterra V, Klersy C, Muratori T, Telli S, Caramagna C, Scaglia F, et al.Prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in children and adolescents with varying degrees of obesity. Clinical Endocrinology 2008;68(6):868-72.
56. Carroll JB. Human Cognitive Abilities: A Survey of Factor-Analytic Studies. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
57. Carter MA, Dubois L, Ramsay T. Examining the relationship between obesity and math performance among Canadian school children: a prospective analysis. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity 2010;5(5):412-9.
58. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The association between school based physical activity, including physical education, and academic performance. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2010.
59. Chen X, Beydoun MA, Wang Y. Is sleep duration associated with childhood obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity 2008;16(2):265-74.
60. Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ 2000;320(7244):1240-3.
61. Cole TJ, Lobstein T. Extended international (IOTF) body mass index cut-offs for thinness, overweight and obesity. Pediatric Obesity 2012;7(4):284-94.
62. Daniels SR. Complications of obesity in children and adolescents. International Journal of Obesity 2009;33 Suppl 1s:S60-5.
63. Danielsen YS, Stormark KM, Nordhus IH, Maehle M, Sand L, Ekornas B, et al.Factors associated with low self-esteem in children with overweight. Obesity Facts 2012;5(5):722-33.
64. Davis CL, Pollock NK, Waller JL, Allison JD, Dennis BA, Bassali R, et al.Exercise dose and diabetes risk in overweight and obese children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2012;308(11):1103-12.
65. Delgado-Rico E, Rio-Valle JS, Gonzalez-Jimenez E, Campoy C, Verdejo-Garcia A. BMI predicts emotion-driven impulsivity and cognitive inflexibility in adolescents with excess weight. Obesity 2012;20(8):1604-10.
66. Demack S, Drew D, Grimsley M. Minding the gap: ethnic, gender and social class differences in attainment at 16, 1988-95. Race Ethnicity and Education 2000;3(2):117-43.
67. Dishman RK, Berthoud HR, Booth FW, Cotman CW, Edgerton VR, Fleshner MR, et al.Neurobiology of exercise. Obesity 2006;14(3):345-56.
68. Department for Education. Pupil reports. www.education.gov.uk/schools/teachingandlearning/assessmentandachievement/pupilreports/a0014583/pupil-reports (accessed 16 March 2011).
69. Ells LJ, Hillier FC, Shucksmith J, Crawley H, Harbige L, Shield J, et al.A systematic review of the effect of dietary exposure that could be achieved through normal dietary intake on learning and performance of school-aged children of relevance to UK schools. British Journal of Nutrition 2008;100(5):927-36.
70. Ennemoser M, Schneider W. Relations of television viewing and reading: findings from a 4-year longitudinal study. Journal of Educational Psychology 2007;99(2):349-68.
71. Fedewa AL, Ahn S. The effects of physical activity and physical fitness on children's achievement and cognitive outcomes: a meta-analysis. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 2011;82(3):521-35.
72. Feinstein L, Sabates R, Sorhaindo A, Rogers I, Herrick D, Northstone K, et al.Dietary patterns related to attainment in school: the importance of early eating patterns. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2008;62(8):734-9.
73. Fewtrell MS, Kennedy K, Singhal A, Martin RM, Ness A, Hadders-Algra M, et al.How much loss to follow-up is acceptable in long-term randomised trials and prospective studies?. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2008;93(6):458-61.
74. Fields SA, Sabet M, Reynolds B. Dimensions of impulsive behavior in obese, overweight, and healthy-weight adolescents. Appetite 2013;70:60-6.
75. Fowler-Brown AG, Ngo LH, Phillips RS, Wee CC. Adolescent obesity and future college degree attainment. Obesity 2010;18(6):1235-41.
76. Francis LA, Susman EJ. Self-regulation and rapid weight gain in children from age 3 to 12 years. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2009;163(4):297-302.
77. Geddes R, Haw S, Frank J. Interventions for Promoting Early Child Development for Health: An Environmental Scan with Special Reference to Scotland. Edinburgh: Scottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy, 2010.
78. Gogia S, Sachdev HS. Zinc supplementation for mental and motor development in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 12. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007991.pub2]
79. Gomez-Pinilla F. Brain foods: the effects of nutrients on brain function. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2008;9(7):568-78.
80. Gottfried MA. The detrimental effects of missing school: evidence from urban siblings. American Journal of Education 2011;117(2):147-82.
81. Brozek J, Oxman A, Schünemann H. GRADEpro. 3.2 for Windows 2008.
82. Griffiths LJ, Parsons TJ, Hill AJ. Self-esteem and quality of life in obese children and adolescents: a systematic review. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity 2010;5(4):282-304.
83. Gunnarsdottir T, Njardvik U, Olafsdottir A, Craighead L, Bjarnason R. Teasing and social rejection among obese children enrolling in family-based behavioural treatment: effects on psychological adjustment and academic competencies. International Journal of Obesity 2012;36(1):35-44.
84. Gupta N, Goel K, Shah P, Misra A. Childhood obesity in developing countries: epidemiology, determinants, and prevention. Endocrine Reviews 2012;33(1):48-70.
85. Han JC, Lawlor DA, Kimm SY. Childhood obesity. Lancet 2010;375(9727):1737-48.
86. Han E, Norton EC, Powell LM. Direct and indirect effects of body weight on adult wages. Economics & Human Biology 2011;9(4):381-92.
87. Hancox RJ, Milne BJ, Poulton R. Association of television viewing during childhood with poor educational achievement. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2005;159(7):614-8.
88. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
89. Ismail IS, Wan Bebakar WM, Abdullah NH, Zain FM, Ismail Noor M, Singh R, et al.Clinical Practice Guidelines on Management of Obesity. Kuala Lumpur: Academy of Medicine of Malaysia, 2004.
90. Johnson JG, Cohen P, Kasen S, Brook JS. Extensive television viewing and the development of attention and learning difficulties during adolescence. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2007;161(5):480-6.
91. Kanoski SE, Davidson TL. Western diet consumption and cognitive impairment: links to hippocampal dysfunction and obesity. Physiology & Behavior 2011;103(1):59-68.
92. Krukowski RA, Smith West D, Philyaw Perez A, Bursac Z, Phillips MM, Raczynski JM. Overweight children, weight-based teasing and academic performance. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity 2009;4(4):274-80.
93. Laitinen J, Power C, Ek E, Sovio U, Järvelin MR. Unemployment and obesity among young adults in a northern Finland 1966 birth cohort. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 2002;26(10):1329-38.
94. Lande MB, Kupferman JC, Adams HR. Neurocognitive alterations in hypertensive children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Hypertension 2012;14(6):353-9.
95. Lau DCW, Douketis JD, Morrison KM, Hramiak IM, Sharma AM, Ur E. 2006 Canadian clinical practice guidelines on the management and prevention of obesity in adults and children [summary]. CMAJ 2007;176(8):S1-13.
96. Liang J, Matheson BE, Kaye WH, Boutelle KN. Neurocognitive correlates of obesity and obesity-related behaviors in children and adolescents. International Journal of Obesity 2013 Aug 5 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.142]
97. Murray NG, Low BJ, Hollis C, Cross AW, Davis SM. Coordinated school health programs and academic achievement: a systematic review of the literature. Journal of School Health 2007;77(9):589-600.
98. Nansel TR, Huang TT, Rovner AJ, Sanders-Butler Y. Association of school performance indicators with implementation of the healthy kids, smart kids programme: case study. Public Health Nutrition 2009;13(1):116-22.
99. Nederkoorn C, Braet C, Van Eijs Y, Tanghe A, Jansen A. Why obese children cannot resist food: the role of impulsivity. Eating Behaviors 2006;7(4):315-22.
100. National Health and Medical Research Council. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adolescents. Canberra, Australia: National Health and Medical Research Council, 2003.
101. National Health Service. National Child Measurement Programme: England, 2009/10 School Year. Leeds, UK: The Health and Social Care Information Centre, 2010.
102. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Managing overweight and obesity among children and young people: lifestyle weight management services. http://guidance.nice.org.uk/ph47 (accessed 6 January 2014).
103. Northstone K, Joinson C, Emmett P, Ness A, Paus T. Are dietary patterns in childhood associated with IQ at 8 years of age? A population-based cohort study. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2011; Vol. 66:624-8. [DOI: 10.1136/jech.2010.111955]
104. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, Lamb MM, Flegal KM. Prevalence of high body mass index in US children and adolescents, 2007-2008. JAMA 2010;303(3):242-9.
105. Oude Luttikhuis H, Baur L, Jansen H, Shrewsbury VA, O'Malley C, Stolk RP, et al.Interventions for treating obesity in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001872.pub2]
106. Oxman AD, Guyatt GH. A consumer's guide to subgroup analyses. Annals of Internal Medicine 1992;116(1):78-84.
107. Pagani LS, Fitzpatrick C, Barnett TA, Dubow E. Prospective associations between early childhood television exposure and academic, psychosocial, and physical well-being by middle childhood. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2010;164(5):425-31.
108. Pan L, Sherry B, Park S, Blanck HM. The association of obesity and school absenteeism attributed to illness or injury among adolescents in the United States, 2009. Journal of Adolescent Health 2013;52(1):64-9.
109. Piaget J, Inhelder B. The Child's Concept of Space. London and New York: Routledge & Regan Paul Ltd, 1956.
110. Pratt KJ, Lazorick S, Lamson AL, Ivanescu A, Collier DN. Quality of life and BMI changes in youth participating in an integrated pediatric obesity treatment program. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2013;11(1):116.
111. Puder JJ, Munsch S. Psychological correlates of childhood obesity. International Journal of Obesity 2010;34 Suppl 2s:37-43.
112. Puhl RM, Latner JD. Stigma, obesity, and the health of the nations children. Psychological Bulletin 2007;133(4):557-80.
113. Pérez-Chada D, Drake CL, Pérez-Lloret S, Videla AJ, Cardinali DP. Brief review: diurnal rhythms, obesity and educational achievement in South American cultures. International Journal of Neuroscience 2009;119(8):1091-104.
114. Reilly JJ, Kelly J, Wilson DC. Accuracy of simple clinical and epidemiological definitions of childhood obesity: systematic review and evidence appraisal. Obesity Reviews 2010;11(9):645-55.
115. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). 5.1. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011.
116. Rey-Lopez JP, Vicente-Rodriguez G, Biosca M, Moreno LA. Sedentary behaviour and obesity development in children and adolescents. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases 2008;18(3):242-51.
117. Rolland-Cachera MF. Childhood obesity: current definitions and recommendations for their use. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity 2011;6(5-6):325-31.
118. Sabia JJ, Rees DI. Body weight and wages: evidence from Add Health. Economics & Human Biology 2012;10(1):14-9.
119. Sargent JD, Blanchflower DG. Obesity and stature in adolescence and earnings in young adulthood. Analysis of a British birth cohort. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 1994;148(7):681-7.
120. Shilts MK, Lamp C, Horowitz M, Townsend MS. Pilot study: EatFit impacts sixth graders' academic performance on achievement of mathematics and english education standards. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2009;41(2):127-31.
121. Sibley BA, Etnier JL. The relationship between physical activity and cognition in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatric Exercise Science 2003;15(3):243-56.
122. Sibley BA, Ward RM, Yazvac TS, Zullig K, Potteiger JA. Making the grade with diet and physical activity. Journal of Scholarship and Practice 2008;5(2):38-45.
123. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network Guidelines. Management of obesity. A national clinical guideline. http://sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign115.pdf (accessed 20 February 2011). [ISBN: 978 1 905813 57 5]
124. Spruyt K, Gozal D. A mediation model linking body weight, cognition, and sleep-disordered breathing. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2012;185(2):199-205.
125. Waters E, De Silva-Sanigorski A, Burford BJ, Brown T, Campbell KJ, Gao Y, et al.Interventions for preventing obesity in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 12. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001871.pub3]
126. World Health Organization. Health Promotion Glossary. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1998:16.
127. World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight. www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ (accessed 27 February 2013).
128. Yau PL, Castro MG, Tagani A, Tsui WH, Convit A. Obesity and metabolic syndrome and functional and structural brain impairments in adolescence. Pediatrics 2012;130(4):e856-64.
129. Yu ZB, Han SP, Cao XG, Guo XR. Intelligence in relation to obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Review 2010;11(9):656-70.
130. Yusuf S, Wittes J, Probstfield J, Tyroler HA. Analysis and interpretation of treatment effects in subgroups of patients in randomized clinical trials. JAMA 1991;266(1):93-8.
131. Zimmerman FJ, Christakis DA. Children's television viewing and cognitive outcomes: a longitudinal analysis of national data. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2005;159(7):619-25.