Diagnosis and management of thyrotoxicosis

BMJ (Online)

Volumn 349, Issue , 2014, Pages

  Vaidya, Bijay ^a   Pearce, Simon H S ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EXETER MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

^b ROYAL VICTORIA INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

RADIOACTIVE IODINE; THIONAMIDE;

CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION; CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; ENDOCRINE OPHTHALMOPATHY; GRAVES DISEASE; HUMAN; LACTATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SUBCLINICAL HYPERTHYROIDISM; THYROID SURGERY; THYROIDITIS; THYROTOXICOSIS; TOXIC GOITER;

ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ALGORITHMS; ANTIBODIES; ANTITHYROID AGENTS; BREAST FEEDING; FEMALE; GOITER; GRAVES DISEASE; HUMANS; IODINE RADIOISOTOPES; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; RECEPTORS, THYROTROPIN; REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION; RISK FACTORS; THYROIDECTOMY; THYROIDITIS; THYROTOXICOSIS;

EID: 84907302095     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17561833     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.g5128     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. Garmendia Madariaga A, Santos Palacios S, Guillen-Grima F, Galofre JC. The incidence and prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in Europe: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014:jc20132409
2. Vestergaard P. Smoking and thyroid disorders-a meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol 2002;146:153-61.
3. Matos-Santos A, Nobre EL, Costa JG, Nogueira PJ, Macedo A, Galvão-Teles A, et al. Relationship between the number and impact of stressful life events and the onset of Graves' disease and toxic nodular goitre. Clin Endocrinol 2001;55:15-9. (Pubitemid 34204294)
4. Topcu CB, Celik O, Tasan E. Effect of stressful life events on the initiation of Graves' disease. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2012;16:307-11.
5. Effraimidis G, Tijssen JG, Brosschot JF, Wiersinga WM. Involvement of stress in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease: a prospective study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012;37:1191-8.
6. Benhaim Rochester D, Davies TF. Increased risk of Graves' disease after pregnancy. Thyroid 2005;15:1287-90. (Pubitemid 41821764)
7. Weetman AP. Graves' disease following immune reconstitution or immunomodulatory treatment: should we manage it any differently? Clin Endocrinol 2014;80:629-32.
8. Pearce SH, Merriman TR. Genetics of type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroid disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2009;38:289-301.
9. De Groot L, Abalovich M, Alexander EK, Amino N, Barbour L, Cobin RH, et al. Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:2543-65.
10. Boelaert K, Torlinska B, Holder RL, Franklyn JA. Older subjects with hyperthyroidism present with a paucity of symptoms and signs: a large cross-sectional study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:2715-26.
11. Selmer C, Olesen JB, Hansen ML, Lindhardsen J, Olsen AM, Madsen JC, et al. The spectrum of thyroid disease and risk of new onset atrial fibrillation: a large population cohort study. BMJ 2012;345:e7895.
12. Chang CC, Cheng CJ, Sung CC, Chiueh TS, Lee CH, Chau T, et al. A 10-year analysis of thyrotoxic periodic paralysis in 135 patients: focus on symptomatology and precipitants. Eur J Endocrinol 2013;169:529-36.
13. Akamizu T, Satoh T, Isozaki O, Suzuki A, Wakino S, Iburi T, et al. Diagnostic criteria, clinical features, and incidence of thyroid storm based on nationwide surveys. Thyroid 2012;22:661-79.
14. Tozzoli R, Bagnasco M, Giavarina D, Bizzaro N. TSH receptor autoantibody immunoassay in patients with Graves' disease: improvement of diagnostic accuracy over different generations of methods. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Autoimmun Rev 2012;12:107-13.
15. Nishihara E, Ohye H, Amino N, Takata K, Arishima T, Kudo T, et al. Clinical characteristics of 852 patients with subacute thyroiditis before treatment. Intern Med 2008;47:725-9. (Pubitemid 351936220)
16. Törring O, Tallstedt L, Wallin G, Lundell G, Ljunggren JG, Taube A, et al. Graves' hyperthyroidism: treatment with antithyroid drugs, surgery, or radioiodine-a prospective, randomized study. Thyroid Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:2986-93.
17. Sundaresh V, Brito JP, Wang Z, Prokop LJ, Stan MN, Murad MH, et al. Comparative effectiveness of therapies for Graves' hyperthyroidism: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:3671-7.
18. Cooper DS, Rivkees SA. Putting propylthiouracil in perspective. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:1881-2.
19. Abraham P, Avenell A, McGeoch SC, Clark LF, Bevan JS. Antithyroid drug regimen for treating Graves' hyperthyroidism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;1:CD003420.
20. Watanabe N, Narimatsu H, Noh JY, Yamaguchi T, Kobayashi K, Kami M, et al. Antithyroid drug-induced hematopoietic damage: a retrospective cohort study of agranulocytosis and pancytopenia involving 50,385 patients with Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:E49-53.
21. Nakamura H, Miyauchi A, Miyawaki N, Imagawa J. Analysis of 754 cases of antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis over 30 years in Japan. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:4776-83.
22. Pearce SH. Spontaneous reporting of adverse reactions to carbimazole and propylthiouracil in the UK. Clin Endocrinol 2004;61:589-94. (Pubitemid 39540360)
23. Takata K, Kubota S, Fukata S, Kudo T, Nishihara E, Ito M, et al. Methimazole-induced agranulocytosis in patients with Graves' disease is more frequent with an initial dose of 30 mg daily than with 15 mg daily. Thyroid 2009;19:559-63.
24. Allahabadia A, Daykin J, Holder RL, Sheppard MC, Gough SC, Franklyn JA. Age and gender predict the outcome of treatment for Graves' hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:1038-42. (Pubitemid 32269346)
25. Wartofsky L. Radioiodine therapy for Graves' disease: case selection and restrictions recommended to patients in North America. Thyroid 1997;7:213-6. (Pubitemid 27190583)
26. De Rooij A, Vandenbroucke JP, Smit JW, Stokkel MP, Dekkers OM. Clinical outcomes after estimated versus calculated activity of radioiodine for the treatment of hyperthyroidism: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol 2009;161:771-7.
27. Radioiodine in the management of benign thyroid disease. 2014. www.rcplondon.ac.uk/publications/radioiodine-management-benign-thyroid-disease.
28. Vaidya B, Williams GR, Abraham P, Pearce SH. Radioiodine treatment for benign thyroid disorders: results of a nationwide survey of UK endocrinologists. Clin Endocrinol 2008;68:814-20. (Pubitemid 351533433)
29. Patel NN, Abraham P, Buscombe J, Vanderpump MP. The cost effectiveness of treatment modalities for thyrotoxicosis in a UK center. Thyroid 2006;16:593-8. (Pubitemid 44066266)
30. Bahn RS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, Garber JR, Greenlee MC, Klein I, et al. Hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis: management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Endocr Pract 2011;17:456-520
31. Walter MA, Briel M, Christ-Crain M, Bonnema SJ, Connell J, Cooper DS, et al. Effects of antithyroid drugs on radioiodine treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2007;334:514.
32. Ron E, Doody MM, Becker DV, Brill AB, Curtis RE, Goldman MB, et al. Cancer mortality following treatment for adult hyperthyroidism. Cooperative Thyrotoxicosis Therapy Follow-up Study Group. JAMA 1998;280:347-55. (Pubitemid 28503219)
33. Franklyn JA, Maisonneuve P, Sheppard M, Betteridge J, Boyle P. Cancer incidence and mortality after radioiodine treatment for hyperthyroidism: a population-based cohort study. Lancet 1999;353:2111-5. (Pubitemid 29278480)
34. Bartalena L, Marcocci C, Bogazzi F, Manetti L, Tanda ML, Dell'Unto E, et al. Relation between therapy for hyperthyroidism and the course of Graves' ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med 1998;338:73-8. (Pubitemid 28042269)
35. Acharya SH, Avenell A, Philip S, Burr J, Bevan JS, Abraham P. Radioiodine therapy (RAI) for Graves' disease (GD) and the effect on ophthalmopathy: a systematic review. Clin Endocrinol 2008;69:943-50.
36. Perros P, Kendall-Taylor P, Neoh C, Frewin S, Dickinson J. A prospective study of the effects of radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism in patients with minimally active graves' ophthalmopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:5321-3. (Pubitemid 41262294)
37. Bartalena L, Marcocci C, Bogazzi F, Panicucci M, Lepri A, Pinchera A. Use of corticosteroids to prevent progression of Graves' ophthalmopathy after radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1349-52. (Pubitemid 19284190)
38. Panzer C, Beazley R, Braverman L. Rapid preoperative preparation for severe hyperthyroid Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:2142-4. (Pubitemid 38619843)
39. Eskes SA, Endert E, Fliers E, Geskus RB, Dullaart RP, Links TP, et al. Treatment of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis type 2: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:499-506.
40. Andersen SL, Olsen J, Wu CS, Laurberg P. Birth defects after early pregnancy use of antithyroid drugs: a Danish nationwide study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:4373-81.
41. Taylor PN, Vaidya B. Side effects of anti-thyroid drugs and their impact on the choice of treatment for thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy. Eur Thyroid J 2012;1:176-85.
42. Stagnaro-Green A, Abalovich M, Alexander E, Azizi F, Mestman J, Negro R, et al. Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and postpartum. Thyroid 2011;21:1081-125.
43. Laurberg P, Berman DC, Andersen S, Bulow Pedersen I. Sustained control of Graves' hyperthyroidism during long-term low-dose antithyroid drug therapy of patients with severe Graves' orbitopathy. Thyroid 2011;21:951-6.
44. Elbers L, Mourits M, Wiersinga W. Outcome of very long-term treatment with antithyroid drugs in Graves' hyperthyroidism associated with Graves' orbitopathy. Thyroid 2011;21:279-83.
45. Bartalena L, Baldeschi L, Dickinson AJ, Eckstein A, Kendall-Taylor P, Marcocci C, et al. Consensus statement of the European group on Graves' orbitopathy (EUGOGO) on management of Graves' orbitopathy. Thyroid 2008;18:333-46. (Pubitemid 351415802)
46. Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Flanders WD, Hannon WH, Gunter EW, Spencer CA, et al. Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:489-99. (Pubitemid 34158210)
47. Parle JV, Franklyn JA, Cross KW, Jones SC, Sheppard MC. Prevalence and follow-up of abnormal thyrotrophin (TSH) concentrations in the elderly in the United Kingdom. Clin Endocrinol 1991;34:77-83.
48. Sawin CT, Geller A, Wolf PA, Belanger AJ, Baker E, Bacharach P, et al. Low serum thyrotropin concentrations as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in older persons. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1249-52. (Pubitemid 24333188)
49. Vadiveloo T, Donnan PT, Cochrane L, Leese GP. The Thyroid Epidemiology, Audit, and Research Study (TEARS): morbidity in patients with endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:1344-51.
50. Mitchell AL, Pearce SH. How should we treat patients with low serum thyrotropin concentrations? Clin Endocrinol 2010;72:292-6.