Early lymphoid lesions: Conceptual, diagnostic and clinical challenges

Haematologica

Volumn 99, Issue 9, 2014, Pages 1421-1432

  Ganapathi, Karthik A ^a   Pittaluga, Stefania ^a   Odejide, Oreofe O ^b   Freedman, Arnold S ^b   Jaffe, Elaine S ^a  

^a NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b DANA FARBER CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CD38 ANTIGEN; COMMON ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA ANTIGEN; PROTEIN BCL 2; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX11; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN;

B LYMPHOCYTE; BREAST IMPLANT ASSOCIATED ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA; CELL PROLIFERATION; CYTOGENETICS; ENTEROPATHY; FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; LYMPHOMA; MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA; MONOCLONAL B CELL LYMPHOCYTOSIS; MONOCLONAL IMMUNOGLOBULINEMIA; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NK CELL ENTEROPATHY; PEDIATRIC VARIANT OF FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA; PEDIATRIC VARIANT OF NODAL MARGINAL ZONE LYMPHOMA; PREVALENCE; PRIMARY CUTANEOUS FOLLICLE CENTER LYMPHOMA; PRIMARY CUTANEOUS MARGINAL ZONE LYMPHOMA; PRIMARY CUTANEOUS SMALL MEDIUM CD4 POSITIVE T CELL LYMPHOMA; PRIMARY DUODENAL FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; T CELL LYMPHOMA; T LYMPHOCYTE; CELL CLONE; CLASSIFICATION; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE TRANSLOCATION; IMMUNOPHENOTYPING; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY;

ANTIGENS, CD; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; B-LYMPHOCYTES; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CELL PROLIFERATION; CLONE CELLS; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMANS; IMMUNOPHENOTYPING; LYMPHOMA; T-LYMPHOCYTES; TRANSLOCATION, GENETIC;

EID: 84907300527     PISSN: 03906078     EISSN: 15928721     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.107938     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Fend F, Cabecadas J, Gaulard P, Jaffe ES, Kluin P, Kuzu I, et al. Early lesions in lym-phoid neoplasia: Conclusions based on the Workshop of the XV. Meeting of the European Association of Hematopathology and the Society of Hematopathology, in Uppsala, Sweden. J Hematop. 2012;5:169-99.
2. Janz S, Potter M, Rabkin CS. Lymphoma-and leukemia-associated chromosomal translocations in healthy individuals. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2003;36(3):211-23.
3. Kempf W, Pfaltz K, Vermeer MH, Cozzio A, Ortiz-Romero PL, Bagot M, et al. EORTC, ISCL, and USCLC consensus recommendations for the treatment of primary cutaneous CD30-positive lymphoproliferative disorders: lymphomatoid papulosis and primary cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2011;118(15):4024-35.
4. Pittaluga S. Viral-associated lymphoid proliferations. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2013;30(2): 130-6.
5. th ed. 2008.
6. Landgren O, Kyle RA, Pfeiffer RM, Katzmann JA, Caporaso NE, Hayes RB, et al. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) consistently precedes multiple myeloma: a prospective study. Blood. 2009;113(22):5412-7.
7. Weiss BM, Abadie J, Verma P, Howard RS, Kuehl WM. A monoclonal gammopathy precedes multiple myeloma in most patients. Blood. 2009;113(22):5418-22.
8. Criteria for the classification of monoclonal gammopathies, multiple myeloma and related disorders: a report of the International Myeloma Working Group. Br J Haematol. 2003;121(5):749-57.
9. Kyle RA, Therneau TM, Rajkumar SV, Offord JR, Larson DR, Plevak MF, et al. A long-term study of prognosis in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(8):564-9.
10. Mailankody S, Mena E, Yuan CM, Balakumaran A, Kuehl WM, Landgren O. Molecular and biologic markers of progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance to multiple myeloma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2010;51(12):2159-70.
11. Kristinsson SY, Bjorkholm M, Landgren O. Survival in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2013;13(2): 187-90.
12. Chiecchio L, Dagrada GP, Protheroe RK, Stockley DM, Smith AG, Orchard KH, et al. Loss of 1p and rearrangement of MYC are associated with progression of smouldering myeloma to myeloma: sequential analysis of a single case. Haematologica. 2009;94:(7) 1024-8.
13. Kuehl WM, Bergsagel PL. Molecular patho-genesis of multiple myeloma and its prema-lignant precursor. J Clin Invest. 2012;122 (10):3456-63.
14. López-Corral L, Sarasquete ME, Beà S, García-Sanz R, Mateos MV, Corchete LA, et al. SNP-based mapping arrays reveal high genomic complexity in monoclonal gam-mopathies, from MGUS to myeloma status. Leukemia. 2012;26(12):2521-9.
15. Dhodapkar MV, Sexton R, Waheed S, Usmani S, Papanikolaou X, Nair B, et al. Clinical, genomic, and imaging predictors of myeloma progression from asymptomatic monoclonal gammopathies (SWOG S0120). Blood. 2014;123(1):78-85.
16. Morgan GJ, Walker BA, Davies FE. The genetic architecture of multiple myeloma. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012;12(5):335-48.
17. Landgren O. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering multiple myeloma: biological insights and early treatment strategies. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2013;2013: 478-87.
18. Kyle RA, Durie BG, Rajkumar SV, Landgren O, Blade J, Merlini G, et al. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma: IMWG consensus perspectives risk factors for progression and guidelines for monitoring and management. Leukemia. 2010;24(6):1121-7.
19. Rawstron AC, Green MJ, Kuzmicki A, Kennedy B, Fenton JAL, Evans PAS, et al. Monoclonal B lymphocytes with the characteristics of indolent chronic lymphocytic leukemia are present in 3.5% of adults with normal blood counts. Blood. 2002;100 (2):635-9.
20. Hallek M, Cheson BD, Catovsky D, Caligaris-Cappio F, Dighiero G, Döhner H, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a report from the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia updating the National Cancer Institute-Working Group 1996 guidelines. Blood. 2008;111(12): 5446-56.
21. Shanafelt TD, Ghia P, Lanasa MC, Landgren O, Rawstron AC. Monoclonal B-cell lym-phocytosis (MBL): biology, natural history and clinical management. Leukemia 2010;24(3):512-20.
22. Shim YK, Rachel JM, Ghia P, Boren J, Abbasi F, Dagklis A, et al. Monoclonal B-cell lym-phocytosis in healthy blood donors: an unexpectedly common finding. Blood. 2014;123(9):1319-26.
23. Rawstron AC. Monoclonal B cell lymphocy-tosis--what does it really mean? Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2013;8:52-9.
24. Rawstron AC, Bennett FL, O'Connor SJM, Kwok M, Fenton JAL, Plummer M, et al. Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:575-83.
25. Dagklis A, Fazi C, Sala C, Cantarelli V, Scielzo C, Massacane R, et al. The immunoglobulin gene repertoire of low-count chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)-like monoclonal B lymphocytosis is different from CLL: diagnostic implications for clinical monitoring. Blood. 2009;114(1):26-32.
26. Fazi C, Scarfò L, Pecciarini L, Cottini F, Dagklis A, Janus A, et al. General population low-count CLL-like MBL persists over time without clinical progression, although carrying the same cytogenetic abnormalities of CLL. Blood. 2011;118(25):6618-25.
27. Shanafelt TD, Kay NE, Rabe KG, Call TG, Zent CS, Maddocks K, et al. Brief report: natural history of individuals with clinically recognized monoclonal B-cell lymphocyto-sis compared with patients with Rai 0 chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(24):3959-63.
28. Rossi D, Sozzi E, Puma A, De Paoli L, Rasi S, Spina V, et al. The prognosis of clinical monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis differs from prognosis of Rai 0 chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and is recapitulated by biological risk factors. Br J Haematol. 2009;146(1):64-75.
29. Hallek M, Cheson BD, Catovsky D, Caligaris-Cappio F, Dighiero G, Dohner H, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a report from the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia updating the National Cancer Institute-Working Group 1996 guidelines. Blood. 2008;111 (12):5446-56.
30. Gibson SE, Swerdlow SH, Ferry JA, Surti U, Dal Cin P, Harris NL, et al. Reassessment of small lymphocytic lymphoma in the era of monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. Haematologica. 2011;96(8):1144-52.
31. Randen U, Tierens AM, Tjonnfjord GE, Delabie J. Bone marrow histology in monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis shows various B-cell infiltration patterns. Am J Clin Pathol. 2013;139(3):390-5.
32. Ghia P, Prato G, Scielzo C, Stella S, Geuna M, Guida G, et al. Monoclonal CD5+ and CD5- B-lymphocyte expansions are frequent in the peripheral blood of the elderly. Blood. 2004;103(6):2337-42.
33. Fazi C, Dagklis A, Cottini F, Scarfò L, Bertilaccio MTS, Finazzi R, et al. Monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis in hepatitis C virus infected individuals. Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 2010;78 Suppl 1:S61-8.
34. Xochelli A, Kalpadakis C, Gardiner A, Baliakas P, Vassilakopoulos T P, Mould S, et al. Clonal B-cell lymphocytosis exhibiting immunophenotypic features consistent with a marginal zone origin: is this a distinct entity? Blood. 2014; 123(8):11999-206.
35. Cong P, Raffeld M, Teruya-Feldstein J, Sorbara L, Pittaluga S, Jaffe ES. In situ localization of follicular lymphoma: description and analysis by laser capture microdissec-tion. Blood. 2002;99(9):3376-82.
36. Jegalian AG, Eberle FC, Pack SD, Mirvis M, Raffeld M, Pittaluga S, et al. Follicular lym-phoma in situ: clinical implications and comparisons with partial involvement by follicu-lar lymphoma. Blood. 2011;118(11):2976-84.
37. Henopp T, Quintanilla-Martínez L, Fend F, Adam P. Prevalence of follicular lymphoma in situ in consecutively analysed reactive lymph nodes. Histopathology. 2011;59(1):139-42.
38. Montes-Moreno S, Castro Y, Rodríguez-Pinilla SM, García JF, Mollejo M, Castillo ME, et al. Intrafollicular neoplasia/in situ fol-licular lymphoma: review of a series of 13 cases. Histopathology. 2010;56(5):658-62.
39. Pillai RK, Surti U, Swerdlow SH. Follicular lymphoma-like B cells of uncertain significance (in situ follicular lymphoma) may infrequently progress, but precedes follicular lymphoma, is associated with other overt lymphomas and mimics follicular lym-phoma in flow cytometric studies. Haematologica. 2013;98(10):1571-80.
40. Mamessier E, Broussais-Guillaumot F, Chetaille B, Bouabdallah R, Xerri L, Jaffe ES, et al. Nature and importance of follicular lymphoma precursors. Haematologica. 2014;99(5):802-10.
41. Tellier J, Menard C, Roulland S, Martin N, Monvoisin C, Chasson L, et al. Human t(14;18)positive germinal center B cells: a new step in follicular lymphoma pathogene-sis? Blood. 2014;22(22):3462-5.
42. Mamessier E, Song JY, Eberle FC, Pack S, Drevet C, Chetaille B, et al. Early lesions of follicular lymphoma: a genetic perspective. Haematologica. 2014;99(3):481-8.
43. Schmidt J, Salaverria I, Haake A, Bonzheim I, Adam P, Montes-Moreno S, et al. Increasing genomic and epigenomic complexity in the clonal evolution from in situ to manifest t(14;18)-positive follicular lym-phoma. Leukemia. 2014;28(5):1103-12.
44. Carbone A, Santoro A. How I treat: diagnosing and managing in situ lymphoma. Blood. 2011;117(15):3954-60.
45. Roulland S, Kelly RS, Morgado E, Sungalee S, Solal-Celigny P, Colombat P, et al. t(14;18) Translocation: A Predictive Blood Biomarker for Follicular Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(13):1347-55.
46. Yoshino T, Miyake K, Ichimura K, Mannami T, Ohara N, Hamazaki S, et al. Increased incidence of follicular lymphoma in the duodenum. Am J Surg Pathol. 2000; 24(5):688-93.
47. Schmatz A-I, Streubel B, Kretschmer-Chott E, Püspök A, Jäger U, Mannhalter C, et al. Primary follicular lymphoma of the duodenum is a distinct mucosal/submucosal variant of follicular lymphoma: a retrospective study of 63 cases. J Clin Oncol. 2011; 29(11):1445-51.
48. Yamamoto S, Nakase H, Yamashita K, Matsuura M, Takada M, Kawanami C, et al. Gastrointestinal follicular lymphoma: review of the literature. J Gastroenterol 2010;45(4):370-88.
49. Takata K, Sato Y, Nakamura N, Kikuti YY, Ichimura K, Tanaka T, et al. Duodenal and nodal follicular lymphomas are distinct: the former lacks activation-induced cytidine deaminase and follicular dendritic cells despite ongoing somatic hypermutations. Mod Pathol. 2009;22(7):940-9.
50. Bende RJ, Smit LA, Bossenbroek JG, Aarts WM, Spaargaren M, de Leval L, et al. Primary follicular lymphoma of the small intestine: alpha4beta7 expression and immunoglobulin configuration suggest an origin from local antigen-experienced B cells. Am J Pathol. 2003;162(1):105-13.
51. Misdraji J, Harris NL, Hasserjian RP, Lauwers GY, Ferry JA. Primary follicular lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Am J Surg Pathol. 2011;35(9):1255-63.
52. Carvajal-Cuenca A, Sua LF, Silva NM, Pittaluga S, Royo C, Song JY, et al. In situ mantle cell lymphoma: clinical implications of an incidental finding with indolent clinical behavior. Haematologica. 2012;97(2):270-8.
53. Adam P, Schiefer A-I, Prill S, Henopp T, Quintanilla-Martínez L, Bösmüller H-C, et al. Incidence of preclinical manifestations of mantle cell lymphoma and mantle cell lym-phoma in situ in reactive lymphoid tissues. Mod Pathol. 2012;25(12):1629-36.
54. Lecluse Y, Lebailly P, Roulland S, Gac AC, Nadel B, Gauduchon P. t(11;14)-positive clones can persist over a long period of time in the peripheral blood of healthy individuals. Leukemia. 2009;23(6):1190-3.
55. Roullet MR, Martinez D, Ma L, Fowler MH, McPhail ED, Judkins A, et al. Coexisting fol-licular and mantle cell lymphoma with each having an in situ component: A novel, curious, and complex consultation case of coincidental, composite, colonizing lymphoma. Am J Clin Pathol. 2010;133(4):584-91.
56. Greisman HA, Lu Z, Tsai AG, Greiner TC, Yi HS, Lieber MR. IgH partner breakpoint sequences provide evidence that AID initiates t(11;14) and t(8;14) chromosomal breaks in mantle cell and Burkitt lym-phomas. Blood. 2012;120(14):2864-7.
57. Liu Q, Salaverria I, Pittaluga S, Jegalian AG, Xi L, Siebert R, et al. Follicular lymphomas in children and young adults: a comparison of the pediatric variant with usual follicular lymphoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2013; 37(3):333-43.
58. Louissaint A Jr, Ackerman AM, Dias-Santagata D, Ferry JA, Hochberg EP, Huang MS, et al. Pediatric-type nodal follicular lym-phoma: an indolent clonal proliferation in children and adults with high proliferation index and no BCL2 rearrangement. Blood. 2012;120(12):2395-404.
59. Frizzera G, Murphy SB. Follicular (nodular) lymphoma in childhood: a rare clinical-pathological entity. Report of eight cases from four cancer centers. Cancer. 1979;44 (6):2218-35.
60. Pinto A, Hutchison RE, Grant LH, Trevenen CL, Berard CW. Follicular lym-phomas in pediatric patients. Mod Pathol. 1990;3:308-13.
61. Oschlies I, Salaverria I, Mahn F, Meinhardt A, Zimmermann M, Woessmann W, et al. Pediatric follicular lymphoma--a clinico-pathological study of a population-based series of patients treated within the Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma--Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster (NHL-BFM) multicenter trials. Haematologica. 2010;95(2):253-9.
62. Martin-Guerrero I, Salaverria I, Burkhardt B, Szczepanowski M, Baudis M, Bens S, et al. Recurrent loss of heterozygosity in 1p36 associated with TNFRSF14 mutations in IRF4 translocation negative pediatric follicu-lar lymphomas. Haematologica. 2013;98(8): 1237-41.
63. Kussick SJ, Kalnoski M, Braziel RM, Wood BL. Prominent Clonal B-Cell Populations Identified by Flow Cytometry in Histologically Reactive Lymphoid Proliferations. Am J Clin Pathol. 2004;121 (4):464-72.
64. Atra A, Meller ST, Stevens RS, Hobson R, Grundy R, Carter RL, et al. Conservative management of follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in childhood. Br J Haematol. 1998;103(1):220-3.
65. Lorsbach RB, Shay-Seymore D, Moore J, Banks PM, Hasserjian RP, Sandlund JT, et al. Clinicopathologic analysis of follicular lym-phoma occurring in children. Blood. 2002;99(6):1959-64.
66. Salaverria I, Philipp C, Oschlies I, Kohler CW, Kreuz M, Szczepanowski M, et al. Translocations activating IRF4 identify a subtype of germinal center-derived B-cell lymphoma affecting predominantly children and young adults. Blood. 2011;118(1):139-47.
67. Taddesse-Heath L, Pittaluga S, Sorbara L, Bussey M, Raffeld M, Jaffe ES. Marginal zone B-cell lymphoma in children and young adults. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003;27 (4):522-31.
68. Rizzo KA, Streubel B, Pittaluga S, Chott A, Xi L, Raffeld M, et al. Marginal zone lym-phomas in children and the young adult population; characterization of genetic aberrations by FISH and RT-PCR. Mod Pathol. 2010;23(6):866-73.
69. Dierlamm J, Pittaluga S, Wlodarska I, Stul M, Thomas J, Boogaerts M, et al. Marginal zone B-cell lymphomas of different sites share similar cytogenetic and morphologic features. Blood. 1996;87(1):299-307.
70. Attygalle AD, Liu H, Shirali S, Diss TC, Loddenkemper C, Stein H, et al. Atypical marginal zone hyperplasia of mucosa-asso-ciated lymphoid tissue: a reactive condition of childhood showing immunoglobulin lambda light-chain restriction. Blood. 2004;104(10):3343-8.
71. Gitelson E, Al-Saleem T, Robu V, Millenson MM, Smith MR. Pediatric nodal marginal zone lymphoma may develop in the adult population. Leuk Lymphoma. 2010;51(1): 89-94.
72. Kim BK, Surti U, Pandya A, Cohen J, Rabkin MS, Swerdlow SH. Clinicopathologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular cytoge-netic fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of primary and secondary cutaneous follicular lymphomas. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29(1):69-82.
73. Senff NJ, Hoefnagel JJ, Jansen PM, Vermeer MH, van Baarlen J, Blokx WA, et al. Reclassification of 300 primary cutaneous B-Cell lymphomas according to the new WHO-EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas: comparison with previous classifications and identification of prognostic markers. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(12):1581-7.
74. Swerdlow SH, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Willemze R, Kinney MC. Cutaneous B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders: report of the 2011 Society for Hematopathology/ European Association for Haematopathology workshop. Am J Clin Pathol. 2013;139(4):515-35.
75. Morales AV, Advani R, Horwitz SM, Riaz N, Reddy S, Hoppe RT, et al. Indolent primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma: experience using systemic rituximab. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59(6):953-7.
76. Felcht M, Booken N, Stroebel P, Goerdt S, Klemke CD. The value of molecular diagnostics in primary cutaneous B-cell lym-phomas in the context of clinical findings, histology, and immunohistochemistry. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64(1):135-43.
77. Hallermann C, Niermann C, Fischer RJ, Schulze HJ. Survival data for 299 patients with primary cutaneous lymphomas: a monocentre study. Acta Derm Venereol. 2011;91(5):521-5.
78. Senff NJ, Noordijk EM, Kim YH, Bagot M, Berti E, Cerroni L, et al. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and International Society for Cutaneous Lymphoma consensus recommendations for the management of cutaneous B-cell lymphomas. Blood. 2008;112(5):1600-9.
79. Willemze R, Jaffe ES, Burg G, Cerroni L, Berti E, Swerdlow SH, et al. WHO-EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas. Blood. 2005;105:3768-85.
80. Cerroni L, Zochling N, Putz B, Kerl H. Infection by Borrelia burgdorferi and cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. J Cutan Pathol. 1997;24:457-61.
81. Takino H, Li C, Hu S, Kuo TT, Geissinger E, Muller-Hermelink HK, et al. Primary cutaneous marginal zone B-cell lymphoma: a molecular and clinicopathological study of cases from Asia, Germany, and the United States. Mod Pathol. 2008;21(12):1517-26.
82. Ponzoni M, Ferreri AJ, Mappa S, Pasini E, Govi S, Facchetti F, et al. Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in a series of 98 primary cutaneous lymphomas. Oncologist. 2011;16(11):1582-8.
83. Edinger JT, Kant JA, Swerdlow SH. Cutaneous marginal zone lymphomas have distinctive features and include 2 subsets. Am J Surg Pathol. 2010;34(12):1830-41.
84. Hallermann C, Kaune KM, Gesk S, Martin-Subero JI, Gunawan B, Griesinger F, et al. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of chromosomal breakpoints in the IGH, MYC, BCL6, and MALT1 gene loci in primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas. J Invest Dermatol. 2004;123(1):213-9.
85. Wongchaowart NT, Kim B, Hsi ED, Swerdlow SH, Tubbs RR, Cook JR. t(14;18)(q32;q21) involving IGH and MALT1 is uncommon in cutaneous MALT lym-phomas and primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. J Cutan Pathol. 2006;33(4):286-92.
86. Grogg KL, Jung S, Erickson LA, McClure R F, Dogan A. Primary cutaneous CD4-positive small/medium-sized pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma: a clonal T-cell lymphoprolifera-tive disorder with indolent behavior. Mod Pathol. 2008;21(6):708-15.
87. Rodriguez Pinilla SM, Roncador G, Rodriguez-Peralto JL, Mollejo M, Garcia J F, Montes-Moreno S, et al. Primary cutaneous CD4+ small/medium-sized pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma expresses follicular T-cell markers. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33(1):81-90.
88. Beltraminelli H, Leinweber B, Kerl H, Cerroni L. Primary cutaneous CD4+ small/medium-sized pleomorphic T-cell lym-phoma: a cutaneous nodular proliferation of pleomorphic T lymphocytes of undetermined significance? A study of 136 cases. Am J Dermatopathol. 2009;31(4):317-22.
89. Garcia-Herrera A, Colomo L, Camos M, Carreras J, Balague O, Martinez A, et al. Primary cutaneous small/medium CD4+ T-cell lymphomas: a heterogeneous group of tumors with different clinicopathologic features and outcome. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26 (20):3364-71.
90. Petrella T, Maubec E, Cornillet-Lefebvre P, Willemze R, Pluot M, Durlach A, et al. Indolent CD8-positive lymphoid proliferation of the ear: a distinct primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma? Am J Surg Pathol. 2007;31(12):1887-92.
91. Beltraminelli H, Mullegger R, Cerroni L. Indolent CD8+ lymphoid proliferation of the ear: a phenotypic variant of the small-medium pleomorphic cutaneous T-cell lym-phoma? J Cutan Pathol. 2010;37(1):81-4.
92. Greenblatt D, Ally M, Child F, Scarisbrick J, Whittaker S, Morris S, et al. Indolent CD8(+) lymphoid proliferation of acral sites: a clini-copathologic study of six patients with some atypical features. J Cutan Pathol. 2013;40(2):248-58.
93. Wobser M, Petrella T, Kneitz H, Kerstan A, Goebeler M, Rosenwald A, et al. Extrafacial indolent CD8-positive cutaneous lymphoid proliferation with unusual symmetrical presentation involving both feet. J Cutan Pathol. 2013;40(11):955-61.
94. Egawa N, Fukayama M, Kawaguchi K, Hishima T, Hayashi Y, Funata N, et al. Relapsing oral and colonic ulcers with monoclonal T-cell infiltration. A low grade mucosal T-lymphoproliferative disease of the digestive tract. Cancer. 1995;75(7):1728-33.
95. Carbonnel F, d'Almagne H, Lavergne A, Matuchansky C, Brouet JC, Sigaux F, et al. The clinicopathological features of extensive small intestinal CD4 T cell infiltration. Gut. 1999;45(5):662-7.
96. Ranheim EA, Jones C, Zehnder JL, Warnke R, Yuen A. Spontaneously relapsing clonal, mucosal cytotoxic T-cell lymphoprolifera-tive disorder: case report and review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol. 2000;24(2): 296-301.
97. Margolskee E, Jobanputra V, Lewis SK, Alobeid B, Green PH, Bhagat G. Indolent small intestinal CD4+ T-cell lymphoma is a distinct entity with unique biologic and clinical features. PLoS One. 2013;8(7):e68343.
98. Perry AM, Warnke RA, Hu Q, Gaulard P, Copie-Bergman C, Alkan S, et al. Indolent T-cell lymphoproliferative disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Blood. 2013;122 (22):3599-606.
99. Jerez A, Clemente MJ, Makishima H, Koskela H, Leblanc F, Peng Ng K, et al. STAT3 mutations unify the pathogenesis of chronic lymphoproliferative disorders of NK cells and T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia. Blood. 2012;120(15):3048-57.
100. Koskela HLM, Eldfors S, Ellonen P, van Adrichem AJ, Kuusanmäki H, Andersson EI, et al. Somatic STAT3 mutations in large granular lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(20):1905-13.
101. Vega F, Chang CC, Schwartz MR, Preti HA, Younes M, Ewton A, et al. Atypical NK-cell proliferation of the gastrointestinal tract in a patient with antigliadin antibodies but not celiac disease. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006;30(4): 539-44.
102. Mansoor A, Pittaluga S, Beck PL, Wilson WH, Ferry JA, Jaffe ES. NK-cell enteropathy: a benign NK-cell lymphoproliferative disease mimicking intestinal lymphoma: clinico-pathologic features and follow-up in a unique case series. Blood. 2011;117(5):1447-52.
103. Takeuchi K, Yokoyama M, Ishizawa S, Terui Y, Nomura K, Marutsuka K, et al. Lymphomatoid gastropathy: a distinct clini-copathologic entity of self-limited pseudo-malignant NK-cell proliferation. Blood. 2010;116(25):5631-7.
104. Bjorkstrom NK, Kekalainen E, Mjosberg J. Tissue-specific effector functions of innate lymphoid cells. Immunology. 2013;139(4): 416-27.
105. Chinen H, Matsuoka K, Sato T, Kamada N, Okamoto S, Hisamatsu T, et al. Lamina pro-pria c-kit+ immune precursors reside in human adult intestine and differentiate into natural killer cells. Gastroenterology. 2007; 133(2):559-73.
106. Keech JA Jr, Creech BJ. Anaplastic T-cell lymphoma in proximity to a saline-filled breast implant. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997; 100(2):554-5.
107. Zarbo RJ, Nakhleh RE. Surgical pathology specimens for gross examination only and exempt from submission: a College of American Pathologists Q-Probes study of current policies in 413 institutions. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1999;123(2):133-9.
108. Miranda RN, Aladily TN, Prince HM, Kanagal-Shamanna R, de Jong D, Fayad LE, et al. Breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: long-term follow-up of 60 patients. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(2):114-20.