메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 91, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 319-328

Cryptosporidiosis in HIV/AIDS patients in Kenya: Clinical features, epidemiology, molecular characterization and antibody responses

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIGEN; CHGP40 ANTIGEN; CHP15 ANTIGEN; CP23 ANTIGEN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 84907267747     PISSN: 00029637     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0254     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (46)

References (77)
  • 1
    • 79952450596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptosporidiosis in patients with HIV/AIDS
    • O'Connor RM, Shaffie R, Kang G, Ward HD, 2011. Cryptosporidiosis in patients with HIV/AIDS. AIDS 25: 549-560.
    • (2011) AIDS , vol.25 , pp. 549-560
    • O'Connor, R.M.1    Shaffie, R.2    Kang, G.3    Ward, H.D.4
  • 3
    • 33947278399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised individuals: Systematic review and meta-Analysis
    • Abubakar I, Aliyu SH, Arumugam C, Usman NK, Hunter PR, 2007. Treatment of cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised individuals: systematic review and meta-Analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 63: 387-393.
    • (2007) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.63 , pp. 387-393
    • Abubakar, I.1    Aliyu, S.H.2    Arumugam, C.3    Usman, N.K.4    Hunter, P.R.5
  • 4
    • 84873718454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UNAIDS, Update 2011. Geneva Joint Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, Accessed October 24, 2013
    • UNAIDS, 2012. The Kenya AIDS Epidemic, Update 2011. Geneva Joint Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. Available at: http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/ knowyourresponse/countryprogressreports/2012countries/ce-KE-Narrative-Report. pdf. Accessed October 24, 2013.
    • (2012) The Kenya AIDS Epidemic
  • 7
    • 0142125253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic diarrhea in HIV-1-infected adults in Nairobi, Kenya: Evaluation of risk factors and the WHO treatment algorithm
    • Mwachari CW, Meier AS, Muyodi J, Gatei W, Waiyaki P, Cohen CR, 2003. Chronic diarrhea in HIV-1-infected adults in Nairobi, Kenya: evaluation of risk factors and the WHO treatment algorithm. AIDS 17: 2124-2126.
    • (2003) AIDS , vol.17 , pp. 2124-2126
    • Mwachari, C.W.1    Meier, A.S.2    Muyodi, J.3    Gatei, W.4    Waiyaki, P.5    Cohen, C.R.6
  • 8
    • 0029741009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbiology of HIV associated bacteremia and diarrhea in adults from Nairobi, Kenya
    • Batchelor BI, Kimari JN, Brindle RJ, 1996. Microbiology of HIV associated bacteremia and diarrhea in adults from Nairobi, Kenya. Epidemiol Infect 117: 139-144.
    • (1996) Epidemiol Infect , vol.117 , pp. 139-144
    • Batchelor, B.I.1    Kimari, J.N.2    Brindle, R.J.3
  • 9
    • 0024808133 scopus 로고
    • The occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in fecal samples submitted for routine examination at Kenyatta National Hospital
    • Estambale BB, Bwibo CR, Kang'ethe S, Chitayi PM, 1989. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in fecal samples submitted for routine examination at Kenyatta National Hospital. East Afr Med J 66: 792-795.
    • (1989) East Afr Med J , vol.66 , pp. 792-795
    • Estambale, B.B.1    Bwibo, C.R.2    Kang'ethe, S.3    Chitayi, P.M.4
  • 11
    • 0028432510 scopus 로고
    • Cryptosporidiosis in HIV positive patients at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
    • Mirza NB, Bhatt KM, Bhatt SM, Kanja C, 1994. Cryptosporidiosis in HIV positive patients at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. East Afr Med J 71: 334-335.
    • (1994) East Afr Med J , vol.71 , pp. 334-335
    • Mirza, N.B.1    Bhatt, K.M.2    Bhatt, S.M.3    Kanja, C.4
  • 12
    • 77949363509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human immune responses in cryptosporidiosis
    • Borad A, Ward H, 2010. Human immune responses in cryptosporidiosis. Future Microbiol 5: 507-519.
    • (2010) Future Microbiol , vol.5 , pp. 507-519
    • Borad, A.1    Ward, H.2
  • 13
    • 16944367393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical cryptosporidiosis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced immunosuppression: Findings from a longitudinal study of HIV-positive and HIV-negative former injection drug users
    • Pozio E, Rezza G, Boschini A, Pezzotti P, Tamburrini A, Rossi P, DiFine M, Smacchia C, Schiesari A, Gattei E, Zucconi R, Ballarini P, 1997. Clinical cryptosporidiosis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced immunosuppression: findings from a longitudinal study of HIV-positive and HIV-negative former injection drug users. J Infect Dis 176: 969-975.
    • (1997) J Infect Dis , vol.176 , pp. 969-975
    • Pozio, E.1    Rezza, G.2    Boschini, A.3    Pezzotti, P.4    Tamburrini, A.5    Rossi, P.6    DiFine, M.7    Smacchia, C.8    Schiesari, A.9    Gattei, E.10    Zucconi, R.11    Ballarini, P.12
  • 14
    • 0035127076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid increase of mucosal CD4 T cells followed by clearance of intestinal cryptosporidiosis in an AIDS patient receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy
    • Schmidt W, Wahnschaffe U, Schafer M, Zippel T, Arvand M, Meyerhans A, Riecken EO, Ullrich R, 2001. Rapid increase of mucosal CD4 T cells followed by clearance of intestinal cryptosporidiosis in an AIDS patient receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Gastroenterology 120: 984-987.
    • (2001) Gastroenterology , vol.120 , pp. 984-987
    • Schmidt, W.1    Wahnschaffe, U.2    Schafer, M.3    Zippel, T.4    Arvand, M.5    Meyerhans, A.6    Riecken, E.O.7    Ullrich, R.8
  • 15
    • 79951744251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptosporidiosis-An overview
    • Leitch GJ, He Q, 2012. Cryptosporidiosis-An overview. J Biomed Res 25: 1-16.
    • (2012) J Biomed Res , vol.25 , pp. 1-16
    • Leitch, G.J.1    He, Q.2
  • 16
    • 0036675343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent advances in cryptosporidiosis: The immune response
    • Riggs MW, 2002. Recent advances in cryptosporidiosis: the immune response. Microbes Infect 4: 1067-1080.
    • (2002) Microbes Infect , vol.4 , pp. 1067-1080
    • Riggs, M.W.1
  • 17
    • 0032902683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy adults with pre-existing anti-C parvum serum immunoglobulin G
    • Chappell CL, Okhuysen PC, Sterling CR, Wang C, Jakubowski W, Dupont HL, 1999. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy adults with pre-existing anti-C. parvum serum immunoglobulin G. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60: 157-164.
    • (1999) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.60 , pp. 157-164
    • Chappell, C.L.1    Okhuysen, P.C.2    Sterling, C.R.3    Wang, C.4    Jakubowski, W.5    Dupont, H.L.6
  • 19
    • 1242293073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serological evidence of Cryptosporidium infections in a Russian city and evaluation of risk factors for infections
    • Egorov A, Frost F, Muller T, Naumova E, Tereschenko A, Ford T, 2004. Serological evidence of Cryptosporidium infections in a Russian city and evaluation of risk factors for infections. Ann Epidemiol 14: 129-136.
    • (2004) Ann Epidemiol , vol.14 , pp. 129-136
    • Egorov, A.1    Frost, F.2    Muller, T.3    Naumova, E.4    Tereschenko, A.5    Ford, T.6
  • 21
    • 33847301575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular basis of Cryptosporidiumhost cell interactions: Recent advances and future prospects
    • Wanyiri J, Ward H, 2006. Molecular basis of Cryptosporidiumhost cell interactions: recent advances and future prospects. Future Microbiol 1: 201-208.
    • (2006) Future Microbiol , vol.1 , pp. 201-208
    • Wanyiri, J.1    Ward, H.2
  • 23
    • 23244443375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective immunity associated with a strong serological response to a Cryptosporidium-specific antigen group, in HIV-infected individuals
    • Frost FJ, Tollestrup K, Craun GF, Fairley CK, Sinclair MI, Kunde TR, 2005. Protective immunity associated with a strong serological response to a Cryptosporidium-specific antigen group, in HIV-infected individuals. J Infect Dis 192: 618-621.
    • (2005) J Infect Dis , vol.192 , pp. 618-621
    • Frost, F.J.1    Tollestrup, K.2    Craun, G.F.3    Fairley, C.K.4    Sinclair, M.I.5    Kunde, T.R.6
  • 28
    • 26944475553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single multiplex PCR assay to identify simultaneously the six categories of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli associated with enteric infections
    • Vidal M, Kruger E, Duran C, Lagos R, Levine M, Prado V, Toro C, Vidal R, 2005. Single multiplex PCR assay to identify simultaneously the six categories of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli associated with enteric infections. J Clin Microbiol 43: 5362-5365.
    • (2005) J Clin Microbiol , vol.43 , pp. 5362-5365
    • Vidal, M.1    Kruger, E.2    Duran, C.3    Lagos, R.4    Levine, M.5    Prado, V.6    Toro, C.7    Vidal, R.8
  • 29
    • 72449204677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: An update
    • Xiao L, 2010. Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: an update. Exp Parasitol 124: 80-89.
    • (2010) Exp Parasitol , vol.124 , pp. 80-89
    • Xiao, L.1
  • 30
    • 32344434182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of Cpgp40/15 Type Ib as the predominant allele in isolates of Cryptosporidium spp. from a waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis in South Burgundy, France
    • Cohen S, Dalle F, Gallay A, DiPalma M, Bonnin A, Ward HD, 2006. Identification of Cpgp40/15 Type Ib as the predominant allele in isolates of Cryptosporidium spp. from a waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis in South Burgundy, France. J Clin Microbiol 44: 589-591.
    • (2006) J Clin Microbiol , vol.44 , pp. 589-591
    • Cohen, S.1    Dalle, F.2    Gallay, A.3    DiPalma, M.4    Bonnin, A.5    Ward, H.D.6
  • 34
    • 79954504857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum IgG response to Cryptosporidium immunodominant antigen gp15 and polymorphic antigen gp40 in children with cryptosporidiosis in South India
    • Ajjampur SS, Sarkar R, Allison G, Banda K, Kane A, Muliyil J, Naumova E, Ward H, Kang G, 2011. Serum IgG response to Cryptosporidium immunodominant antigen gp15 and polymorphic antigen gp40 in children with cryptosporidiosis in South India. Clin Vaccine Immunol 18: 633-639.
    • (2011) Clin Vaccine Immunol , vol.18 , pp. 633-639
    • Ajjampur, S.S.1    Sarkar, R.2    Allison, G.3    Banda, K.4    Kane, A.5    Muliyil, J.6    Naumova, E.7    Ward, H.8    Kang, G.9
  • 38
    • 58149199887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptosporidium species in HIV-infected individuals in India: An overview
    • Ajjampur SS, Sankaran P, Kang G, 2008. Cryptosporidium species in HIV-infected individuals in India: an overview. Natl Med J India 21: 178-184.
    • (2008) Natl Med J India , vol.21 , pp. 178-184
    • Ajjampur, S.S.1    Sankaran, P.2    Kang, G.3
  • 39
    • 79952047812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Symptomatic and asymptomatic Cryptosporidium infections in children in a semi-urban slum community in southern India
    • Ajjampur SS, Sarkar R, Sankaran P, Kannan A, Menon VK, Muliyil J, Ward H, Kang G, 2010. Symptomatic and asymptomatic Cryptosporidium infections in children in a semi-urban slum community in southern India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 1110-1115.
    • (2010) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.83 , pp. 1110-1115
    • Ajjampur, S.S.1    Sarkar, R.2    Sankaran, P.3    Kannan, A.4    Menon, V.K.5    Muliyil, J.6    Ward, H.7    Kang, G.8
  • 40
    • 18244365636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ordinary and opportunistic enteropathogens associated with diarrhea in Senegalese adults in relation to human immunodeficiency virus serostatus
    • Gassama A, Sow PS, Fall F, Camara P, Gueye-N'diaye A, Seng R, Samb B, M'Boup S, Aidara-Kane A, 2001. Ordinary and opportunistic enteropathogens associated with diarrhea in Senegalese adults in relation to human immunodeficiency virus serostatus. Int J Infect Dis 5: 192-198.
    • (2001) Int J Infect Dis , vol.5 , pp. 192-198
    • Gassama, A.1    Sow, P.S.2    Fall, F.3    Camara, P.4    Gueye-N'diaye, A.5    Seng, R.6    Samb, B.7    M'Boup, S.8    Aidara-Kane, A.9
  • 42
    • 33750341115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptosporidium species: Preliminary descriptions of the prevalence and genotype distribution among school children and hospital patients in the Venda region, Limpopo Province, South Africa
    • Samie A, Bessong PO, Obi CL, Sevilleja JE, Stroup S, Houpt E, Guerrant RL, 2006. Cryptosporidium species: preliminary descriptions of the prevalence and genotype distribution among school children and hospital patients in the Venda region, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Exp Parasitol 114: 314-322.
    • (2006) Exp Parasitol , vol.114 , pp. 314-322
    • Samie, A.1    Bessong, P.O.2    Obi, C.L.3    Sevilleja, J.E.4    Stroup, S.5    Houpt, E.6    Guerrant, R.L.7
  • 44
    • 0032033913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and epidemiologic characteristics of opportunistic and nonopportunistic intestinal parasitic infections in HIV positive patients in Manipur
    • Anand L, Dhanachand C, Brajachand N, 1998. Prevalence and epidemiologic characteristics of opportunistic and nonopportunistic intestinal parasitic infections in HIV positive patients in Manipur. J Commun Dis 30: 19-22.
    • (1998) J Commun Dis , vol.30 , pp. 19-22
    • Anand, L.1    Dhanachand, C.2    Brajachand, N.3
  • 45
    • 33748663516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Etiology of chronic diarrhea in antiretroviral-naive patients with HIV infection admitted to Norodom Sihanouk Hospital, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
    • Chhin S, Harwell JI, Bell JD, Rozycki G, Ellman T, Barnett JM, Ward H, Reinert SE, Pugatch D, 2006. Etiology of chronic diarrhea in antiretroviral-naive patients with HIV infection admitted to Norodom Sihanouk Hospital, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Clin Infect Dis 43: 925-932.
    • (2006) Clin Infect Dis , vol.43 , pp. 925-932
    • Chhin, S.1    Harwell, J.I.2    Bell, J.D.3    Rozycki, G.4    Ellman, T.5    Barnett, J.M.6    Ward, H.7    Reinert, S.E.8    Pugatch, D.9
  • 49
    • 26944488958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age-specific seroprevalence to an immunodominant Cryptosporidium sporozoite antigen in a Brazilian population
    • Cox MJ, Elwin K, Massad E, Azevedo RS, 2005. Age-specific seroprevalence to an immunodominant Cryptosporidium sporozoite antigen in a Brazilian population. Epidemiol Infect 133: 951-956.
    • (2005) Epidemiol Infect , vol.133 , pp. 951-956
    • Cox, M.J.1    Elwin, K.2    Massad, E.3    Azevedo, R.S.4
  • 50
    • 77955389658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global distribution, public health and clinical impact of the protozoan pathogen Cryptosporidium
    • Putignani L, Menichella D, 2010. Global distribution, public health and clinical impact of the protozoan pathogen Cryptosporidium. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2010: 1-70.
    • (2010) Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis , vol.2010 , pp. 1-70
    • Putignani, L.1    Menichella, D.2
  • 52
    • 12444324519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular analysis of the 18S rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium parasites from patients with or without human immunodeficiency virus infections living in Kenya, Malawi, Brazil, the United Kingdom, and Vietnam
    • Gatei W, Greensill J, Ashford RW, Cuevas LE, Parry CM, Cunliffe NA, Beeching NJ, Hart CA, 2003. Molecular analysis of the 18S rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium parasites from patients with or without human immunodeficiency virus infections living in Kenya, Malawi, Brazil, the United Kingdom, and Vietnam. J Clin Microbiol 41: 1458-1462.
    • (2003) J Clin Microbiol , vol.41 , pp. 1458-1462
    • Gatei, W.1    Greensill, J.2    Ashford, R.W.3    Cuevas, L.E.4    Parry, C.M.5    Cunliffe, N.A.6    Beeching, N.J.7    Hart, C.A.8
  • 56
    • 0034048780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates obtained from human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals living in Switzerland, Kenya, and the United States
    • Morgan U, Weber R, Xiao L, Sulaiman I, Thompson RC, Ndiritu W, Lal A, Moore A, Deplazes P, 2000. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates obtained from human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals living in Switzerland, Kenya, and the United States. J Clin Microbiol 38: 1180-1183.
    • (2000) J Clin Microbiol , vol.38 , pp. 1180-1183
    • Morgan, U.1    Weber, R.2    Xiao, L.3    Sulaiman, I.4    Thompson, R.C.5    Ndiritu, W.6    Lal, A.7    Moore, A.8    Deplazes, P.9
  • 57
    • 71249162359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic richness and diversity in Cryptosporidium hominis and C parvum reveals major knowledge gaps and a need for the application of "next generation" technologies-research review
    • Jex AR, Gasser RB, 2010. Genetic richness and diversity in Cryptosporidium hominis and C. parvum reveals major knowledge gaps and a need for the application of "next generation" technologies-research review. Biotechnol Adv 28: 17-26.
    • (2010) Biotechnol Adv , vol.28 , pp. 17-26
    • Jex, A.R.1    Gasser, R.B.2
  • 59
    • 33845264795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subtype analysis of Cryptosporidium isolates from children in Uganda
    • Akiyoshi DE, Tumwine JK, Bakeera-Kitaka S, Tzipori S, 2006. Subtype analysis of Cryptosporidium isolates from children in Uganda. J Parasitol 92: 1097-1100.
    • (2006) J Parasitol , vol.92 , pp. 1097-1100
    • Akiyoshi, D.E.1    Tumwine, J.K.2    Bakeera-Kitaka, S.3    Tzipori, S.4
  • 60
    • 33845968867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proteolytic processing of the Cryptosporidium glycoprotein gp40/15 by human furin and by a parasite-derived furin-like protease activity
    • Wanyiri JW, O'Connor R, Allison G, Kim K, Kane A, Qiu J, Plaut AG, Ward HD, 2007. Proteolytic processing of the Cryptosporidium glycoprotein gp40/15 by human furin and by a parasite-derived furin-like protease activity. Infect Immun 75: 184-192.
    • (2007) Infect Immun , vol.75 , pp. 184-192
    • Wanyiri, J.W.1    O'Connor, R.2    Allison, G.3    Kim, K.4    Kane, A.5    Qiu, J.6    Plaut, A.G.7    Ward, H.D.8
  • 61
    • 0025905198 scopus 로고
    • Immunofluorescent microscopical visualization of trails left by gliding Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites
    • Arrowood MJ, Sterling CR, Healey MC, 1991. Immunofluorescent microscopical visualization of trails left by gliding Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites. J Parasitol 77: 315-317.
    • (1991) J Parasitol , vol.77 , pp. 315-317
    • Arrowood, M.J.1    Sterling, C.R.2    Healey, M.C.3
  • 62
    • 3543022665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of immunoglobulin a monoclonal antibodies against P23 in controlling murine Cryptosporidium parvum infection
    • Enriquez FJ, Riggs MW, 1998. Role of immunoglobulin A monoclonal antibodies against P23 in controlling murine Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Infect Immun 66: 4469-4473.
    • (1998) Infect Immun , vol.66 , pp. 4469-4473
    • Enriquez, F.J.1    Riggs, M.W.2
  • 64
    • 0036157463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of the highly polymorphic Cryptosporidium parvum Cpgp40/15 gene in genotype I and II isolates
    • O'Connor RM, Thorpe CM, Cevallos AM, Ward HD, 2002. Expression of the highly polymorphic Cryptosporidium parvum Cpgp40/15 gene in genotype I and II isolates. Mol Biochem Parasitol 119: 203-215.
    • (2002) Mol Biochem Parasitol , vol.119 , pp. 203-215
    • O'Connor, R.M.1    Thorpe, C.M.2    Cevallos, A.M.3    Ward, H.D.4
  • 65
    • 0033946226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloning and sequence analysis of a highly polymorphic Cryptosporidium parvum gene encoding a 60-kilodalton glycoprotein and characterization of its 15- and 45-kilodalton zoite surface antigen products
    • Strong WB, Gut J, Nelson RG, 2000. Cloning and sequence analysis of a highly polymorphic Cryptosporidium parvum gene encoding a 60-kilodalton glycoprotein and characterization of its 15- and 45-kilodalton zoite surface antigen products. Infect Immun 68: 4117-4134.
    • (2000) Infect Immun , vol.68 , pp. 4117-4134
    • Strong, W.B.1    Gut, J.2    Nelson, R.G.3
  • 66
    • 0037466478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nucleotide changes within three Cryptosporidium parvum surface protein encoding genes differentiate genotype I from genotype II isolates
    • Sturbaum GD, Jost BH, Sterling CR, 2003. Nucleotide changes within three Cryptosporidium parvum surface protein encoding genes differentiate genotype I from genotype II isolates. Mol Biochem Parasitol 128: 87-90.
    • (2003) Mol Biochem Parasitol , vol.128 , pp. 87-90
    • Sturbaum, G.D.1    Jost, B.H.2    Sterling, C.R.3
  • 67
    • 0022542583 scopus 로고
    • Quantification of specific antibody response to Cryptosporidium antigens by laser densitometry
    • Ungar BL, Nash TE, 1986. Quantification of specific antibody response to Cryptosporidium antigens by laser densitometry. Infect Immun 53: 124-128.
    • (1986) Infect Immun , vol.53 , pp. 124-128
    • Ungar, B.L.1    Nash, T.E.2
  • 68
    • 33750699349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The natural history of antibody responses to Cryptosporidium parasites in men at high risk of HIV infection
    • Sandhu SK, Priest JW, Lammie PJ, Hubbard A, Colford JM Jr, Eisenberg JN, 2006. The natural history of antibody responses to Cryptosporidium parasites in men at high risk of HIV infection. J Infect Dis 194: 1428-1437.
    • (2006) J Infect Dis , vol.194 , pp. 1428-1437
    • Sandhu, S.K.1    Priest, J.W.2    Lammie, P.J.3    Hubbard, A.4    Colford Jr., J.M.5    Eisenberg, J.N.6
  • 69
    • 71549168612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum immunoglobulin G, M and A response to Cryptosporidium parvum in Cryptosporidium-HIV co-infected patients
    • Kaushik K, Khurana S, Wanchu A, Malla N, 2009. Serum immunoglobulin G, M and A response to Cryptosporidium parvum in Cryptosporidium-HIV co-infected patients. BMC Infect Dis 9: 179.
    • (2009) BMC Infect Dis , vol.9 , pp. 179
    • Kaushik, K.1    Khurana, S.2    Wanchu, A.3    Malla, N.4
  • 71
    • 0036141514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology and clinical features of Cryptosporidium infection in immunocompromised patients
    • Hunter PR, Nichols G, 2002. Epidemiology and clinical features of Cryptosporidium infection in immunocompromised patients. Clin Microbiol Rev 15: 145-154.
    • (2002) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.15 , pp. 145-154
    • Hunter, P.R.1    Nichols, G.2
  • 73
    • 78249241798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diarrheal diseases in low- and middle-income countries: Incidence, prevention and management
    • Ahs JW, Tao W, Löfgren J, Forsberg BC, 2010. Diarrheal diseases in low- and middle-income countries: incidence, prevention and management. The Open Infectious Diseases Journal 4: 113-124.
    • (2010) The Open Infectious Diseases Journal , vol.4 , pp. 113-124
    • Ahs, J.W.1    Tao, W.2    Löfgren, J.3    Forsberg, B.C.4
  • 75
    • 84878779376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel, multi-parallel, real-time polymerase chain reaction approach for eight gastrointestinal parasites provides improved diagnostic capabilities to resource-limited at-risk populations
    • Mejia R, Vicuna Y, Broncano N, Sandoval C, Vaca M, Chico M, Cooper PJ, Nutman TB, 2013. A novel, multi-parallel, real-time polymerase chain reaction approach for eight gastrointestinal parasites provides improved diagnostic capabilities to resource-limited at-risk populations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 1041-1047.
    • (2013) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.88 , pp. 1041-1047
    • Mejia, R.1    Vicuna, Y.2    Broncano, N.3    Sandoval, C.4    Vaca, M.5    Chico, M.6    Cooper, P.J.7    Nutman, T.B.8
  • 77
    • 79851511553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Co-infection with Ascaris lumbricoides modulates protective immune responses against Giardia duodenalis in school Venezuelan rural children
    • Hagel I, Cabrera M, Puccio F, Santaella C, Buvat E, Infante B, Zabala M, Cordero R, DiPrisco MC, 2011. Co-infection with Ascaris lumbricoides modulates protective immune responses against Giardia duodenalis in school Venezuelan rural children. Acta Trop 117: 189-195.
    • (2011) Acta Trop , vol.117 , pp. 189-195
    • Hagel, I.1    Cabrera, M.2    Puccio, F.3    Santaella, C.4    Buvat, E.5    Infante, B.6    Zabala, M.7    Cordero, R.8    DiPrisco, M.C.9


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.