Pediatric heart transplantation-Indications and outcomes in the current era

Journal of Thoracic Disease

Volumn 6, Issue 8, 2014, Pages 1080-1096

  Thrush, Philip T ^a,b   Hoffman, Timothy M ^a,b  

^a NATIONWIDE CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiomyopathy; Congenital heart defects; Graft rejection; Graft survival; Heart transplantation (HTx); Pediatrics

Indexed keywords

BORTEZOMIB; CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; RITUXIMAB;

ARTICLE; BLOOD GROUP ABO INCOMPATIBILITY; CARDIAC ALLOGRAFT VASCULOPATHY; CARDIOMYOPATHY; CHILD; CHILD CARE; CLINICAL RESEARCH; CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE; CONGESTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION; GRAFT REJECTION; GRAFT SURVIVAL; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART TRANSPLANTATION; HEART VENTRICLE SEPTUM; HUMAN; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; KIDNEY DISEASE; LONG TERM CARE; LUNG TRANSPLANTATION; NEPHROTOXICITY; PEDIATRICS; PLASMAPHERESIS; POSTTRANSPLANT LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE; PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE; PULMONARY VALVE ATRESIA; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY; RETRANSPLANTATION; RISK FACTOR; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84907010465     PISSN: 20721439     EISSN: 20776624     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.06.16     Document Type: Article

References (137)

1. Kantrowitz A, Haller JD, Joos H, et al. Transplantation of the heart in an infant and an adult. Am J Cardiol 1968;22:782-90.
2. Dipchand AI, Kirk R, Edwards LB, et al. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Sixteenth Official Pediatric Heart Transplantation Report--2013; focus theme: age. J Heart Lung Transplant 2013;32:979-88.
3. Mudge GH, Goldstein S, Addonizio LJ, et al. 24th Bethesda conference: Cardiac transplantation. Task Force 3: Recipient guidelines/prioritization. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:21-31.
4. Costanzo MR, Augustine S, Bourge R, et al. Selection and treatment of candidates for heart transplantation. A statement for health professionals from the Committee on Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplantation of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association. Circulation 1995;92:3593-612.
5. Mahle WT, Spray TL, Wernovsky G, et al. Survival after reconstructive surgery for hypoplastic left heart syndrome: A 15-year experience from a single institution. Circulation 2000;102:III136-41.
6. Tweddell JS, Hoffman GM, Mussatto KA, et al. Improved survival of patients undergoing palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome: lessons learned from 115 consecutive patients. Circulation 2002;106:I82-9.
7. Kimberling MT, Balzer DT, Hirsch R, et al. Cardiac transplantation for pediatric restrictive cardiomyopathy: presentation, evaluation, and short-term outcome. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002;21:455-9.
8. Russo LM, Webber SA. Idiopathic restrictive cardiomyopathy in children. Heart 2005;91:1199-202.
9. Bruns LA, Chrisant MK, Lamour JM, et al. Carvedilol as therapy in pediatric heart failure: an initial multicenter experience. J Pediatr 2001;138:505-11.10. Azeka E, Franchini Ramires JA, et al. Delisting of infants and children from the heart transplantation waiting list after carvedilol treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:2034-8.
10. Azeka E, Franchini Ramires JA, et al. Delisting of infants and children from the heart transplantation waiting list after carvedilol treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:2034-8.
11. Shaddy RE, Curtin EL, Sower B, et al. The Pediatric Randomized Carvedilol Trial in Children with Heart Failure: rationale and design. Am Heart J 2002;144:383-9.
12. Shaddy RE, Boucek MM, Hsu DT, et al. Carvedilol for children and adolescents with heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007;298:1171-9.
13. Hunt SA, Baker DW, Chin MH, et al. ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: Executive Summary A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1995 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): Developed in Collaboration With the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Endorsed by the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation 2001;104:2996-3007.
14. Rosenthal D, Chrisant MR, Edens E, et al. International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Practice guidelines for management of heart failure in children. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004;23:1313-33.
15. Canter CE, Shaddy RE, Bernstein D, et al. Indications for heart transplantation in pediatric heart disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Cardiovascular Nursing, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation 2007;115:658-76.
16. Hawkins JA, Breinholt JP, Lambert LM, et al. Class I and class II anti-HLA antibodies after implantation of cryopreserved allograft material in pediatric patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;119:324-30.
17. O'Connor MJ, Lind C, Tang X, et al. Persistence of antihuman leukocyte antibodies in congenital heart disease late after surgery using allografts and whole blood. J Heart Lung Transplant 2013;32:390-7.
18. Wright EJ, Fiser WP, Edens RE, et al. Cardiac transplant outcomes in pediatric patients with pre-formed anti-human leukocyte antigen antibodies and/or positive retrospective crossmatch. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007;26:1163-9.
19. Mahle WT, Tresler MA, Edens RE, et al. Allosensitization and outcomes in pediatric heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011;30:1221-7.
20. Eckman PM. Immunosuppression in the sensitizedheart transplant recipient. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2010;15:650-6.
21. Holt DB, Lublin DM, Phelan DL, et al. Mortality and morbidity in pre-sensitized pediatric heart transplant recipients with a positive donor crossmatch utilizing perioperative plasmapheresis and cytolytic therapy. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007;26:876-82.
22. Ratkovec RM, Hammond EH, O'Connell JB, et al. Outcome of cardiac transplant recipients with a positive donor-specific crossmatch--preliminary results with plasmapheresis. Transplantation 1992;54:651-5.
23. Clark B, Cole JY, Wortley A, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin-induced panel reactive antibody A reduction: not all preparations are created equal. Transplantation 2003;75:242-5.
24. Itescu S, Burke E, Lietz K, et al. Intravenous pulse administration of cyclophosphamide is an effective and safe treatment for sensitized cardiac allograft recipients. Circulation 2002;105:1214-9.
25. Leech SH, Lopez-Cepero M, LeFor WM, et al. Management of the sensitized cardiac recipient: the use of plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin. Clin Transplant 2006;20:476-84.
26. Balfour IC, Fiore A, Graff RJ, et al. Use of rituximab to decrease panel-reactive antibodies. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005;24:628-30.
27. Trivedi HL, Terasaki PI, Feroz A, et al. Abrogation of anti-HLA antibodies via proteasome inhibition. Transplantation 2009;87:1555-61.
28. Morrow WR, Frazier EA, Mahle WT, et al. Rapid reduction in donor-specific anti-human leukocyte antigen antibodies and reversal of antibody-mediated rejection with bortezomib in pediatric heart transplant patients. Transplantation 2012;93:319-24.
29. Patel J, Everly M, Chang D, et al. Reduction of alloantibodies via proteasome inhibition in cardiac transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011;30:1320-6.
30. Zangwill SD, Ellis TM, Zlotocha J, et al. The virtual crossmatch--a screening tool for sensitized pediatric heart transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant 2006;10:38-41.
31. Zangwill S, Ellis T, Stendahl G, et al. Practical application of the virtual crossmatch. Pediatr Transplant 2007;11:650-4.
32. Chang D, Kobashigawa J. The use of the calculated panel-reactive antibody and virtual crossmatch in heart transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2012;17:423-6.
33. Mah D, Singh TP, Thiagarajan RR, et al. Incidence and risk factors for mortality in infants awaiting hearttransplantation in the USA. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009;28:1292-8.
34. Almond CS, Gauvreau K, Thiagarajan RR, et al. Impact of ABO-incompatible listing on wait-list outcomes among infants listed for heart transplantation in the United States: a propensity analysis. Circulation 2010;121:1926-33.
35. Henderson HT, Canter CE, Mahle WT, et al. ABOincompatible heart transplantation: analysis of the Pediatric Heart Transplant Study (PHTS) database. J Heart Lung Transplant 2012;31:173-9.
36. Patel ND, Weiss ES, Scheel J, et al. ABO-incompatible heart transplantation in infants: analysis of the united network for organ sharing database. J Heart Lung Transplant 2008;27:1085-9.
37. Dipchand AI, Pollock BarZiv SM, Manlhiot C, et al. Equivalent outcomes for pediatric heart transplantation recipients: ABO-blood group incompatible versus ABOcompatible. Am J Transplant 2010;10:389-97.
38. Urschel S, Larsen IM, Kirk R, et al. ABO-incompatible heart transplantation in early childhood: an international multicenter study of clinical experiences and limits. J Heart Lung Transplant 2013;32:285-92.
39. http://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/PoliciesandBylaws2/policies/pdfs/policy_4.pdf
40. Conway J, Chrisant MR, West LJ, et al. Outcomes of fetal listed patients awaiting heart transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2013;17:653-60.
41. Pollock-Barziv SM, McCrindle BW, West LJ, et al. Waiting before birth: outcomes after fetal listing for heart transplantation. Am J Transplant 2008;8:412-8.
42. Dipchand AI, Kirk R, Mahle WT, et al. Ten yr of pediatric heart transplantation: a report from the Pediatric Heart Transplant Study. Pediatr Transplant 2013;17:99-111.
43. Conway J, Chin C, Kemna M, et al. Donors' characteristics and impact on outcomes in pediatric heart transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant 2013;17:774-81.
44. Tosi L, Federman M, Markovic D, et al. The effect of gender and gender match on mortality in pediatric heart transplantation. Am J Transplant 2013;13:2996-3002.
45. Almond CS, Thiagarajan RR, Piercey GE, et al. Waiting list mortality among children listed for heart transplantation in the United States. Circulation 2009;119:717-27.
46. Jeewa A, Manlhiot C, Kantor PF, et al. Risk factors for mortality or delisting of patients from the pediatric heart transplant waiting list. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014;147:462-8.
47. Singh TP, Almond CS, Taylor DO, et al. Decline in hearttransplant wait list mortality in the United States following broader regional sharing of donor hearts. Circ Heart Fail 2012;5:249-58.
48. Voeller RK, Epstein DJ, Guthrie TJ, et al. Trends in the indications and survival in pediatric heart transplants: a 24- year single-center experience in 307 patients. Ann Thorac Surg 2012;94:807-15; discussion 815-6.
49. Lipshultz SE, Sleeper LA, Towbin JA, et al. The incidence of pediatric cardiomyopathy in two regions of the United States. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1647-55.
50. Towbin JA, Lowe AM, Colan SD, et al. Incidence, causes, and outcomes of dilated cardiomyopathy in children. JAMA 2006;296:1867-76.
51. Kirk R, Naftel D, Hoffman TM, et al. Outcome of pediatric patients with dilated cardiomyopathy listed for transplant: a multi-institutional study. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009;28:1322-8.
52. Pietra BA, Kantor PF, Bartlett HL, et al. Early predictors of survival to and after heart transplantation in children with dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2012;126:1079-86.
53. Singh TP, Almond CS, Piercey G, et al. Current outcomes in US children with cardiomyopathy listed for heart transplantation. Circ Heart Fail 2012;5:594-601.
54. Gajarski R, Naftel DC, Pahl E, et al. Outcomes of pediatric patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy listed for transplant. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009;28:1329-34.
55. Zangwill SD, Naftel D, L'Ecuyer T, et al. Outcomes of children with restrictive cardiomyopathy listed for heart transplant: a multi-institutional study. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009;28:1335-40.
56. Decker JA, Rossano JW, Smith EO, et al. Risk factors and mode of death in isolated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in children. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:250-4.
57. Canter CE, Naftel DC. Recipient characteristics. Heart transplantation. In: Fine R, Webber S, Harmon W, et al. eds. Pediatrc solid organ transplantation. Oxford (UK): Blackwell, in press.
58. Lipshultz SE, Orav EJ, Wilkinson JD, et al. Risk stratification at diagnosis for children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an analysis of data from the Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry. Lancet 2013;382:1889-97.
59. Nugent AW, Daubeney PE, Chondros P, et al. Clinical features and outcomes of childhood hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: results from a national population-based study. Circulation 2005;112:1332-8.
60. Maskatia SA, Decker JA, Spinner JA, et al. Restrictive physiology is associated with poor outcomes in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Pediatr Cardiol61. Colan SD, Lipshultz SE, Lowe AM, et al. Epidemiology and cause-specific outcome of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in children: findings from the Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry. Circulation 2007;115:773-81.
61. Colan SD, Lipshultz SE, Lowe AM, et al. Epidemiology and cause-specific outcome of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in children: findings from the Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry. Circulation 2007;115:773-81.
62. Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, et al. Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 2006;113:1807-16.
63. Nugent AW, Daubeney PE, Chondros P, et al. The epidemiology of childhood cardiomyopathy in Australia. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1639-46.
64. Webber SA, Lipshultz SE, Sleeper LA, et al. Outcomes of restrictive cardiomyopathy in childhood and the influence of phenotype: a report from the Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry. Circulation 2012;126:1237-44.
65. Cetta F, O'Leary PW, Seward JB, et al. Idiopathic restrictive cardiomyopathy in childhood: diagnostic features and clinical course. Mayo Clin Proc 1995;70:634-40.
66. Denfield SW, Rosenthal G, Gajarski RJ, et al. Restrictive cardiomyopathies in childhood. Etiologies and natural history. Tex Heart Inst J 1997;24:38-44.
67. Rivenes SM, Kearney DL, Smith EO, et al. Sudden death and cardiovascular collapse in children with restrictive cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2000;102:876-82.
68. Azakie T, Merklinger SL, McCrindle BW, et al. Evolving strategies and improving outcomes of the modified norwood procedure: a 10-year single-institution experience. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;72:1349-53.
69. Chinnock RE, Bailey LL. Heart transplantation for congenital heart disease in the first year of life. Curr Cardiol Rev 2011;7:72-84.
70. Chrisant MR, Naftel DC, Drummond-Webb J, et al. Fate of infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome listed for cardiac transplantation: a multicenter study. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005;24:576-82.
71. Guleserian KJ, Armsby LB, Thiagarajan RR, et al. Natural history of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum and right-ventricle-dependent coronary circulation managed by the single-ventricle approach. Ann Thorac Surg 2006;81:2250-7; discussion 2258.
72. Rychik J, Levy H, Gaynor JW, et al. Outcome after operations for pulmonary atresia with intact ventricularseptum. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;116:924-31.
73. Ashburn DA, Blackstone EH, Wells WJ, et al. Determinants of mortality and type of repair in neonates with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004;127:1000-7; discussion 1007-8.
74. Larsen RL, Eguchi JH, Mulla NF, et al. Usefulness of cardiac transplantation in children with visceral heterotaxy (asplenic and polysplenic syndromes and single rightsided spleen with levocardia) and comparison of results with cardiac transplantation in children with dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2002;89:1275-9.
75. Auerbach SR, Smith JK, Gralla J, et al. Graft survival is better without prior surgery in cardiac transplantation for functionally univentricular hearts. J Heart Lung Transplant 2012;31:987-95.
76. Marino BS. Outcomes after the Fontan procedure. Curr Opin Pediatr 2002;14:620-6.
77. Hess J. Long-term problems after cavopulmonary anastomosis: diagnosis and management. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;49:98-100.
78. Freedom RM, Hamilton R, Yoo SJ, et al. The Fontan procedure: analysis of cohorts and late complications. Cardiol Young 2000;10:307-31.
79. Rychik J, Goldberg D, Rand E, et al. End-organ consequences of the Fontan operation: liver fibrosis, protein-losing enteropathy and plastic bronchitis. Cardiol Young 2013;23:831-40.
80. Lastinger L, Zaidi AN. The adult with a fontan: a panacea without a cure? Review of long-term complications. Circ J 2013;77:2672-81.
81. Backer CL, Deal BJ, Mavroudis C, et al. Conversion of the failed Fontan circulation. Cardiol Young 2006;16 Suppl 1:85-91.
82. Mavroudis C, Deal BJ, Backer CL. The beneficial effects of total cavopulmonary conversion and arrhythmia surgery for the failed Fontan. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu 2002;5:12-24.
83. Sheikh AM, Tang AT, Roman K, et al. The failing Fontan circulation: successful conversion of atriopulmonary connections. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004;128:60-6.
84. Jacobs JP, Quintessenza JA, Chai PJ, et al. Rescue cardiac transplantation for failing staged palliation in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Cardiol Young 2006;16:556-62.
85. Gossett JG, Almond CS, Kirk R, et al. Outcomes of cardiac transplantation in single-ventricle patients with plastic bronchitis: a multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol2013;61:985-6.
86. Brancaccio G, Carotti A, D'Argenio P, et al. Protein-losing enteropathy after Fontan surgery: resolution after cardiac transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003;22:484-6.
87. Backer CL, Russell HM, Pahl E, et al. Heart transplantation for the failing Fontan. Ann Thorac Surg 2013;96:1413-9.
88. Bernstein D, Naftel D, Chin C, et al. Outcome of listing for cardiac transplantation for failed Fontan: a multiinstitutional study. Circulation 2006;114:273-80.
89. Carlo WF, Pearce FB, Kirklin JK. Retransplantation as a successful therapy for post-transplant protein-losing enteropathy. J Heart Lung Transplant 2013;32:472-3.
90. Gossett JG, Canter CE, Zheng J, et al. Decline in rejection in the first year after pediatric cardiac transplantation: a multi-institutional study. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010;29:625-32.
91. Ameduri RK, Zheng J, Schechtman KB, et al. Has late rejection decreased in pediatric heart transplantation in the current era? A multi-institutional study. J Heart Lung Transplant 2012;31:980-6.
92. Chin C, Naftel DC, Singh TP, et al. Risk factors for recurrent rejection in pediatric heart transplantation: a multicenter experience. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004;23:178-85.
93. Webber SA, Naftel DC, Parker J, et al. Late rejection episodes more than 1 year after pediatric heart transplantation: risk factors and outcomes. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003;22:869-75.
94. Pahl E, Naftel DC, Canter CE, et al. Death after rejection with severe hemodynamic compromise in pediatric heart transplant recipients: a multi-institutional study. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001;20:279-87.
95. Everitt MD, Pahl E, Schechtman KB, et al. Rejection with hemodynamic compromise in the current era of pediatric heart transplantation: a multi-institutional study. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011;30:282-8.
96. Ringewald JM, Gidding SS, Crawford SE, et al. Nonadherence is associated with late rejection in pediatric heart transplant recipients. J Pediatr 2001;139:75-8.
97. Boucek MM, Edwards LB, Keck BM, et al. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Sixth Official Pediatric Report--2003. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003;22:636-52.
98. Kulikowska A, Boslaugh SE, Huddleston CB, et al. Infectious, malignant, and autoimmune complications in pediatric heart transplant recipients. J Pediatr 2008;152:671-7.
99. Schowengerdt KO, Naftel DC, Seib PM, et al. Infection after pediatric heart transplantation: results of a multiinstitutional study. The Pediatric Heart Transplant Study Group. J Heart Lung Transplant 1997;16:1207-16.
100. Gajarski RJ, Smith EO, Denfield SW, et al. Longterm results of triple-drug-based immunosuppression in nonneonatal pediatric heart transplant recipients. Transplantation 1998;65:1470-6.
101. Tran L, He´bert D, Dipchand A, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease in pediatric organ transplant recipients: a high-risk population. Pediatr Transplant 2005;9:183-6.
102. Stovall SH, Ainley KA, Mason EO Jr, et al. Invasive pneumococcal infections in pediatric cardiac transplant patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001;20:946-50.
103. Lin PL, Michaels MG, Green M, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the American Academy of Pediatrics--recommended sequential pneumococcal conjugate and polysaccharide vaccine schedule in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients. Pediatrics 2005;116:160-7.
104. Gennery AR, Cant AJ, Spickett GP, et al. Effect of immunosuppression after cardiac transplantation in early childhood on antibody response to polysaccharide antigen. Lancet 1998;351:1778-81.
105. Fishman JA, Rubin RH. Infection in organ-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1741-51.
106. Rubin RH, Tolkoff-Rubin NE. Infection in the organ transplant patient; the Hegelian dialectic of transplantation. Trans Med Soc Lond 1994-1995;111:81-90.
107. Rubin RH. Prevention and treatment of cytomegalovirus disease in heart transplant patients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2000;19:731-5.
108. Costanzo MR, Dipchand A, Starling R, et al. The International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation Guidelines for the care of heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010;29:914-56.
109. Webber SA, Naftel DC, Fricker FJ, et al. Lymphoproliferative disorders after paediatric heart transplantation: a multi-institutional study. Lancet 2006;367:233-9.
110. Pandya A, Wasfy S, He´bert D, et al. Varicella-zoster infection in pediatric solid-organ transplant recipients: a hospital-based study in the prevaricella vaccine era. Pediatr Transplant 2001;5:153-9.
111. Zaoutis TE, Webber S, Naftel DC, et al. Invasive fungal infections in pediatric heart transplant recipients: incidence, risk factors, and outcomes. Pediatr Transplant 2011;15:465-9.
112. Ng B, Dipchand A, Naftel D, et al. Outcomes of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia infections in pediatric heart transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant 2011;15:844-8.
113. Kobayashi D, Du W, L'ecuyer TJ. Predictors of cardiac allograft vasculopathy in pediatric heart transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant 2013;17:436-40.
114. Costello JM, Wax DF, Binns HJ, et al. A comparison of intravascular ultrasound with coronary angiography for evaluation of transplant coronary disease in pediatric heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003;22:44-9.
115. Kobashigawa JA, Tobis JM, Starling RC, et al. Multicenter intravascular ultrasound validation study among heart transplant recipients: outcomes after five years. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:1532-7.
116. Kuhn MA, Jutzy KR, Deming DD, et al. The mediumterm findings in coronary arteries by intravascular ultrasound in infants and children after heart transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:250-4.
117. Gudausky TM, Pelech AN, Stendahl G, et al. Dual-axis rotational coronary angiography: a new technique for detecting graft coronary vasculopathy in pediatric heart transplant recipients. Pediatr Cardiol 2013;34:560-5.
118. Mancini D, Pinney S, Burkhoff D, et al. Use of rapamycin slows progression of cardiac transplantation vasculopathy. Circulation 2003;108:48-53.
119. Eisen HJ, Tuzcu EM, Dorent R, et al. Everolimus for the prevention of allograft rejection and vasculopathy in cardiac-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 2003;349:847-58.
120. Pahl E, Crawford SE, Wax DF, et al. Safety and efficacy of pravastatin in pediatric heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001;20:230.
121. Kobashigawa JA, Moriguchi JD, Laks H, et al. Tenyear follow-up of a randomized trial of pravastatin in heart transplant patients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005;24:1736-40.
122. Kobashigawa JA, Katznelson S, Laks H, et al. Effect of pravastatin on outcomes after cardiac transplantation. N Engl J Med 1995;333:621-7.
123. Chin C, Lukito SS, Shek J, et al. Prevention of pediatric graft coronary artery disease: atorvastatin. Pediatr Transplant 2008;12:442-6.
124. Sachdeva R, Seib PM, Frazier EA, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention using drug-eluting stents in pediatric heart transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant 2009;13:1014-9.
125. Chinnock R, Webber SA, Dipchand AI, et al. A 16-year multi-institutional study of the role of age and EBV status on PTLD incidence among pediatric heart transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2012;12:3061-8.
126. Gajarski RJ, Blume ED, Urschel S, et al. Infection and malignancy after pediatric heart transplantation: the role of induction therapy. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011;30:299-308.
127. Opelz G, Do¨hler B. Lymphomas after solid organ transplantation: a collaborative transplant study report. Am J Transplant 2004;4:222-30.
128. Manlhiot C, Pollock-Barziv SM, Holmes C, et al. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder in pediatric heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010;29:648-57.
129. Schubert S, Renner C, Hammer M, et al. Relationship of immunosuppression to Epstein-Barr viral load and lymphoproliferative disease in pediatric heart transplant patients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2008;27:100-5.
130. Benkerrou M, Durandy A, Fischer A. Therapy for transplant-related lymphoproliferative diseases. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1993;7:467-75.
131. Cacciarelli TV, Green M, Jaffe R, et al. Management of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease in pediatric liver transplant recipients receiving primary tacrolimus(FK506) therapy. Transplantation 1998;66:1047-52.
132. Newell KA, Alonso EM, Whitington PF, et al. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease in pediatric liver transplantation. Interplay between primary Epstein-Barr virus infection and immunosuppression. Transplantation 1996;62:370-5.
133. Pescovitz MD. The use of rituximab, anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, in pediatric transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2004;8:9-21.
134. Blaes AH, Peterson BA, Bartlett N, et al. Rituximab therapy is effective for posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders after solid organ transplantation: results of a phase II trial. Cancer 2005;104:1661-7.
135. Feingold B, Zheng J, Law YM, et al. Risk factors for late renal dysfunction after pediatric heart transplantation: a multi-institutional study. Pediatr Transplant 2011;15:699-705.
136. Mahle WT, Vincent RN, Kanter KR. Cardiac retransplantation in childhood: analysis of data from the United Network for Organ Sharing. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;130:542-6.
137. Chin C, Naftel D, Pahl E, et al. Cardiac re-transplantation in pediatrics: a multi-institutional study. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006;25:1420-4.