Cadmium and lead in chocolates commercialized in Brazil

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Volumn 62, Issue 34, 2014, Pages 8759-8763

  Villa, Javier E L ^a   Peixoto, Rafaella R A ^a   Cadore, Solange ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMPINAS   (Brazil)

Author keywords

cadmium; chocolate; cocoa; GF AAS; lead

Indexed keywords

ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY; ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; CADMIUM; CHEMICAL DETECTION; COCOA; LEAD; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS;

ACCURACY AND PRECISION; ANALYTICAL PARAMETERS; CHOCOLATE; GF AAS; GRAPHITE FURNACE ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; LIMITS OF DETECTION; LINEAR CORRELATION; MICROWAVE-ASSISTED ACID DIGESTION;

POLLUTION;

THEOBROMA CACAO;

CADMIUM; LEAD;

ANALYSIS; ANIMAL; BOVINE; BRAZIL; CACAO; CHEMISTRY; ECONOMICS; FOOD CONTAMINATION; MILK; PLANT SEED;

ANIMALS; BRAZIL; CACAO; CADMIUM; CATTLE; FOOD CONTAMINATION; LEAD; MILK; SEEDS;

EID: 84906766569     PISSN: 00218561     EISSN: 15205118     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jf5026604     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Watson, R. R.; Preedy, V. R.; Zibadi, S. Chocolate in Health and Nutrition; Humana Press: London, U.K., 2013.
2. Grivetti, L. I.; Shapiro, H. Chocolate: History, Culture and Heritage; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, 2009.
3. Lee, F. A. Basic Food Chemistry, 2 nd ed.; The AVI Publishing Company: Westport, CT, 1983.
4. Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA). Technical Regulation for Chocolate and Cocoa Products; http://www4.anvisa.gov.br/base/visadoc/CP/ CP%5B8991-1-0%5D.PDF (accessed Aug 10, 2014).
5. International Cocoa Organization (ICCO). International Cocoa Agreements; http://www.icco.org/about-us/international-cocoa-agreements/cat-view/ 30-related-documents/46-statistics-production.html (accessed Aug 10, 2014).
6. Afoakwa, E. O.; Paterson, A.; Fowler, M. Factors influencing rheological and textural qualities in chocolate-A review Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2007, 18, 290-298
7. Crozier, S. J.; Preston, A. G.; Hurst, J. W.; Payne, M. J.; Mann, J.; Hainly, L.; Miller, D. L. Cacao seeds are a "super fruit": A comparative analysis of various fruit powders and products Chem. Cent. J. 2011, 5, N°5
8. Buitrago-Lopez, A.; Sanderson, J.; Johnson, L.; Warnakula, S.; Wood, A.; Angelantonio, E.; Franco, O. H. Chocolate consumption and cardiometabolic disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis Br. Med. J. 2011, 343, d4488
9. Fernandez-Murga, L.; Tarín, J. J.; García-Perez, M. A.; Cano, A. The impact of chocolate on cardiovascular health Maturitas 2011, 69, 312-321
10. Yao, H.; Xu, W.; Shi, X.; Zhang, Z. Dietary flavonoids as cancer prevention agents. health J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part C: Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxicol. Rev. 2011, 29, 1-31
11. Peixoto, R. R. A.; Oliveira, A.; Cadore, S. Multielemental determinations in chocolate drink powder using multivariate optimization and ICP OES J. Agric. Food Chem. 2012, 60, 8117-8122
12. Pedro, N. A. R.; Oliveira, E.; Cadore, S. Study of the mineral content of chocolate flavoured beverages Food Chem. 2006, 95, 94-100
13. Rehman, S.; Husnain, S. M. Assessment of trace metal contents in chocolate samples by atomic absorption spectrometry J. Trace Elem. Anal. 2013, 1, 1
14. Ieggli, C. V. S.; Bohrer, D.; Nascimento, P. C.; Carvalho, L. M.; Gobo, L. A. Determination of aluminum, copper and manganese content in chocolate samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry using a microemulsion technique J. Food Compos. Anal. 2011, 24, 465-468
15. Güldaş, M. Comparison of digestion methods and trace elements determination in chocolates with pistachio using atomic absoption spectrometry J. Food Nutr. Res. 2008, 47, 92-99
16. Onianwa, P. C.; Adetola, I. G.; Iwegbue, C. M. A.; Ojo, M. F.; Tella, O. O. Trace heavy metals composition of some Nigerian beverages and food drinks Food Chem. 1999, 66, 275-279
17. Yanus, R.; Sela, H.; Borojovich, E. J. C.; Zakon, Y.; Saphier, M.; Nikolski, A.; Gutflais, E.; Lorber, A.; Karpas, Z. Trace elements in cocoa solids and chocolate: A ICPMS study Talanta 2014, 119, 1-4
18. Dahiya, S.; Karpe, R.; Hegde, A. G.; Sharma, R. M. Lead, cadmium and nickel in chocolates and candies from suburban areas of Mumbai, India J. Food Compos. Anal. 2005, 18, 517-522
19. Jalbani, N.; Kazi, T. G.; Afridi, H. I.; Arain, M. B. Determination of toxic metals in different brand of chocolates and candies, marketed in Pakistan Pak. J. Anal. Environ. Chem. 2009, 10, 48-52
20. Rankin, C. W.; Nriagu, J. O.; Aggarwal, J. K.; Arowolo, T. A.; Adebayo, K.; Flegal, A. R. Lead contamination in cocoa and cocoa products: Isotopic evidence of global contamination Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113, 1344-1348
21. Cozzolino, S. M. F. Biodisponibilidade de Nutrientes, 2 nd ed.; Manole: Barueri, Brazil, 2007.
22. Mahaffey, K. R. Quantities of lead producing health effects in humans: Sources and bioavailability Environ. Health Perspect. 1977, 19, 285-295
23. Needleman, H. Lead poisoning Annu. Rev. Med. 2004, 55, 209-222
24. Dietrich, K. N. Environmental chemicals and child development J. Pediatr. 1999, 134, 7-9
25. Bellinger, D. C.; Stiles, K. M.; Neddleman, H. L. Low-level lead exposure, intelligence and academic achievement: a long-term follow-up study Pediatrics 1992, 90, 855-861
26. Baghurst, P. A.; McMichael, A. J.; Wigg, N. R.; Vimpani, G. V.; Robertson, E. F.; Roberts, R. J.; Tong, S. L. Environmental exposure to lead and children's intelligence at the age of seven years New Engl. J. Med. 1992, 327, 1279-1284
27. Dietrich, K. N.; Berger, O. G.; Succop, P. A.; Hammond, P. B.; Bornschein, R. L. The developmental consequences of low to moderate prenatal and postnatal lead exposure: Intellectual attainment in the Cincinnati lead study cohort following school entry Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 1993, 15, 37-44
28. Factor-Litvak, P.; Wasserman, G.; Kline, J. K.; Graziano, J. The Yugoslavia prospective study of environmental lead exposure Environ. Health Perspect. 1999, 107, 9-15
29. Satarug, S.; Baker, J. R.; Unbenjapol, S.; Haswell-Elkins, M.; Reilly, P. E. B.; Williams, D. J.; Moore, M. R. A global perspective on cadmium pollution and toxicity in non-occupationally exposed population Toxicol. Lett. 2003, 137, 65-83
30. Szefer, P.; Nriagu, J. O. Mineral Components in Foods; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2007.
31. Järup, L.; Åkesson, A. Current status of cadmium as an environmental health problem Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2009, 238, 201-208
32. Godt, J.; Scheidig, F.; Grosse-Siestrup, C.; Esche, V.; Brandenburg, P.; Reich, A.; Groneberg, D. A. The toxicity of cadmium and resulting hazards for human health J. Occup. Med. Toxicol. 2006, 1, 22
33. Welz, B.; Sperling, M. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 3 rd ed., Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 1999.
34. Demirel, S.; Tuzen, M.; Saracoglu, S.; Soylak, M. Evaluation of various digestion procedures for trace element contents of some food materials J. Hazard. Mater. 2008, 152, 1020-1026
35. Castro, J. T.; Santos, E. C.; Santos, W. P. C.; Costa, L. M.; Korn, M.; Nóbrega, J. A.; Korn, M. G. A. A critical evaluation of digestion procedures for coffee samples using diluted nitric acid in closed vessels for inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry Talanta 2009, 78, 1378-1382
36. Gonzales, M. H.; Souza, G. B.; Oliveira, R. V.; Forato, L. A.; Nóbrega, J. A.; Nogueira, A. R. A. Microwave-assisted digestion procedures for biological samples with diluted nitric acid: Identification of reaction products Talanta 2009, 79, 396-401
37. Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA). Technical Regulation MERCOSUL on Maximum Inorganic Contaminants in Foods; http://portal.anvisa.gov. br/wps/wcm/connect/8100bb8040eac2e8b590b79cca79f4cf/RDC+n%C2%BA+42-2013-final. pdf?MOD=AJPERES (accessed Aug 10, 2014).
38. Commision Regulation (EU). Maximum Levels of Cadmium in Foodstuffs; http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014R0488&rid= 1 (accessed Aug 10, 2014).
39. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO). Drafts Standards for Chocolate and Chocolate Products. Joint FAO/WHO Standards Programme. CODEX Committee on Cocoa Products and Cocoa Chocolates, 19th Session, 3-5 October 2001, Fribourg, Switzerland, CX/CPC 01/3; FAO/WHO: Rome, Italy, 2001.
40. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Supporting Document for Recommended Maximum Level for Lead in Candy Likely to Be Consumed Frequently by Small Children; http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/Metals/ ucm172050.htm#lead (accessed Aug 10, 2014).
41. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO). Working Document for Information and Use in Discussions Related to Contaminants and Toxins in the GSCTFF; ftp://ftp.fao.org/codex/meetings/CCCF/cccf5/cf05-INF. pdf (accessed Aug 10, 2014).
42. Commision Recommendation (EU). On the Reduction of the Presence of Cadmium in Foodstuffs; http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri= CELEX:32014H0193&from=DE (accessed Aug 10, 2014).
43. Peixoto, R. R. A.; Mazon, E. A. M.; Cadore, S. Estimation of the bioaccessibility of metallic elements in chocolate drink powder using an in vitro digestion method and spectrometric techniques J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 2013, 24, 884-890
44. Moreda-Piñero, J.; Moreda-Piñero, A.; Romarís-Hortas, V.; Moscoso-Pérez, C.; López-Mahía, P.; Muniategui-Lorenzo, S.; Bermejo-Barrera, P.; Prada-Rodríguez, D. In vivo and in vitro testing to assess the bioaccessibility and the bioavailability of arsenic, selenium and mercury species in food samples Trends Anal. Chem. 2011, 30, 324-345