Updating freeze: Aligning animal and human research

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

Volumn 47, Issue , 2014, Pages 165-176

  Hagenaars, Muriel A ^a   Oitzl, Melly ^b   Roelofs, Karin ^a,c  

^a RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^c RADBOUD UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Body sway; Freezing; Immobility; Orienting; Stabilometric platform; Stress

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; CORTICOSTERONE; CORTICOTROPIN; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; HYDROCORTISONE; NEUROPEPTIDE; NEUROTRANSMITTER; NORADRENALIN; VASOPRESSIN;

ANXIETY; BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE; BEHAVIORAL STRESS; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; DEFENSE MECHANISM; DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEAR; FREEZING BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; MENTAL DISEASE; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROBIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH; ANIMAL; ANXIETY DISORDER; CATALEPSY; MENTAL STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY;

ANIMALS; ANXIETY DISORDERS; FEAR; FREEZING REACTION, CATALEPTIC; HUMANS; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 84906653825     PISSN: 01497634     EISSN: 18737528     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.07.021     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. Aboufatima A., Chait A., Dalal A., De Beaurepaire R. Calcitonin microinjection into the periaqueductal gray impairs contextual fear conditioning in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 1999, 275:101-104.
2. Acquas E., Wilson C., Fibiger H.C. Conditioned and unconditioned stimuli increase frontal cortical and hippocampal acetylcholine release: effects of novelty, habituation, and fear. J. Neurosci. 1996, 16:3089-3096.
3. Adenauer H., Catani C., Keil J., Aichinger H., Neuner F. Is freezing an adaptive reaction to threat? Evidence from heart rate reactivity to emotional pictures in victims of war and torture. Psychophysiology 2010, 47:315-322.
4. Almada R.C., Borelli K.G., Albrechet-Souza L., Brandão M.L. Serotonergic mechanisms of the median raphe nucleus-dorsal hippocampus in conditioned fear: output circuit involves the prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Behav. Brain Res. 2009, 203:279-287.
5. Azevedo T.M., Volchan E., Imbiriba L.A., Rodrigues E.C., Oliveira J.M., Oliveira L.F., Lutterbach L.G., Vargas C.D. A freezing-like posture to pictures of mutilation. Psychophysiology 2005, 42:255-260.
6. Baldwin D.V. Primitive mechanisms of trauma response: an evolutionary perspective on trauma-related disorders. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2013, 37:1549-1566.
7. Barker T.V., Reeb-Sutherland B.C., Fox N.A. Individual differences in fear potentiated startle in behaviorally inhibited children. Dev. Psychobiol. 2014, 56:133-141.
8. Blair H.T., Sotres-Bayon F., Moita M.A.P., LeDoux J.E. The lateral amygdala processes the value of conditioned and unconditioned aversive stimuli. Neuroscience 2005, 133:561-569.
9. Blanchard D.C., Blanchard R.J. Ethoexperimental approaches to the biology of emotion. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1988, 39:43-68.
10. Blanchard R.J., Blanchard D.C. Antipredator defensive behaviors in a visible burrow system. J. Comp. Psychol. 1989, 103:70-82.
11. Blanchard D.C., Blanchard R.J., Rodgers R.J. Risk assessment and animal models of anxiety. Animal Models in Pharmacological sciences. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences 1991, 117-134. Birkhauser-Verlag, Basel. B. Olivier (Ed.).
12. Blanchard D.C., Blanchard R.J., Tom P., Rodgers R.J. Diazepam changes risk assessment in an anxiety/defense test battery. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 1990, 101:511-518.
13. Blanchard R.J., Dielman T.E., Blanchard D.C. Postshock crouching: familiarity with the stimulus situation. Psychon. Sci. 1968, 10:371-372.
14. Blanchard R.J., Flannelly K.J., Blanchard D.C. Defensive behaviors of laboratory and wild Rattus norvegicus. J. Comp. Psychol. 1986, 100:101-107.
15. Blanchard D.C., Griebel G., Pobbe R., Blanchard R.J. Risk assessment as an evolved threat detection and analysis process. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2011, 35:991-998.
16. Bolles R.C. Species-specific defense reactions and avoidance learning. Psychol. Rev. 1970, 77:32-48.
17. Bouton M.E., Mineka S., Barlow D. Etiology of panic disorder. Psychol. Rev. 2001, 108:4-32.
18. Bovin M.J., Jager-Hyman S., Gold S.D., Marx B.P., Sloan D.M. Tonic immobility mediates the influence of peritraumatic fear and perceived inescapability on posttraumatic stress symptom severity among sexual assault survivors. J. Trauma. Stress 2008, 21:402-409.
19. Bradley M.M. Natural selection and attention: orienting and emotion. Psychophysiology 2009, 46:1-11.
20. Bradley M.M., Codispoti M., Cuthbert B.N., Lang P.J. Emotion and motivation. I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing. Emotion 2001, 1:276-298.
21. Brandão M.L., Anseloni V.Z., Pandóssio J.E., De Araújo J.E., Castilho D.M. Neurochemical mechanisms of the defensive behavior in the dorsal midbrain. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1999, 23:863-875.
22. Brandão M.L., Zanoveli J.M., Ruiz-Martinez R.C., Oliveira L.C., Landeira-Fernandez J. Different patterns of freezing behavior organized in the periaqueductal gray of rats: Association with different types of anxiety. Behavioural Brain Research 2008, 188:1-13. 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.10.018.
23. Brinks V., De Kloet E.R., Oitzl M.S. Strain specific fear behaviour and glucocorticoid response to aversive events: modelling PTSD in mice. Prog. Brain Res. 2008, 167:257-261.
24. Brinks V., De Kloet E.R., Oitzl M.S. Corticosterone facilitates extinction of fear memory in BALB/c mice but strengthens cue related fear in C57BL/6 mice. Exp. Neurol. 2009, 216:375-382.
25. Buss K.A., Davidson R.J., Kalin N.H., Goldsmith H.H. Context-specific freezing and associated physiological reactivity as a dysregulated fear response. Dev. Psychol. 2004, 40:583-594.
26. Butler T., Pan H., Tuescher O., Engelien A., Goldstein M., Epstein J., Weisholtz D., Root J.C., Protopopescu X., Cunningham-Bussel A.C., Chang L., Xie X.-H., Chen Q., Phelps E.A., Ledoux J.E., Stern E., Silbersweig D.A. Human fear-related motor neurocircuitry. Neuroscience 2007, 150:1-7.
27. Caldji C., Tannenbaum B., Sharma S., Francis D., Plotsky P.M., Meaney M.J. Maternal care during infancy regulates the development of neural systems mediating the expression of fearfulness in the rat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1998, 95:5335-5340.
28. Campbell B.A., Wood G., McBride T. Origins of orienting and defensive responses: an evolutionary perspective. Attention and Orienting: Sensory and Motivational Processes 1997, 41-67. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. P.J. Lang, R.F. Simons, M.T. Balaban (Eds.).
29. Canteras N.S., Goto M. Fos-like immunoreactivity in the periaqueductal gray of rats exposed to a natural predator. Neuroreport 1999, 10:413-418.
30. Carpenter M.C., Frank J.S., Silcher C.P. Surface height effects on postural control: a hypothesis for a stiffness strategy for stance. J. Vestib. Res. 1999, 9:277-286.
31. Carrive P. Conditioned fear to environmental context: cardiovascular and behavioral components in the rat. Brain Res. 2000, 858:440-445.
32. Carrive P., Leung P., Harris J., Paxinos G. Conditioned fear to context is associated with increased Fos expression in the caudal ventrolateral region of the midbrain periaqueductal gray. Neuroscience 1997, 78:165-177.
33. Castilho V.M., Macedo C.E., Brandão M.L. Role of benzodiazepine and serotonergic mechanisms in conditioned freezing and antinociception using electrical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray as unconditioned stimulus in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2002, 165:77-85.
34. Champagne D.L., Bagot R.C., Van Hasselt F., Ramakers G., Meaney M.J., De Kloet E.R., Joëls M., Krugers H. Maternal care and hippocampal plasticity: evidence for experience-dependent structural plasticity, altered synaptic functioning, and differential responsiveness to glucocorticoids and stress. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:6037-6045.
35. Chen Q.L., Panksepp J.B., Lahvis G.P. Empathy is moderated by genetic background in mice. PLoS ONE 2009, 4:e4387.
36. Collins D.R. Synthetic versus natural cat odorant effects on rodent behavior and medial amygdala plasticity. Behav. Neurosci. 2011, 125:124-129.
37. Cordero M.I., Venero C., Kruyt N.D., Sandi C. Prior exposure to a single stress session facilitates subsequent contextual fear conditioning in rats. Evidence for a role of corticosterone. Horm. Behav. 2003, 44:338-345.
38. Coutinho M.R., da Silva L.F.S., Menescal-de-Oliveira L. Modulation of tonic immobility in guinea pig PAG by homocysteic acid, a glutamate agonist. Physiol. Behav. 2008, 94:468-473.
39. Davis M. Are different parts of the extended amygdala involved in fear versus anxiety?. Biol. Psychiatry 1998, 44:1239-1247.
40. Daviu N., Fuentes S., Nadal R., Armario A. A single footshock causes long-lasting hypoactivity in unknown environments that is dependent on the development of contextual fear conditioning. Learn. Mem. 2010, 94:183-190.
41. De Castro Gomes V., Landeira-Fernandez J. Amygdaloid lesions produced similar contextual fear conditioning disruption in the Carioca high- and low-conditioned freezing rats. Brain Res. 2008, 1233:137-145.
42. De Oca B.M., DeCola J.P., Maren S., Fanselow M.S. Distinct regions of the periaqueductal gray are involved in the acquisition and expression of defensive responses. J. Neurosci. 1998, 18:3426-3432.
43. De Kloet E.R., Vreugdenhil E., Oitzl M.S., Joëls M. Brain corticosteroid receptor balance in health and disease. Endocr. Rev. 1998, 19:269-301.
44. Duan Y.F., Winters R., McCabe P.M., Green E.J., Huang Y., Schneiderman N. Behavioral characteristics of defence and vigilance reactions elicited by electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus in rabbits. Behav. Brain Res. 1996, 81:33-41.
45. Duan Y.F., Winters R., McCabe P.M., Green E.J., Huang Y., Schneiderman N. Modulation of neuronal firing in the medullary solitary complex by electrical stimulation of the hypothalamic defense and vigilance areas in rabbits. Brain Res. 1994, 643:218-226.
46. Ehlers A., Clark D.M. A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behav. Res. Ther. 2000, 38:319-345.
47. Eilam D. Die hard: a blend of freezing and fleeing as a dynamic defense - implications for the control of defensive behavior. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2005, 29:1181-1191.
48. Facchinetti L.D., Imbiriba L.A., Azevedo T.M., Vargas C.D., Volchan E. Postural modulation induced by pictures depicting prosocial or dangerous contexts. Neurosci. Lett. 2006, 410:52-56.
49. Fanselow M.S. Shock-induced analgesia on the formalin test: effects of shock severity, naloxone, hypophysectomy, and associative variables. Behav. Neurosci. 1984, 98:79-95.
50. Fanselow M.S. Neural organization of the defense behavior system responsible for fear. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 1994, 1:429-438.
51. Fanselow M.S. Pavlovian conditioning, negative feedback, and blocking: mechanisms that regulate association formation. Neuron 1998, 20:625-627.
52. Fanselow M.S., Lester L. A functional behavioristic approach to aversively motivated behavior: predatory imminence as a determinant of the topography of defensive behavior. Evolution and Learning 1988, 185-212. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. R.C. Bolles, M. Beecher (Eds.).
53. Farkas E., Jansen A.S., Loewy A.D. Periaqueductal gray matter projection to vagal preganglionic neurons and the nucleus tractus solitarius. Brain Res. 1997, 764:257-261.
54. Fendt M., Fanselow M.S. The neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1999, 23:743-760.
55. Finn D.P., Jhaveri M.D., Beckett S.R.G., Madjd A., Kendall D.A., Marsden C.A., Chapman V. Behavioral, central moboaminergic and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis correlates of fear-conditioned analgesia in rats. Neuroscience 2006, 138:1309-1317.
56. Foa E.B., Zinbarg R., Rothbaum B.O. Uncontrollability and unpredictability in post-traumatic stress disorder: an animal model. Psychol. Bull. 1992, 112:218-238.
57. Frank E., Salchner P., Aldag J.M., Salome N., Singewald N., Landgraf R., Wigger A. Genetic predisposition to anxiety-related behavior determines coping style, neuroendocrine responses, and neuronal activation during social defeat. Behav. Neurosci. 2006, 120:60-71.
58. Gabrielsen G.W., Blix A.S., Ursin H. Orienting and freezing responses in incubating Ptarmigan hens. Physiol. Behav. 1985, 34:925-934.
59. Gallup G.G., Nash R.F., Wagner A.M. The tonic immobility reaction in chickens: response characteristics and methodology. Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. 1971, 3:237-239.
60. Gozzi A., Jain A., Giovanelli A., Bertollini C., Crestan V., Schwarz A.J., Tsetsenis T., Ragozzino D., Gross C.T., Bifone A. A neural switch for active and passive fear. Neuron 2010, 67:656-666.
61. Graeff F.G. Neuroanatomy and neurotransmitter regulation of defensive behaviors and related emotions in mammals. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 1994, 27:811-829.
62. Graeff F.G., Zangrossi H. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in anxiety and panic. Psychol. Neurosci. 2010, 3:3-8.
63. Gray J., McNaughton N. The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-hippocampal System 2000, Oxford University Press, Oxford. 2nd ed.
64. Gregory P.T., Isaac L.A., Griffiths R.A. Death-feigning by grass snakes (Natrix natrix) in response to handling by human predators. J. Comp. Psychol. 2007, 121:123-129.
65. Griebel G., Blanchard D.C., Blanchard R.J. Evidence that the behaviors in the mouse defense test battery relate to different emotional states: a factor analytic study. Physiol. Behav. 1996, 60:1255-1260.
66. Hagenaars M.A., Brewin C.R., Van Minnen A., Holmes E.A., Hoogduin C.A.L. Intrusive images and thoughts after an aversive film. Memory 2010, 18:76-84.
67. Hagenaars M.A., Putman P. Attentional control affects the relationship between tonic immobility and intrusive memories. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 2011, 42:379-383.
68. Hagenaars M.A., Roelofs K., Stins J. Human freezing in response to affective films. Anxiety Stress Coping 2014, 27:27-37.
69. Hagenaars M.A., Stins J., Roelofs K. Aversive life events enhance human freezing. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 2012, 141:98-105.
70. Hagenaars M.A., Van Minnen A., Holmes E.A., Brewin C.R., Hoogduin C.A.L. The effect of hypnotically-induced somatoform dissociation on intrusion development after an aversive film: an experimental study. Cogn. Emot. 2008, 22:944-963.
71. Hashimoto S., Inoue T., Muraki I., Koyama T. Effects of acute citalopram on the expression of conditioned freezing in naive versus chronic citalopram-treated rats. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2009, 33:113-117.
72. Heidt J.M., Marx B.P., Forsyth J.P. Tonic immobility and childhood sexual abuse: a preliminary report evaluating the sequela of rape-induced paralysis. Behav. Res. Ther. 2005, 43:1157-1171.
73. Hermans E.J., Henckens M.J.A.G., Roelofs K., Fernández G. Fear bradycardia and activation of the human periaqueductal grey. Neuroimage 2012, 66:278-287.
74. Horslen B.C., Carpenter M.G. Arousal, valence and their relative effects on postural control. Exp. Brain Res. 2011, 215:27-34.
75. Hunt P.S., Hess M.F., Campbell B.A. Inhibition of the expression of conditioned cardiac responses in the developing rat. Dev. Psychobiol. 1998, 33:221-233.
76. Inui K., Murase S., Nosaka S. Facilitation of the arterial baroreflex by the ventrolateral part of the midbrain periaqueductal grey matter in rats. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1994, 477:89-101.
77. Iwata J., Chida K., LeDoux J.E. Cardiovascular responses elicited by stimulation of neurons in the central amygdaloid nucleus in awake but not anesthetized rats resemble conditioned emotional responses. Brain Res. 1987, 418:183-188.
78. Jelen P., Soltysik S., Zagrodzka J. 22-kHz ultrasonic vocalization in rats as an index of anxiety but not fear: behavioral and pharmacological modulation of affective state. Behav. Brain Res. 2003, 141:63-72.
79. Kagan J., Reznick J.S., Snidman N. The physiology and psychology of behavioral inhibition in children. Child Dev. 1987, 58:1459-1473.
80. Kalin N.H. The neurobiology of fear. Sci. Am. 1993, 268:94-101.
81. Kalin N.H., Shelton S.E. Defensive behaviors in infant rhesus monkeys: environmental cues and neurochemical regulation. Science 1989, 243:1718-1721.
82. Kalin N.H., Shelton S.E., Rickman M., Davidson R.J. Individual differences in freezing and cortisol in infant and mother rhesus monkeys. Behav. Neurosci. 1998, 112:251-254.
83. Kapp B.S., Whalen P.J., Supple W.F., Pascoe J.P. Amygdaloid contributions to conditioned arousal and sensory information processing. The Amygdala: Neurobiological Aspects of Emotion, Memory, and Mental Dysfunction 1992, 229-254. Wiley-Liss, New York. J.P. Aggleton (Ed.).
84. King A.J., Adamo S.A. The ventilatory, cardiac and behavioural responses of resting cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis L.) to sudden visual stimuli. J. Exp. Biol. 2006, 209:1101-1111.
85. Klemm W.R. A method to encourage extensive study of animal hypnotic behavior. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 1966, 9:63-64.
86. Korte S.M., Jaarsma D., Luiten P.G.M., Bohus B. Mesencephalic cuneiform nucleus and its ascending and descending projections serve stress-related cardiovascular responses in the rat. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 1992, 41:159-176.
87. Krieglmeyer R., Deutsch R. Comparing measures of approach-avoidance behaviour: the manikin task vs. two versions of the joystick task. Cogn. Emot. 2010, 24:810-828.
88. Lang P.J., Bradley M.M., Cuthbert B.N. Motivated attention: affect, activation and action. Attention and Orienting: Sensory and Motivational Processes 1997, 97-135. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Hillsdale, NJ. P.J. Lang, R.F. Simons, M.T. Balaban (Eds.).
89. Lang P.J., Davis M., Öhman A. Fear and anxiety: animal models and human cognitive psychophysiology. J. Affect. Disord. 2000, 61:137-159.
90. LeDoux J.E. Emotional circuits in the brain. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2000, 23:155-184.
91. LeDoux J.E., Iwata J., Cicchetti P., Reis D.J. Different projections of the central amygdaloid nucleus mediate autonomic and behavioral correlates of conditioned fear. J. Neurosci. 1988, 8:2517-2529.
92. Liu D., Diorio J., Tannenbaum B., Caldji C., Francis D., Freedman A., Sharma S., Pearson D., Plotsky P.M., Meaney M.J. Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. Science 1997, 277:1659-1662.
93. Lopes F.L., Azevedo T.M., Imbiriba L.A., Freire R.C., Valenca A.M., Caldirola D., Perna G., Volchan E., Nardi A.E. Freezing reaction in panic disorder patients associated with anticipatory anxiety. Depress. Anxiety 2009, 0:1-5.
94. Markgraf C.G., Winters R.W., Liskowsky D.R., McCabe P.M., Green E.J., Scheiderman N. Hypothalamic, midbrain and bulbar areas involved in the defense reaction in rabbits. Physiol. Behav. 1991, 49:493-500.
95. Martinez R.C., Carvalho-Netto E.F., Amaral V.C., Nunes-de-Souza R.L., Canteras N.S. Investigation of the hypothalamic defensive system in the mouse. Behav. Brain Res. 2008, 192:185-190.
96. Marx B.P., Forsyth J.P., Gallup G.G., Fusé T., Lexington J.M. Tonic immobility as an evolved predator defense: implications for sexual assault survivors. Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract. 2008, 15(1):74-90.
97. McCabe P.M., Duan Y.F., Winters R.W., Green E.J., Schneiderman N. Hypothalamic defense area modulation of the baroreceptor reflex in rabbits. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 1991, 17:997.
98. McCabe P.M., Duan Y.F., Winters R.W., Green E.J., Huang Y., Schneiderman N. Comparison of peripheral blood flow patterns associated with the defense reaction and the vigilance reaction in rabbits. Physiol. Behav. 1994, 56:1101-1106.
99. McCaul K.D., Veltum L.G., Boyechko V., Crawford J.J. Understanding attributions of victim blame for rape: sex, violence, and foreseeability. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 1990, 20:1-26.
100. McNaughton N., Corr P.J. A two-dimensional neuropsychology of defense: fear/anxiety and defensive distance. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2004, 28:285-305.
101. Mobbs D., Marchant J.L., Hassabis D., Seymour B., Tan G., Gray M., Petrovic P., Dolan R.J., Frith C.D. From threat to fear: the neural organization of defensive fear systems in humans. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:12236-12243.
102. Mobbs D., Petrovic P., Marchant J.L., Hassabis D., Weiskopf N., Seymour B., Dolan R.J., Frith C.D. When fear is near: threat imminence elicits prefrontal-periaqueductal gray shifts in humans. Science 2007, 317:1079-1083.
103. Morgan M.M., Carrive P. Activation of the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray reduces locomotion but not mean arterial pressure in awake, freely moving rats. Neuroscience 2001, 102:904-910.
104. Muñoz-Abellán C., Daviu N., Rabasa C., Nadal R., Armario A. Cat odor causes long-lasting contextual fear conditioning and increased pituitary-adrenal activation, without modifying anxiety. Horm. Behav. 2009, 56:465-471.
105. Nash R.F., Gallup G.G., Czech D.A. Psychological correlates of tonic immobility in the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus). Physiol. Behav. 1976, 17:413-418.
106. Nijsen M.J.M.A., Croiset G., Diamant M., Stam R., Kamphuis P.J.G.H., Bruijnzeel A., De Wied D., Wiegant V.M. Endogenous corticotrophin-releasing hormone inhibits conditioned-fear-induced vagal activation in the rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2000, 389:89-98.
107. Nijsen M.J.M.A., Croiset G., Diamant M., Stam R., Delsing D., De Wied D., Wiegant V.M. Conditioned fear-induced tachycardia in the rat: vagal involvement. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1998, 350:211-222.
108. Nunez J.F., Ferré P., Escorihuela R.M., Tobeña A., Fernández-Teruel A. Effects of post-natal handling of rats on emotional, HPA-axis, and prolactin reactivity to novelty and conflict. Physiol. Behav. 1996, 60:1355-1359.
109. Oitzl M.S., Champagne D.L., Van der Veen R., De Kloet E.R. Brain development under stress: hypotheses of glucocorticoid actions revisited. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2010, 34:853-866.
110. Oliveira L.C., Nobre M.J., Brandão M.L., Landeira-Fernandez J. Role of the amygdala in conditioned and unconditioned fear generated in the periaqueductal gray. Learn. Mem. 2004, 15:2281-2285.
111. Owen N., Leadbetter A.G., Yardley L. Relationship between postural control and motion sickness in healthy subjects. Brain Res. Bull. 1998, 47:471-474.
112. Ozer E.J., Best S.R., Lipsey T.L., Weiss D.S. Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 2003, 129:52-73.
113. Pellow S., Chopin P., File S.E., Briley M. Validation of open:closed arm entries in an elevated plusmaze as a measure of anxiety in the rat. J. Neurosci. Methods 1985, 14:149-167.
114. Perakakis P.E., Idrissi S., Vila J., Ivanov P.Ch. Dynamical patterns of human postural responses to emotional stimuli. Psychophysiology 2012, 49:1225-1229.
115. Rizvi T.A., Ennis M., Behbehani M.M., Shipley M.T. Connections between the central nucleus of the amygdala and the midbrain periaqueductal gray: topography and reciprocity. J. Comp. Neurol. 1991, 303:121-131.
116. Rizvi S.L., Kaysen D., Gutner C.A., Griffin M.G., Resick P.A. Beyond fear: the role of peritraumatic responses in posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms among female crime victims. J. Interpers. Violence 2008, 23:853-868.
117. Roelofs K., Elzinga B.M., Rotteveel M. The effects of stress-induced cortisol responses on approach-avoidance behavior. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2005, 30:665-677.
118. Roelofs K., Hagenaars M.A., Stins J. Facing freeze. Psychol. Sci. 2010, 21:1575-1581.
119. Rogers J., Shelton S.E., Shelledy W., Garcia R., Kalin N.H. Genetic influences on behavioral inhibition and anxiety in juvenile rhesus macaques. Genes Brain Behav. 2008, 7:463-469.
120. Rosen J.B. The neurobiology of conditioned and unconditioned fear: a neurobehavioral system analysis of the amygdala. Behav. Cogn. Neurosci. Rev. 2004, 3:23-41.
121. Satpute A.B., Wager T.D., Cohen-Adad J., Bianciardi M., Choi J.-K., Buhle J.T., Wald L.L., Feldman Barrett L. Identification of discrete functional subregions of the human periaqueductal gray. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2013, 110:17101-17106.
122. Schenberg L.C., Vasquez E.C., Da Costa M.B. Cardiac baroreflex dynamics during the defence reaction in freely moving rats. Brain Res. 1993, 621:50-58.
123. Siqueira C.C., Rossoni R.R., Tiengo A.N., Tufik S., Schenberg L.C. Methimazole-induced hypothyroidism inhibits the panic-like behaviors produced by electrical stimulation of dorsal periaqueductal gray matter of rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010, 35(5):706-716.
124. Steen J.B., Gabrielsen G.W., Kanwisher J.W. Physiological aspects of freezing behaviour in willow Ptarmigan hens. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1988, 134:299-304.
125. Stiedl O., Meyer M., Jahn O., Ogren S.O., Spiess J. Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 and central heart rate regulation in mice during expression of conditioned fear. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2005, 312:905-916.
126. Stiedl O., Spiess J. Effect on tone-dependent fear conditioning on heart rate and behavior of C57BL/6N mice. Behav. Neurosci. 1997, 111:703-711.
127. Stins J.F., Beek P.J. Effects of affective picture viewing on postural control. BMC Neurosci. 2007, 8:1-7.
128. Stins J.F., Beek P.J. Organization of voluntary stepping in response to emotion-inducing pictures. Gait Posture 2011, 34(2):164-168.
129. Stins J.F., Roelofs K., Villan J., Kooijman K., Hagenaars M.A., Beek P.J. Walk to me when I smile, step back when I'm angry: emotional faces modulate whole-body approach-avoidance behaviors. Exp. Brain Res. 2011, 212:603-611.
130. Storozheva Z.I., Proshin A.T. Selective involvement of the neurotransmitter systems of the cerebellum in the mechanisms forming different types of defensive behavior. Neurosci. Behav. Physiol. 2011, 41:964-972.
131. Swiergiel A.H. Effects of infusion of corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist into the locus coeruleus on freezing behavior and brain catecholamines in rats. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Warsz.) 2003, 63:9-16.
132. Takahashi L.K., Rubin W.W. Corticosteroid induction of threat-induced behavioral inhibition in preweanling rats. Behav. Neurosci. 1993, 107:860-866.
133. Takahashi L.K., Turner J.G., Kalin N.H. Prenatal stress alters brain catecholaminergic activity and potentiates stress-induced behavior in adult-rats. Brain Res. 1992, 574:131-137.
134. Valance D., Després G., Richard S., Constantin P., Mignon-Grasteau S., Leman S., Boissy A., Faure J.-M., Leterrier C. Changes in heart rate variability during a TI test in quail. Physiol. Behav. 2008, 93:512-520.
135. Van der Zee E.A., Roozendaal B., Bohus B., Koolhaas J.M., Luiten P.G.M. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor immunoreactivity in the amygdala. 1. Cellular distribution correlated with fear-induced behavior. Neuroscience 1997, 76:63-73.
136. Vianna D.M.L., Brandão M.L. Anatomical connections of the periaqueductal gray: specific neural substrates for different kinds of fear. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 2003, 36:557-566.
137. Vianna D.M.L., Carrive P. Changes in cutaneous and body temperature during and after conditioned fear to context in the rat. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2005, 21:2505-2512.
138. Vianna D.M.L., Graeff F.G., Brandão M.L., Landeira-Fernandez J. Defensive freezing evoked by electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray: comparison between dorsolateral and ventrolateral regions. Neuroreport 2001, 12:4109-4112.
139. Vianna D.M.L., Landeira-Fernandez J., Brandão M.L. Dorsolateral and ventral regions of the periaqueductal gray matter are involved in distinct types of fear. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2001, 26:711-719.
140. Wada M., Sunaga N., Nagai M. Anxiety affects the postural sway of the anterior-posterior axis in college students. Neurosci. Lett. 2001, 302:157-159.
141. Walker D.L., Carrive P. Role of the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray neurons in the behavioral and cardiovascular responses to contextual conditioned fear and poststress recovery. Neuroscience 2003, 116:897-912.
142. Walker D.L., Cassella J.V., Lee Y., De Lima T.C.M., Davis M. Opposing roles of the amygdala and dorsolateral periaqueductal gray in fear-potentiated startle. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1997, 21:743-753.
143. Walker D.L., Miles L.A., Davis M. Selective participation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and CRF in sustained anxiety-like versus phasic fear-like responses. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2010, 33:1291-1308.
144. Watsky M.A., Gruber S.H. Induction and duration of tonic immobility in the lemon shark, Negaprion brevirostris. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 1990, 8:207-210.
145. Whishaw I.Q., Dringenberg H.C. How does the rat (Rattus norvegicus) adjust food-carrying responses to the influences of distance, effort, predatory odor, food size, and food availability. Psychobiology 1991, 19:251-261.