Headache, drugs and sleep

Cephalalgia

Volumn 34, Issue 10, 2014, Pages 756-766

  Nesbitt, Alexander D ^a,b,c   Leschziner, Guy D ^c   Peatfield, Richard C ^d  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SURREY   (United Kingdom)

^c GUY'S AND ST THOMAS' NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^d IMPERIAL COLLEGE HEALTHCARE NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Circadian; Cluster headache; Drugs; Headache; Insomnia; Melatonin; Migraine; NREM; Polysomnography; REM; Restless legs syndrome; Sleep; Somnolence

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ERGOT ALKALOID; GENERIC DRUG; HYPNOTIC AGENT; MELATONIN; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; SEROTONIN ANTAGONIST; TRIPTAN DERIVATIVE; ANALGESIC AGENT;

ANTICHOLINERGIC EFFECT; AROUSAL; ARTICLE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CLUSTER HEADACHE; COCHRANE LIBRARY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; FIBROMYALGIA; HEADACHE; HEADACHE AND FACIAL PAIN; HUMAN; LATENT PERIOD; MEDLINE; MIGRAINE; NONREM SLEEP; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REM SLEEP; SLEEP; SLEEP DISORDER; SOMNOLENCE; SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS; DRUG EFFECTS;

ANALGESICS; HEADACHE; HUMANS; SLEEP;

EID: 84906537615     PISSN: 03331024     EISSN: 14682982     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0333102414542662     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Holland PR. Headache and sleep: Shared pathophysiological mechanisms. Cephalalgia. 2014 ; 34 :
2. Goadsby PJ, Dodick DW, Almas M, et al. Treatment-emergent CNS symptoms following triptan therapy are part of the attack. Cephalalgia. 2007 ; 27: 254-262 (Pubitemid 46354126)
3. Dodick DW, Jones JM, Capobianco DJ. Hypnic headache: Another indomethacin-responsive headache syndrome?. Headache. 2000 ; 40: 830-835 (Pubitemid 32053245)
4. Summ O, Andreou AP, Akerman S, et al. A potential nitrergic mechanism of action for indomethacin, but not of other COX inhibitors: Relevance to indomethacin-sensitive headaches. J Headache Pain. 2010 ; 11: 477-483
5. Urade Y, Hayaishi O. Prostaglandin D2 and sleep/wake regulation. Sleep Med Rev. 2011 ; 15: 411-418
6. Ueno R, Ishikawa Y, Nakayama T, et al. Prostaglandin D2 induces sleep when microinjected into the preoptic area of conscious rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1982 ; 109: 576-582 (Pubitemid 13119349)
7. Onoe H, Ueno R, Fujita I, et al. Prostaglandin D2, a cerebral sleep-inducing substance in monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 ; 85: 4082-4086
8. Ueno R, Honda K, Inoue S, et al. Prostaglandin D2, a cerebral sleep-inducing substance in rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 ; 80: 1735-1737 (Pubitemid 13136422)
9. Pandey HP, Ram A, Matsumura H, et al. Concentration of prostaglandin D2 in cerebrospinal fluid exhibits a circadian alteration in conscious rats. Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1995 ; 37: 431-437 (Pubitemid 26177896)
10. Ram A, Pandey HP, Matsumura H, et al. CSF levels of prostaglandins, especially the level of prostaglandin D2, are correlated with increasing propensity towards sleep in rats. Brain Res. 1997 ; 751: 81-89 (Pubitemid 27122138)
11. Murphy PJ, Myers BL, Badia P. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs alter body temperature and suppress melatonin in humans. Physiol Behav. 1996 ; 59: 133-139
12. Horne JA, Percival JE, Traynor JR. Aspirin and human sleep. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1980 ; 49: 409-413 (Pubitemid 10044190)
13. Smith SS, Dingwall K, Jorgenson G, et al. Associations between the use of common medications and sleep architecture in patients with untreated obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med. 2006 ; 2: 156-162 (Pubitemid 43893266)
14. Gengo F. Effects of ibuprofen on sleep quality as measured using polysomnography and subjective measures in healthy adults. Clin Ther. 2006 ; 28: 1820-1826 (Pubitemid 46038529)
15. Murphy PJ, Badia P, Myers BL, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs affect normal sleep patterns in humans. Physiol Behav. 1994 ; 55: 1063-1066 (Pubitemid 24168765)
16. Iacovides S, Avidon I, Bentley A, et al. Diclofenac potassium restores objective and subjective measures of sleep quality in women with primary dysmenorrhea. Sleep. 2009 ; 32: 1019-1026
17. Leigh TJ, Bird HA, Hindmarch I, et al. The evaluation of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (tenoxicam) in the treatment of sleep disturbance in osteoarthritic patients. Clin Rheumatol. 1989 ; 8: 489-493 (Pubitemid 20077800)
18. Burgess KR, Fan JL, Peebles K, et al. Exacerbation of obstructive sleep apnea by oral indomethacin. Chest. 2010 ; 137: 707-710
19. Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA. Sumatriptan (oral route of administration) for acute migraine attacks in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 ; 2: CD008615 - CD008615
20. Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA. Sumatriptan (intranasal route of administration) for acute migraine attacks in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 ; 2: CD009663 - CD009663
21. Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA. Sumatriptan (subcutaneous route of administration) for acute migraine attacks in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 ; 2: CD009665 - CD009665
22. Law S, Derry S, Moore RA. Triptans for acute cluster headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 ; 7: CD008042 - CD008042
23. Dodick DW, Martin V. Triptans and CNS side-effects: Pharmacokinetic and metabolic mechanisms. Cephalalgia. 2004 ; 24: 417-424 (Pubitemid 38748023)
24. Monti JM. Serotonin control of sleep-wake behavior. Sleep Med Rev. 2011 ; 15: 269-281
25. Boutrel B, Franc B, Hen R, et al. Key role of 5-HT1B receptors in the regulation of paradoxical sleep as evidenced in 5-HT1B knock-out mice. J Neurosci. 1999 ; 19: 3204-3212 (Pubitemid 29174012)
26. Monti JM, Jantos H, Lagos P. Activation of serotonin 5-HT(1B) receptor in the dorsal raphe nucleus affects REM sleep in the rat. Behav Brain Res. 2010 ; 206: 8-16
27. Mendelson WB, Reichman J, Othmer E. Serotonin inhibition and sleep. Biol Psychiatry. 1975 ; 10: 459-464
28. Fenik VB, Davies RO, Kubin L. REM sleep-like atonia of hypoglossal (XII) motoneurons is caused by loss of noradrenergic and serotonergic inputs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 ; 172: 1322-1330 (Pubitemid 43076572)
29. Sanford LD, Hunt WK, Ross RJ, et al. Central administration of a 5-HT2 receptor agonist and antagonist: Lack of effect on rapid eye movement sleep and pgo waves. Sleep Res Online. 1998 ; 1: 80-86
30. Clarenbach P, Del Pozo E, Brownell J, et al. Characterization of ergot and non-ergot serotonin antagonists by prolactin and growth hormone profiles during wakefulness and sleep. Brain Res. 1980 ; 202: 357-363 (Pubitemid 11130320)
31. Dugovic C, Wauquier A, Leysen JE, et al. Functional role of 5-HT2 receptors in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1989 ; 97: 436-442 (Pubitemid 19102542)
32. Nappi G, Sandrini G, Granella F, et al. A new 5-HT2 antagonist (ritanserin) in the treatment of chronic headache with depression. A double-blind study vs amitriptyline. Headache. 1990 ; 30: 439-444 (Pubitemid 20376078)
33. McAinsh J, Cruickshank JM. Beta-blockers and central nervous system side effects. Pharmacol Ther. 1990 ; 46: 163-197 (Pubitemid 20094960)
34. Yamada Y, Shibuya F, Hamada J, et al. Prediction of sleep disorders induced by beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents based on receptor occupancy. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm. 1995 ; 23: 131-145 (Pubitemid 26076912)
35. Pagel JF, Helfter P. Drug induced nightmares - an etiology based review. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2003 ; 18: 59-67 (Pubitemid 36192959)
36. Pagel JF. The Neuropharmacology of nightmares. In: Lader MH, Cardinali DP and Pandi-Perumal SR (eds) Sleep and sleep disorders: A neuropsychopharmacological approach. Georgetown, TX; New York, NY: Landes Bioscience/Eurekah.com, Springer Science Media, 2006, p.309.
37. Zawilska JB, Skene DJ, Arendt J. Physiology and pharmacology of melatonin in relation to biological rhythms. Pharmacol Rep. 2009 ; 61: 383-410
38. Betts TA, Alford C. Beta-blockers and sleep: A controlled trial. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1985 ; 28: 65-68
39. Kostis JB, Rosen RC, Holzer BC, et al. CNS side effects of centrally-active antihypertensive agents: A prospective, placebo-controlled study of sleep, mood state, and cognitive and sexual function in hypertensive males. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1990 ; 102: 163-170 (Pubitemid 20264654)
40. Morrison I, Frangulyan R, Riha RL. Beta-blockers as a cause of violent rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: A poorly recognized but common cause of violent parasomnias. Am J Med. 2011 ; 124: e11 - e11
41. Iranzo A, Santamaria J. Bisoprolol-induced rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Am J Med. 1999 ; 107: 390-392 (Pubitemid 29465818)
42. Morgan LK. Letter: Restless legs: Precipitated by beta blockers, relieved by orphenadrine. Med J Aust. 1975 ; 2: 753-753
43. Scheer FA, Morris CJ, Garcia JI, et al. Repeated melatonin supplementation improves sleep in hypertensive patients treated with beta-blockers: A randomized controlled trial. Sleep. 2012 ; 35: 1395-1402
44. Mayers AG, Baldwin DS. Antidepressants and their effect on sleep. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2005 ; 20: 533-559 (Pubitemid 43056116)
45. Wilson S, Argyropoulos S. Antidepressants and sleep: A qualitative review of the literature. Drugs. 2005 ; 65: 927-947 (Pubitemid 40663621)
46. Peterson MJ, Benca RM. Sleep in mood disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2006 ; 29: 1009-1032; abstract ix (Pubitemid 44751927)
47. d'Amato CC, Pizza V, Marmolo T, et al. Fluoxetine for migraine prophylaxis: A double-blind trial. Headache. 1999 ; 39: 716-719 (Pubitemid 30075079)
48. Bulut S, Berilgen MS, Baran A, et al. Venlafaxine versus amitriptyline in the prophylactic treatment of migraine: Randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2004 ; 107: 44-48 (Pubitemid 39556678)
49. El-Chammas K, Keyes J, Thompson N, et al. Pharmacologic treatment of pediatric headaches: A meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2013 ; 167: 250-258
50. Leone M, Attanasio A, Croci D, et al. The serotonergic agent m-chlorophenylpiperazine induces migraine attacks: A controlled study. Neurology. 2000 ; 55: 136-139 (Pubitemid 30461017)
51. Ohayon MM, Roth T. Prevalence of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in the general population. J Psychosom Res. 2002 ; 53: 547-554
52. Hoque R, Chesson AL. Pharmacologically induced/exacerbated restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movements of sleep, and REM behavior disorder/REM sleep without atonia: Literature review, qualitative scoring, and comparative analysis. J Clin Sleep Med. 2010 ; 6: 79-83
53. Winter AC, Schürks M, Berger K, et al. Migraine and restless legs syndrome in men. Cephalalgia. 2013 ; 33: 130-135
54. Schürks M, Winter AC, Berger K, et al. Migraine and restless legs syndrome in women. Cephalalgia. 2012 ; 32: 382-389
55. Ellison JM, Stanziani P. SSRI-associated nocturnal bruxism in four patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1993 ; 54: 432-434 (Pubitemid 24020598)
56. Tribl GG, Wetter TC, Schredl M. Dreaming under antidepressants: A systematic review on evidence in depressive patients and healthy volunteers. Sleep Med Rev. 2013 ; 17: 133-142
57. Legros B, Bazil CW. Effects of antiepileptic drugs on sleep architecture: A pilot study. Sleep Med. 2003 ; 4: 51-55 (Pubitemid 36284876)
58. Jain SV, Glauser TA. Effects of epilepsy treatments on sleep architecture and daytime sleepiness: An evidence-based review of objective sleep metrics. Epilepsia. 2014 ; 55: 26-37
59. Placidi F, Diomedi M, Scalise A, et al. Effect of anticonvulsants on nocturnal sleep in epilepsy. Neurology. 2000 ; 54: S25 - S32
60. Bonanni E, Galli R, Maestri M, et al. Daytime sleepiness in epilepsy patients receiving topiramate monotherapy. Epilepsia. 2004 ; 45: 333-337 (Pubitemid 38489986)
61. Diener HC, Tfelt-Hansen P, Dahlof C, et al. Topiramate in migraine prophylaxis - results from a placebo-controlled trial with propranolol as an active control. J Neurol. 2004 ; 251: 943-950 (Pubitemid 39119312)
62. Brandes JL, Saper JR, Diamond M, et al. Topiramate for migraine prevention: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004 ; 291: 965-973 (Pubitemid 38543754)
63. Silberstein SD, Neto W, Schmitt J, et al. Topiramate in migraine prevention: Results of a large controlled trial. Arch Neurology. 2004 ; 61: 490-495 (Pubitemid 38923736)
64. Winkelman JW. Efficacy and tolerability of open-label topiramate in the treatment of sleep-related eating disorder: A retrospective case series. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006 ; 67: 1729-1734 (Pubitemid 44955153)
65. Leone M, Dodick D, Rigamonti A, et al. Topiramate in cluster headache prophylaxis: An open trial. Cephalalgia. 2003 ; 23: 1001-1002 (Pubitemid 37521955)
66. Gann H, Riemann D, Hohagen F, et al. The influence of carbamazepine on sleep-EEG and the clonidine test in healthy subjects: Results of a preliminary study. Biol Psychiatry. 1994 ; 35: 893-896 (Pubitemid 24165016)
67. Riemann D, Gann H, Hohagen F, et al. The effect of carbamazepine on endocrine and sleep EEG variables in a patient with 48-hour rapid cycling, and healthy controls. Neuropsychobiology. 1993 ; 27: 163-170 (Pubitemid 23241526)
68. Yang JD, Elphick M, Sharpley AL, et al. Effects of carbamazepine on sleep in healthy volunteers. Biol Psychiatry. 1989 ; 26: 324-328 (Pubitemid 19173057)
69. Cho YW, Kim do H, Motamedi GK. The effect of levetiracetam monotherapy on subjective sleep quality and objective sleep parameters in patients with epilepsy: Compared with the effect of carbamazepine-CR monotherapy. Seizure. 2011 ; 20: 336-339
70. Harding GF, Alford CA, Powell TE. The effect of sodium valproate on sleep, reaction times, and visual evoked potential in normal subjects. Epilepsia. 1985 ; 26: 597-601 (Pubitemid 16146133)
71. Johansson AS, Brask J, Owe-Larsson B, et al. Valproic acid phase shifts the rhythmic expression of Period2::Luciferase. J Biol Rhythms. 2011 ; 26: 541-551
72. Bonanni E, Galli R, Gori S, et al. Neurophysiological evaluation of vigilance in epileptic patients on monotherapy with lamotrigine. Clin Neurophysiol. 2001 ; 112: 1018-1022 (Pubitemid 32497246)
73. Placidi F, Marciani MG, Diomedi M, et al. Effects of lamotrigine on nocturnal sleep, daytime somnolence and cognitive functions in focal epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand. 2000 ; 102: 81-86 (Pubitemid 30469500)
74. Foldvary N, Perry M, Lee J, et al. The effects of lamotrigine on sleep in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2001 ; 42: 1569-1573 (Pubitemid 34020095)
75. Foldvary-Schaefer N, De Leon Sanchez I, Karafa M, et al. Gabapentin increases slow-wave sleep in normal adults. Epilepsia. 2002 ; 43: 1493-1497 (Pubitemid 35429766)
76. Hindmarch I, Dawson J, Stanley N. A double-blind study in healthy volunteers to assess the effects on sleep of pregabalin compared with alprazolam and placebo. Sleep. 2005 ; 28: 187-193 (Pubitemid 40362644)
77. Garcia-Borreguero D, Kohnen R, Silber MH, et al. The long-term treatment of restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease: Evidence-based guidelines and clinical consensus best practice guidance: A report from the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group. Sleep Med. 2013 ; 14: 675-684
78. Pringsheim T, Magnoux E, Dobson CF, et al. Melatonin as adjunctive therapy in the prophylaxis of cluster headache: A pilot study. Headache. 2002 ; 42: 787-792 (Pubitemid 35291513)
79. Leone M, D'Amico D, Moschiano F, et al. Melatonin versus placebo in the prophylaxis of cluster headache: A double-blind pilot study with parallel groups. Cephalalgia. 1996 ; 16: 494-496 (Pubitemid 26373787)
80. Hughes RJ, Sack RL, Lewy AJ. The role of melatonin and circadian phase in age-related sleep-maintenance insomnia: Assessment in a clinical trial of melatonin replacement. Sleep. 1998 ; 21: 52-68 (Pubitemid 28076736)
81. Lewy AJ, Bauer VK, Ahmed S, et al. The human phase response curve (PRC) to melatonin is about 12 hours out of phase with the PRC to light. Chronobiol Int. 1998 ; 15: 71-83 (Pubitemid 28077919)
82. Cajochen C, Kräuchi K, von Arx MA, et al. Daytime melatonin administration enhances sleepiness and theta/alpha activity in the waking EEG. Neurosci Lett. 1996 ; 207: 209-213 (Pubitemid 26116560)
83. Burgess HJ, Revell VL, Molina TA, et al. Human phase response curves to three days of daily melatonin: 0.5 mg versus 3.0?mg. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 ; 95: 3325-3331
84. Wyatt JK, Dijk DJ, Ritz-de Cecco A, et al. Sleep-facilitating effect of exogenous melatonin in healthy young men and women is circadian-phase dependent. Sleep. 2006 ; 29: 609-618
85. Masruha MR, de Souza Vieira DS, Minett TS, et al. Low urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin concentrations in acute migraine. J Headache Pain. 2008 ; 9: 221-224
86. Waldenlind E, Ekbom K, Wetterberg L, et al. Lowered circannual urinary melatonin concentrations in episodic cluster headache. Cephalalgia. 1994 ; 14: 199-204 (Pubitemid 24220225)
87. Brzezinski A, Vangel MG, Wurtman RJ, et al. Effects of exogenous melatonin on sleep: A meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2005 ; 9: 41-50 (Pubitemid 40092917)
88. Kunz D, Mahlberg R. A two-part, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of exogenous melatonin in REM sleep behaviour disorder. J Sleep Res. 2010 ; 19: 591-596
89. Chrousos GA, Kattah JC, Beck RW, et al. Side effects of glucocorticoid treatment. Experience of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. JAMA. 1993 ; 269: 2110-2112 (Pubitemid 23112630)
90. Fehm HL, Benkowitsch R, Kern W, et al. Influences of corticosteroids, dexamethasone and hydrocortisone on sleep in humans. Neuropsychobiology. 1986 ; 16: 198-204 (Pubitemid 17084409)
91. Born J, Zwick A, Roth G, et al. Differential effects of hydrocortisone, fluocortolone, and aldosterone on nocturnal sleep in humans. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1987 ; 116: 129-137 (Pubitemid 17136089)
92. Evers S, Goadsby PJ. Hypnic headache: Clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment. Neurology. 2003 ; 60: 905-909 (Pubitemid 36348919)
93. Friston KJ, Sharpley AL, Solomon RA, et al. Lithium increases slow wave sleep: Possible mediation by brain 5-HT2 receptors?. Psychopharmacology. 1989 ; 98: 139-140 (Pubitemid 19117358)
94. Li J, Lu WQ, Beesley S, Loudon AS, et al. Lithium impacts on the amplitude and period of the molecular circadian clockwork. PloS One. 2012 ; 7: e33292 - e33292
95. Klemfuss H. Rhythms and the pharmacology of lithium. Pharmacol Ther. 1992 ; 56: 53-78 (Pubitemid 23070497)
96. Terao T, Terao M, Yoshimura R, et al. Restless legs syndrome induced by lithium. Biol Psychiatry. 1991 ; 30: 1167-1170
97. Kumar KL, Hodges M. Disturbing dreams with long-acting verapamil. New Engl J Med. 1988 ; 318: 929-930 (Pubitemid 18090283)
98. Ayoub A, Aumann D, Hörschelmann A, et al. Differential effects on fast and slow spindle activity, and the sleep slow oscillation in humans with carbamazepine and flunarizine to antagonize voltage-dependent Na and Ca2 channel activity. Sleep. 2013 ; 36: 905-911
99. Takahashi H, Yoshimoto M, Higuchi H, et al. Different effects of L-type and T-type calcium channel blockers on the hypnotic potency of triazolam and zolpidem in rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1999 ; 9: 317-321 (Pubitemid 29253783)
100. Forbes JA, Beaver WT, Jones KF, et al. Effect of caffeine on ibuprofen analgesia in postoperative oral surgery pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1991 ; 49: 674-684
101. Ward N, Whitney C, Avery D, et al. The analgesic effects of caffeine in headache. Pain. 1991 ; 44: 151-155
102. Holle D, Naegel S, Obermann M. Hypnic headache. Cephalalgia. 2013 ; 33: 1349-1357
103. Paterson LM, Nutt DJ, Ivarsson M, et al. Effects on sleep stages and microarchitecture of caffeine and its combination with zolpidem or trazodone in healthy volunteers. J Psychopharmacol. 2009 ; 23: 487-494
104. Spaeth M, Bennett RM, Benson BA, et al. Sodium oxybate therapy provides multidimensional improvement in fibromyalgia: Results of an international phase 3 trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 ; 71: 935-942
105. Van Cauter E, Plat L, Scharf MB, et al. Simultaneous stimulation of slow-wave sleep and growth hormone secretion by gamma-hydroxybutyrate in normal young men. J Clin Invest. 1997 ; 100: 745-753 (Pubitemid 27340524)
106. Lapierre O, Montplaisir J, Lamarre M, et al. The effect of gamma-hydroxybutyrate on nocturnal and diurnal sleep of normal subjects: Further considerations on REM sleep-triggering mechanisms. Sleep. 1990 ; 13: 24-30 (Pubitemid 20039775)
107. Khatami R, Tartarotti S, Siccoli MM, et al. Long-term efficacy of sodium oxybate in 4 patients with chronic cluster headache. Neurology. 2011 ; 77: 67-70
108. Equihua AC, De La Herrán-Arita AK, Drucker-Colin R. Orexin receptor antagonists as therapeutic agents for insomnia. Front Pharmacol. 2013 ; 4: 163-163
109. Bettica P, Squassante L, Groeger JA, et al. Differential effects of a dual orexin receptor antagonist (SB-649868) and zolpidem on sleep initiation and consolidation, SWS, REM sleep, and EEG power spectra in a model of situational insomnia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012 ; 37: 1224-1233