Agent orange: History, science, and the politics of uncertainty

Agent Orange: History, Science, and the Politics of Uncertainty

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1-302

  Martini, Edwin A ^a  

^a WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 84906171621     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (420)

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2. Alastair Hay, The Chemical Scythe: Lessons of 2, 4, 5-T and Dioxin (New York: Plenum Press, 1982).
3. George Herring America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam 1950-1975.
4. Herring, America's Longest War (1979; repr. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996), 168.
5. Marilyn Young The Vietnam Wars (New York: Harper-Perennial, 1991).
6. Even Ronald Frankum Like Rolling Thunder: The Air War in Vietnam 1964-1975 has only eight pages on defoliation (Lanham, MD: Rowan and Littlefield, 2005).
7. William Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand: The Air Force and Herbicides in Southeast Asia, 1961-1971 (Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1982);.
8. Paul Cecil, Herbicidal Warfare: The Ranch Hand Project in Vietnam (New York: Praeger, 1986).
9. Fred A. Wilcox, Waiting for an Army to Die (1989; repr. Cabin John, MD: Seven Locks Press, 2011);.
10. Jock McCulloch, The Politics of Agent Orange (Richmond, Australia: Heinemann Books, 1984).
11. Wilbur Scott Vietnam Veterans since the War: The Politics of PTSD, Agent Orange, and the National Memorial (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004).
12. Diane Niblack Fox, "One Significant Ghost": Agent Orange, Narratives of Trauma, Survival, and Responsibility, " (Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 2007);.
13. Lan Thi Phuong Bui, "When the Forest Became the Enemy" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 2003).
14. David Zierler, The Invention of Ecocide (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011).
15. Thomas Dunlap DDT: Scientists, Citizens, and Public Policy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981).
16. Edmund Russell War and Nature: Fighting Humans and Insects with Chemicals from World War I to Silent Spring (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
17. Richard Tucker and Edmund Russell, eds., Natural Enemy, Natural Ally: Toward an Environmental History of War (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2004).
18. Christian Appy Working Class War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993).
19. Christian Appy Patriots: The Vietnam War Remembered by All Sides (New York: Viking, 2003);.
20. Myra MacPherson Long Time Passing: Vietnam and the Haunted Generation (New York: Anchor Books, 1984);.
21. Jerry Lembcke The Spitting Image: Myth, Memory, and the Legacy of Vietnam (New York: New York University Press, 2000);.
22. Patrick Hagopian The Vietnam War in American Memory: Veterans, Memorials, and the Politics of Healing (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2009).
23. Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway, Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming (New York: Bloomsbury Books, 2010).
24. Lingua Franca (July 1996) available at http://linguafranca.mirror. theinfo.org/9607/mst.html;.
25. Andrew Ross, ed., Science Wars (Durham: Duke University Press, 1996);.
26. Keith Parsons, ed., The Science Wars: Debating Scientific Knowledge and Technology (New York: Prometheus Books, 2003).
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28. David Halberstam The Best and the Brightest (New York: Random House, 1972).
29. James Gibson, The Perfect War: The War We Couldn't Lose and How We Did (New York: Random House, 1986), .
30. Walt W. Rostow. Highly useful among the latter are Michael Latham, Modernization as Ideology: American Social Science and "Nation Building" in the Kennedy Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000);.
31. David Engerman et al., eds., Staging Growth: Modernization, Development and the Global Cold War (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2003);.
32. Nils Gilman, Mandarins of the Future: Modernization Theory in Cold War America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004);.
33. David Milne, America's Rasputin: Walt Rostow and the Vietnam War (New York: Hill and Wang, 2009).
34. Phillip Catton, Diem's Final Failure: Prelude to America's War in Vietnam (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2002);.
35. Seth Jacobs, America's Miracle Man in Vietnam: Ngo Dinh Diem, Religion, Race and U.S. Intervention in Southeast Asia, 1950-1957 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2004);.
36. Edward Miller, "Vision, Power, and Agency: The Ascent of Ngo Dinh Diem, 1945-54, " Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 35, no. 3 (October, 2004): 433-58;.
37. Jessica Chapman, "Staging Democracy: South Vietnam's 1955 Referendum to Depose Bao Dai, " Diplomatic History 30, no. 4 (September, 2006): 671-703;.
38. James Carter, Inventing Vietnam: The United States and State Building, 1954-1968 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008);.
39. Matt Masur, "Exhibiting Signs of Resistance: South Vietnam's Struggle for Legitimacy, 1954-1960, " Diplomatic History 33, no. 2 (April 2009): 293-313.
40. William Turley, The Second Indochina War: A Concise Political and Military History, 2nd ed. (New York: Rowan and Littlefield, 2009), 63.
41. David Hunt Vietnam's Southern Revolution (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2009), .
42. George Herring, ed., The Pentagon Papers, abridged ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993), 44-49.
43. Cecil, Herbicidal Warfare, 25.
44. William Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand: The Air Force and Herbicides in Southeast Asia, 1961-1971 (Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1982), 10.
45. David Zierler, The Invention of Ecocide (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011), 59.
46. Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand, 1-8;.
47. Cecil, Herbicidal Warfare, 1-20;.
48. Zierler, The Invention of Ecocide, 38.
49. "Chemical Control of Vegetation, " U.S. Army Biological Laboratories Report, December 11, 1962, AOLF, box 183, folder 1953, no. 1953-6, pp. 3-4.
50. "Chemicals Used in Military Operations during the Vietnam War, " Michigan Agent Orange Commission, available at www.gmasw.com/chemlist. htm.
51. Gale Peterson, "The Discovery and Development of 2, 4-D, " Agricultural History 41, no. 3 (July 1967), 243-53.
52. Cecil, Herbicidal Warfare, 19n22.
53. Information from Department of Defense (DoD) on Herbicide Tests and Storage Outside of Vietnam, available at www.publichealth.va.gov/docs/ agentorange/dod-herbicides-outside-vietnam.pdf.
54. Zierler, The Invention of Ecocide, 52.
55. Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand, 38.
56. Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand, Ibid., 49
57. Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand, 50.
58. Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand, Ibid.,67.
59. Zierler, The Invention of Ecocide, 81-82.
60. Fred Logevall in his Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of War in Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999).
61. James Blight, Janet Lang, and David Welch, eds., Virtual JFK: Vietnam If Kennedy Had Lived, (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2010).
62. Alvin Young, "The Military Use of Herbicides in Vietnam, " in Agent Orange and Its Associated Dioxin: Assessment of a Controversy, ed. A. Young and G. M. Reggiani (Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1988), 20.
63. Young, The History, Use, Disposition, and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange, 42-44.
64. D. A. Craig, "Use of Herbicides in Southeast Asia, " Historical Report, (San Antonio: Air Logistics Center, Kelly AFB, 1975), .
65. Young, The History, Use, Disposition, and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange, 46.
66. Young, "The Military Use of Herbicides in Vietnam, " 20.
67. Young, The History, Use, Disposition, and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange, 78.
68. Stellman et al., "Extent and Patterns of Usage of Agent Orange and Other Herbicides in Vietnam, " Nature 422 (April 17, 2003), 685.
69. Young, "Military Use of Herbicides in Vietnam, " 22.
70. Young, "Military Use of Herbicides in Vietnam, " 20.
71. Young, The History, Use, Disposition, and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange, 82.
72. Robert Darrow, "Report of Trip to Republic of Vietnam, 15 August-2 September, 1969, " September 23, 1969, ALY, series II, no. 00271, pp. 17-18.
73. Stellman et al., "Extent and Patterns of Usage of Agent Orange and Other Herbicides in Vietnam, " 685.
74. Darrow, "Report of Trip to Republic of Vietnam, " 19.
75. "Comprehensive Assessment of Dioxin Contamination in Da Nang Airport, Viet Nam: Environmental Levels, Human Exposure and Options for Mitigating Impacts, " report by Hatfield Consultants, Vancouver, CA, November 2009. Available atwww.hatfieldconsultants.com.
76. "Chemical Control of Vegetation, " Fort Detrick Report, December 11, 1962, no. 1953-6, p. 4.
77. "Proceedings of the First Defoliation Conference, " Fort Detrick, MD, June 1963, no. 1945-256, p. 3.
78. Young, The History, Use, Disposition, and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange, 32-33.
79. Young, The History, Use, Disposition, and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange, 34-35.
80. Stellman et al., "The Extent and Patterns of Usage of Agent Orange and Other Herbicides in Vietnam, " 685.
81. "The History of the US Department of Defense Programs for the Testing, Evaluation, and Storage of Tactical Herbicides, " available at www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/reading-room/TacticalHerbicides.pdf.
82. Alvin Young and Michael Newton, "Long Overlooked Historical Information on Agent Orange and TCDD following Massive Applications of 2, 4, 5-T-Containing Herbicides, Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, " Environmental Science and Pollution Resolution 11, no. 4 (2004): 214-21.
83. Young, The History, Use, Disposition, and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange, 258.
84. Chemical Defoliation of Northern Tree Species Technical Memorandum 145, Fort Detrick, Maryland (October 1968), pp. 2-3.
85. Chris Arsenault, Blowback: A Canadian History of Agent Orange (Blackwood, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing, 2009), 13.
86. Louise Elliot, "In Depth: Agent Orange and Agent Purple, " Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, available at www.cbc.ca/news/background/ agentorange.
87. Marilyn Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1975 (New York: Harper Collins, 1991), 191.
88. Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand, 133.
89. Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand, 133.
90. John Dux and P. J. Young, Agent Orange: The Bitter Harvest (Sydney: Hodder and Stoughton-Australia, 1980).
91. Gibson, The Perfect War, 77-80.
92. Phillip Catton, "Counter-Insurgency and Nation Building: The Strategic Hamlet Programme in South Vietnam, 1961-1963, " International History Review 21 (1999): 918-40;.
93. Carter, Inventing Vietnam, 117-28;.
94. David Elliot, The Vietnamese War: Revolution and Social Change in the Mekong Delta, 1930-1975, concise ed., (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2007), 175-76;.
95. Gibson, The Perfect War, 82-86.
96. Seymour J. Deitchman, "The 'Electronic Battlefield' in the Vietnam War, " Journal of Military History 72, no. 3 (July 2008): 869-87;.
97. Antoine Bousquet, The Scientific Way of Warfare: Order and Chaos on the Battlefields of Modernity (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009).
98. Zierler, The Invention of Ecocide, 45.
99. Paul Cecil and Alvin Young, "Operation Flyswatter: A War within a War, " Environmental Science and Pollution Resolution 15 (2008): 3.
100. Cecil, Herbicidal Warfare, 92-93.
101. Cecil and Young, "Operation Flyswatter, " 5-6.
102. Young, The History, Use, Disposition, and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange, 114;.
103. Arthur Westing, Ecological Consequences of the Second Indochina War (Stockholm: SIPRI/Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 1976).
104. Darrow, "Report of Trip to Republic of Vietnam, " 10.
105. Young, The History, Use, Disposition, and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange, 114.
106. "Vietcong Fleeing Huge Forest Fire, " NYT, April 14, 1968, A1.
107. Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand, 142;.
108. "Forest Fire as a Military Weapon, " Final Report of the U.S. Forest Service to the Advance Research Project Agency, June 1970, p. A-6.
109. Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand, 49n11.
110. Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand, 111.
111. "Operation Sherwood Forest: MACV Command History, April 6, 1964, " available at TTU; (www.vietnam.ttu.edu/virtualarchive/), item no. 2130506001, pp. 16-17.
112. Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand, 112.
113. Peter Caplan, "Weather Modification and War, " Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 6, no. 1 (January-March 1974);.
114. "Forest Industries of the Republic of Vietnam" USFS Report, April 1967;.
115. "Preliminary Report on the Forest Industry in Vietnam, " USFS Report, January 1968.
116. Howard Benton, "The Forest Service and Herbicides, " U.S. Department of Agriculture Report (October 1970), 2;.
117. James Lewis, "Gallery: Smokey the Bear in Vietnam, " Environmental History 11, no. 3 (July 2006), 599.
118. Stellman et al., "The Extent and Patterns of Usage of Agent Orange, " 685.
119. Lewis, "Smokey the Bear in Vietnam, " 601.
120. Lewis, "Smokey the Bear in Vietnam, " Ibid., 603.
121. Lewis, The Forest Service and the Greatest Good (Durham, N.C.: Forest History Society, 2005);.
122. Terry West, "USDA Involvement in Post World War II International Forestry, " in Changing Tropical Forests: Historical Perspectives on Today's Challenges in Central and South America, ed. Harold Steven and Richard Tucker (Durham, N.C.: Forest History Society, 1992), 277-99.
123. Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand, 109.
124. "Memorandum, Director, USIA, to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs, " August 16, 1962, FRUS, 1961-63, vol. 2: Vietnam, 1962, no. 266.
125. Russell Betts and Frank Denton, "An Evaluation of Chemical Crop Destruction in Vietnam, " report prepared for ARPA (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, October 1967);.
126. Anthony Russo, "A Statistical Analysis of the U.S. Crop Spraying Program in South Vietnam, " report prepared for ARPA (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, October 1967).
127. William Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand: The Air Force and Herbicides in Southeast Asia, 1961-1971 (Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1982);.
128. Paul Cecil, Herbicidal Warfare: The Ranch Hand Project in Vietnam (New York: Praeger, 1986).
129. Fred Wilcox, Waiting for an Army to Die (Potomac, MD: Seven Locks Press, 1989), .
130. Jock McCulloch, The Politics of Agent Orange (Richmond, Australia: Heinemann, 1984).
131. L. Goure, A. Russo, and D. Scott, "Some Findings of the Viet Cong Motivation and Morale Study, " Memorandum RM-4911-2-ISA/ARPA, (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, February 1966), 9.
132. Chris Appy, Working Class War: American Combat Soldiers in Vietnam (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1993), 153-59;.
133. Sam Adams, War of Numbers: An Intelligence Memoir (South Royalton, VT: Steerforth Press, 1994);.
134. David Elliot, The Vietnamese War: Revolution and Social Change in the Mekong Delta, 1930-1975 (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2003).
135. Cecil, Herbicidal Warfare, 26.
136. "Use of Defoliants in Vietnam, " November 17, 1961, FRUS, 1961-63, vol. 1: Vietnam, 1961, no. 265.
137. Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand, 16n23.
138. Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand, 72n13.
139. Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand, 21.
140. "Telegram from the Department of State to the Embassy in Vietnam, " December 14, 1961, FRUS, 1961-63, vol. 1: Vietnam, 1961, no. 361.
141. "Memorandum, Johnson to Rostow, " November 17, 1961, FRUS, 1961-63, vol. 1: Vietnam, 1961, no. 264.
142. Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand, 69.
143. Memorandum: Hilsman to Harriman, July 28, 1962, FRUS 1961-63, vol. 2, no. 250.
144. Hilsman Move a Nation: The Politics of Foreign Policy in the Administration of John F. Kennedy (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Books, 1967).
145. "Chemical Crop Destruction: Vietnam, " JCS to McNamara, July 28, 1962, FRUS 1961-63, vol. 2, no. 251.
146. Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand, 72.
147. "Chemical Crop Destruction, South Vietnam, " McNamara to Kennedy, August 8, 1962, FRUS 1961-63, vol. 2, no. 262.
148. "Vietnam: Project for Crop Destruction, " Rusk to JFK, August 23, 1962, FRUS 1961- 63, vol. 2, no. 270.
149. Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand, 74.
150. "Crop Destruction, " August 2, 1962, FRUS 1961-63, vol. 2, no. 256.
151. "Memorandum of the Substance of Discussion at a Department of State-Joint Chiefs of Staff Meeting, " August 24, 1962, FRUS 1961-63, vol. 2, no. 271.
152. "Memorandum of Conversation: Situation in Viet Nam, " September 19, 1962, FRUS 1961-63, vol. 2, no. 285.
153. "Memorandum of Conversation between President Kennedy and the Vietnamese Secretary of State at the Presidency (Thuan), " September 25, 1962, FRUS 1961-63, vol. 2, no. 292.
154. Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand, 102.
155. Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand, 82-83.
156. Christopher Sellers, "Body, Place and the State: The Makings of an 'Environmentalist' Imaginary in the Post-World War II U.S., " Radical History Review 1999, no. 74 (Spring 1999): 31-64.
157. Diane Niblack Fox, "One Significant Ghost": Agent Orange, Narratives of Trauma, Survival, and Responsibility" (Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 2007);.
158. Lan Thi Phuong Bui, "When the Forest Became the Enemy" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 2003).
159. J. A. Koch, "The Chieu Hoi Program in South Vietnam, 1963-1971, " report prepared for ARPA (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, January 1973).
160. W. Phillips Davison, "User's Guide to the RAND Interviews, " report prepared for ARPA (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 1972), available on the RAND website, www.RAND.org/pubs/reports/R1024/(last accessed February 10, 2007);.
161. David Hunt, Vietnam's Southern Revolution: From Peasant Insurrection to Total War (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2009).
162. Bui, "When the Forest Became the Enemy, " 45n82.
163. Bui, "When the Forest Became the Enemy, " 49.
164. Bui, "When the Forest Became the Enemy, " 44n81.
165. Hunt, Vietnam's Southern Revolution, 117-19.
166. Elliot, The Vietnamese War, 1275.
167. Eric Bergerud Dynamics of Defeat: The Vietnam War in Hau Nghia Province (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991), 70-71;.
168. Jeffrey Race, War Comes to Long An: Revolutionary Conflict in a Vietnamese Province (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972);.
169. Bui, "When the Forest Became the Enemy, " 44.
170. Cecil, Herbicidal Warfare, 39.
171. Andrew Wells-Dang, "Agent Orange in Cambodia: The 1969 Defoliation in Kampong Cham, " available at www.ffrd.org/Agent-Orange/cam1969.htm.
172. "Popular Opinions about Defoliation in Long Khanh Province, " CORDS Report, December 1967, p. 3.
173. Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand, and 94n11.
174. Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand, 96.
175. Cecil, Herbicidal Warfare, 39.
176. Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand, 121.
177. Mai Elliot, RAND in Southeast Asia: A History of the Vietnam War Era (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2010), x.
178. Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand, 133-34.
179. Elliot, RAND in Southeast Asia, 227-28.
180. DIA Interrogation Report: Defoliation Mission in Binh Duong Province, " April 14, 1969, no. 1962, p. 4.
181. "DIA Interrogation Report: Effects of Defoliation in Hau Nghia Province, " July 11, 1969, p. 3;.
182. R. N. Pesut and W. P. Virgin, "Defoliation-Incidents Correlation Study, " Report to ARPA/Project Agile, April 1, 1967, p. iv.
183. Elliot, RAND in Southeast Asia, 236.
184. Elliot, RAND in Southeast Asia, Ibid., 436-41
185. Daniel Ellsberg, Secrets (New York: Viking Books, 2002), 290-301.
186. George Herring, ed., The Pentagon Papers, abridged ed. (New York: McGraw Hill, 1993), 194-207.
187. McNamara In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam (New York: Random House, 1995), 311-17.
188. "U.S. Curbs Sales of a Weed Killer, " NYT, April 16, 1970.
189. Peter Schuck, Agent Orange on Trial (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986), 86-87.
190. Stellman et al., "The Extent and Patterns of Usage of Agent Orange and Other Herbicides in Vietnam, " Nature 422 (April 17, 2003), 681-87.
191. Alistair Hay, The Chemical Scythe: Lessons of 2, 4, 5-T and Dioxin (New York: Plenum Press, 1982), 113-32;.
192. Aaron Wildavsky and Brendan Swedlow, "Dioxin, Agent Orange, and Times Beach, " in But Is It True?: A Citizen's Guide to Health and Safety Issues, ed. Aaron Wildavsky (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), 374-94.
193. "Dioxin: Quandary for the 80s, " St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Special Section, November 14, 1983, 6.
194. Barry Commoner, "The Political History of Dioxin, " keynote address at the Second Citizens' Conference on Dioxin, St. Louis, Missouri, July 30, 1994, available at www.greens.org/s-r/078/07-03.html.
195. Christopher Sellers, "Body, Place and the State: The Makings of an 'Environmentalist' Imaginary in the Post-World War II U.S., " Radical History Review 74 (Spring 1999), 58.
196. Zierler, The Invention of Ecocide (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011), .
197. Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand, 184.
198. Craig Colten and Peter Skinner, The Road to Love Canal: Managing Industrial Waste Before EPA (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996);.
199. J. R. McNeil Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of Twentieth Century World (New York: Norton, 2000).
200. U.S. Environmentalism since 1945: A Brief History with Documents, Steven Stoll, ed. (Boston: Bedford St. Martin's, 2007), 23.
201. Joan Hoff Nixon Reconsidered (New York: Basic Books, 1994) pages 22-27.
202. Rick Perlstein, Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America (New York: Scribner, 2008), 460-61, 517.
203. Alvin Young, The History, Use, Disposition, and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange (New York: Springer Books, 2009), 123.
204. Alvin Young, The History, Use, Disposition, and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange (New York: Springer Books, 2009), Ibid., 128.
205. Alvin Young, The History, Use, Disposition, and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange (New York: Springer Books, 2009), ibid., 131-32.
206. Alvin Young, The History, Use, Disposition, and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange (New York: Springer Books, 2009), Ibid., 135.
207. U.S. Department of Commerce Preliminary Report on Hurricane Camille (November 1969), available at www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm-wallets/atlantic/ atl1969-prelim/camille/TCR-1969Camille.pdf;.
208. Ernest Zebrowski and Judith Howard, Category Five: The Story of Camille, Lessons Learned from America's Most Violent Hurricane (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005).
209. Alvin Young, "Dilemma for Disposal of Agent Orange, " ALY, no. 03899, pp. 3-4.
210. William Spain, "Yes, In My Backyard: Tiny Sauget, Illinois, Likes Business Misfits, " Wall Street Journal, October 3, 2006.
211. Dan J. Forrestal, The Story of Monsanto: Faith, Hope, and $5000: The Trials and Triumphs of the First 75 Years (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1977), 13.
212. Dan J. Forrestal, The Story of Monsanto: Faith, Hope, and $5000: The Trials and Triumphs of the First 75 Years (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1977), 13.
213. "Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972, " 33 U.S.C. §1401, text available at www.epa.gov/history/topics/mprsa/index.htm.
214. Ocean Incineration: Its Role in Managing Hazardous Waste, U.S. Office of Technology Assessment, OTA-O-313 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1986), 181;.
215. Young, The History, Use, Disposition, and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange, 143.
216. http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/50C32.txt.
217. Young, The History, Use, Disposition, and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange, 144.
218. Young, History, Use, Disposition, and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange, 145-47.
219. Young, History, Use, Disposition, and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange, 150.
220. Young, History, Use, Disposition and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange, 296.
221. Young, History, Use, Disposition, and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange, 297-99;.
222. Wilbur Scott, Vietnam Veterans since the War: The Politics of PTSD, Agent Orange, and the National Memorial (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004), 174.
223. "Poison or Not?" WP, January 14, 1983.
224. Scott, Vietnam Veterans since the War, 174.
225. "Ignorance Is Bliss, " Economist, February 12, 1983, 42;.
226. Michael Schudson, Watergate in American Memory (New York: Basic Books, 1993);.
227. Robert Buzzanco, Vietnam and the Transformation of American Life (Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell, 1999);.
228. Marc Hetherington, Why Trust Matters: Declining Political Trust and the Demise of American Liberalism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006);.
229. Natasha Zaretsky, No Direction Home: The American Family and the Fear of National Decline, 1968-1980 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007);.
230. Michael Allen, Until the Last Man Comes Home: POWs, MIAs, and the Unending Vietnam War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009).
231. "On Site Incineration at the Times Beach Superfund Site, " final report of the EPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Technology Innovation Office, available at www.clu-in.org/products/costperf/incinrtn/ default.htm.
232. Robert Dewhirst, "Economic Development, Energy, and the Environment in Missouri, " in Missouri Government and Politics, revised ed., ed. Richard Hardy, Richard Dohm, and David Leuthold (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1995), 293.
233. Bruce Wildblood-Crawford, "Environmental (In)Justice and 'Expert Knowledge': The Discursive Construction of Dioxins, 2, 4, 5-T, and Human Health in New Zealand, 1940-2007" (Ph.D. diss., University of Canterbury (Christchurch, NZ), 2008).
234. Brooking et al., "The Grasslands Revolution Reconsidered, " in Environmental Histories of New Zealand, ed. Pawson and Brooking (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 2002), 169-82;.
235. Gordon Winder, "Grassland Revolutions in New Zealand: Disaggregating a National Story, " New Zealand Geographer 65, no. 3 (December 2009): 187-200.
236. Arnold Schecter, ed., Dioxins and Health (New York: Plenum Press, 1994), 587-626;.
237. Michael Gough, Dioxin, Agent Orange: The Facts (New York: Plenum Press, 1986);.
238. G. M. Reggiani, "The Seveso, Italy, Episode: July 10, 1976, " in Agent Orange and Its Associated Dioxin: Assessment of a Controversy, ed. A. L. Young and G. M. Reggiani (New York: Elsevier Books, 1988), 227-69;.
239. A. L. Young, Typescript: Seveso Scientific Review, June 9-16, 1983.
240. Gough, Dioxin, Agent Orange: The Facts, 139-48;.
241. Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam (Washington: National Academies Press, 1994), 42-43.
242. "Air Pollution Control Records, " ABQU 4452, no. 59301: 1985, p. 1;.
243. Wildblood-Crawford, "Environmental (In)Justice and 'Expert Knowledge, " 188.
244. Adriana Petryna, Life Exposed: Biological Citizens after Chernobyl (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), 10.
245. Gregg Mitman, Michelle Murphy, and Christopher Sellers, "Introduction: A Cloud over History, " in "Landscapes of Exposure: Knowledge and Illness in Modern Environments, " ed. Mitman et al., special issue of Osiris 19 (2004): 14.
246. Gregg Mitman, Michelle Murphy, and Christopher Sellers, "Introduction: A Cloud over History, " in "Landscapes of Exposure: Knowledge and Illness in Modern Environments, " ed. Mitman et al., special issue of Osiris 19 (2004): Ibid., 13.
247. Ulrich Beck, Ecological Enlightenment: Essays on the Politics of the Risk Society (New York: Humanity Books, 1995), 15;.
248. Stephen Couch and Steve Kroll-Smith, "Environmental Movements and Expert Knowledge: Evidence for a New Populism, " in Illness and the Environment: A Reader in Contested Medicine, ed. Kroll-Smith, Phil Brown, and Valerie Gunter (New York: New York University Press, 2000), 401.
249. Beck Risk Society: Toward a New Modernity (1982; reprint Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 1992).
250. Bruno Latour, particularly his We Have Never Been Modern (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993).
251. Bruno Latour Pandora Hope: Essays on the Reality of Science Studies (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999).
252. Bruno Latour, Donna Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (New York: Routledge, 1991), .
253. Christopher Sellers, Hazards of the Job: From Industrial Disease to Environmental Health Science (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997);.
254. Joe Thornton, Pandora's Poison: Chlorine, Health and a New Environmental Strategy (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000);.
255. Steve Kroll-Smith and Worth Lancaster review article "Bodies, Environments, and a New Style of Reasoning, " in Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 584 (2002): 203-12.
256. Michelle Murphy, Sick Building Syndrome and the Problem of Uncertainty: Environmental Politics, Technoscience and Women Workers (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006);.
257. Linda Nash, Inescapable Ecologies: A History of Environment, Disease, and Knowledge (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007);.
258. Nancy Langston, Toxic Bodies: Hormone Disruptors and the Legacy of DES (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009).
259. "Effects of 2, 4, 5-T on Man and the Environment, " Hearings before the Subcommittee on Energy, Natural Resources, and the Environment, 91st Congress, 2nd session, April 7 and 15, 1970, (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1979), 1.
260. "Effects of 2, 4, 5-T on Man and the Environment, " Hearings before the Subcommittee on Energy, Natural Resources, and the Environment, 91st Congress, (1979), Ibid., 23-24.
261. "Effects of 2, 4, 5-T on Man and the Environment, " Hearings before the Subcommittee on Energy, Natural Resources, and the Environment, 91st Congress, (1979), Ibid., 70.
262. "Maude DeVictor, " in John Langston Gwaltney, The Dissenters (New York: Random House, 1986), 110.
263. Gwaltney, The Dissenters, 106-24;.
264. Bill Kurtis, Bill Kurtis on Assignment (Chicago: Rand MacNally, 1983), 45.
265. Lorris Cockerham and Alvin L. Young, "The Absence of Hepatic Cellular Anomalies in TCDD-exposed Beach Mice: A Field Study, " Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 1, no. 4 (November 1982): 299-308;.
266. Lorris Cockerham and Alvin Young, "Ultrastructural Comparison of Liver Tissues from Field and Laboratory TCDD-Exposed Beach Mice, " in Human and Environmental Risk of Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Dioxins, ed. Richard E. Tucker, Alvin L. Young, and Allan P. Gray (New York: Plenum Press, 1983);.
267. A. L. Young, L. G. Cockerham, and C. E. Thalken, "A Longterm Study of Ecosystem Contamination with 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, " Chemosphere 16, nos. 8-9 (1987): 1791-1815.
268. Alvin Young, "Agent Orange: At the Crossroads of Science and Social Concern, " 38.
269. Alvin Young, "Agent Orange: At the Crossroads of Science and Social Concern, " Ibid., 40.
270. Alvin Young, "Agent Orange: At the Crossroads of Science and Social Concern, " ibid., 44.
271. Kurtis, On Assignment, 80;.
272. Wilbur Scott, "Competing Paradigms in the Assessment of Latent Disorders: The Case of Agent Orange, " in Illness and the Environment: A Reader in Contested Medicine, ed. Steve Kroll-Smith, Phil Brown, and Valerie Gunter (New York: New York University Press, 2000), 414.
273. Scott Vietnam Veterans since the War (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004).
274. Scott, "Competing Paradigms in the Assessment of Latent Disorders, " 415.
275. Schuck, Agent Orange on Trial, 85.
276. Schuck, Agent Orange on Trial, Ibid., 80-81.
277. Schuck, Agent Orange on Trial, Ibid., 82.
278. Schuck, Agent Orange on Trial, Ibid., 17n33.
279. Schuck, Agent Orange on Trial, Ibid., 98.
280. Schuck, Agent Orange on Trial, 175.
281. "The Agent Orange Settlement Fund, " Department of Veterans' Affairs Website, www.vba.va.gov/bln/21/benefits/herbicide/AOno2.htm.
282. Kurtis, On Assignment, 79.
283. Patrick Hagopian, The Vietnam War in American Memory: Veterans, Memorials, and the Politics of Healing (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2009), 66-67.
284. Michael Gough, Dioxin, Agent Orange: The Facts (New York: Plenum Press, 1986), 95-96.
285. Michael Gough, Dioxin, Agent Orange: The Facts (New York: Plenum Press, 1986), Ibid., 76.
286. Scott, Vietnam Veterans since the War, 192.
287. Scott, Vietnam Veterans since the War, 193.
288. Gen. John Murray, "Report to the White House Agent Orange Working Group Science Subpanel on Exposure Assessment, " May 27, 1986, no. 5692.
289. Edgar, "Opening Statement" in "Testimony before the Subcommittee on Hospitals and Health Care Committee on Veterans' Affairs of the House of Representatives, " 8;.
290. Scott, Vietnam Veterans since the War, 194.
291. Mittman, Murphy, and Sellers, "Landscapes of Exposure, " 13.
292. Thornton, Pandora's Poison, 10.
293. Langston, Toxic Bodies, 148.
294. Langston, Toxic Bodies, 39-40;.
295. Jock McCulloch, The Politics of Agent Orange (Victoria, Australia: Heinemann Books, 1984), 146-49.
296. "Report on the Use of Herbicides, Insecticides, and Other Chemicals by the Australian Army in South Vietnam, " Australian Department of Health, Commonwealth Government Report (Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1982);.
297. Phil Brown, "Popular Epidemiology and Toxic Waste Contamination: Lay and Professional Ways of Knowing, " in Illness and the Environment, 364-83, .
298. Mc-Culloch, The Politics of Agent Orange, 167n62.
299. McCulloch, The Politics of Agent Orange, 215.
300. Brian Martin, "Pesticides, the Vietnam War, and the Evatt Commission, " in Evatt Revisited: Proceedings of a Conference which Re-examined the Findings of the Royal Commission on the Use and Effects of Chemical Agents on Australian Personnel in Vietnam, ed. A. J. D. Bellett et al. (Sydney: Centre for Human Aspects of Science and Technology, University of Sydney, 1989).
301. Bellett et al., "Introduction, " in Evatt Revisited, 1.
302. "Postservice Mortality among Vietnam Veterans: The Centers for Disease Control Vietnam Experience Study, " Journal of American Medicine 257, no. 6 (February 13, 1987): 790-95;.
303. Scott, Vietnam Veterans since the War, 197-99.
304. Scott, Vietnam Veterans since the War, 202-6.
305. Scott, Vietnam Veterans since the War, 223-25.
306. "Agent Orange Down on the Farm, " VVA Veteran 7, no. 12 (1987): 15.
307. "Agent Orange Study Called Botched or Rigged, " WP, July 12, 1989, A6.
308. "The Agent Orange Coverup: A Case of Flawed Science and Political Manipulation, " Report of the House Committee on Government Operations, (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1991), 3.
309. "The Story of Agent Orange, " U.S. Veteran News and Report, Special Agent Orange Edition (November 1990), 2.
310. John Pekkanene, My Father, My Son (New York: Macmillan, 1986);.
311. "Agent Orange and the Anguish of an American Family, " New York Times Magazine, August 24, 1986. Big Z: The Life and Times and Admiral Elmo Russell Zumwalt, Jr. (New York: Harper Collins, 2013).
312. E. R. Zumwalt Jr., "Report to the Secretary of the Department of Veterans Affairs on the Association between Adverse Health Effects and Exposure to Agent Orange, " May 5, 1990.
313. Friendship Village Website, www.vietnamfriendship.org/wordpress/agent- orange/agent-orange-overview.
314. Jason Grotto and Tim Jones, "Agent Orange's Lethal Legacy: Defoliants More Dangerous than They Had to Be, " Chicago Tribune, December 17, 2009.
315. Chris Arsenault, Blowback: A Canadian History of Agent Orange at Home (Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishers, 2009), 7-8;.
316. Ben Quick, "Agent Orange: A Chapter from History That Just Won't End, " Orion Magazine, March/April 2008, available at www.orionmagazine. org/index.php/articles/article/2862/.
317. "Preliminary Reflections on Administration of Complex Litigations, " DeNovo: Cardoza Law Review 1, no. 1 (June 2009), by Jack Weinstein.
318. Agent Orange Act of 1991, Public Law 102-4; www7.nationalacademies.org/ ocga/laws/PL102-4.asp.
319. Jeanne and Steven Stellman, Richard Christian, Tracy Weber, and Carrie Tomasallo, "The Extent and Patterns of Usage of Agent Orange and Other Herbicides in Vietnam, " Nature 422 (April 2003): 681-87.
320. Jeanne and Steven Stellman, Richard Christian, Tracy Weber, and Carrie Tomasallo, "The Extent and Patterns of Usage of Agent Orange and Other Herbicides in Vietnam, " Nature 422 (April 2003): Ibid., 682.
321. Jeanne and Steven Stellman, Richard Christian, Tracy Weber, and Carrie Tomasallo, "The Extent and Patterns of Usage of Agent Orange and Other Herbicides in Vietnam, " Nature 422 (April 2003): Ibid., 684.
322. Steven D. Stellman and Jeanne Stellman, "Exposure Opportunity Models for Agent Orange, Dioxin, and Other Military Herbicides Used in Vietnam, 1961-1971, " Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology14 (2004): 354-62;.
323. Stellman et al., "A Geographic Information System for Characterizing Exposure to Agent Orange and Other Herbicides in Vietnam, " Environmental Health Perspectives 111, no. 3 (March 2003): 321-28.
324. Alvin Young, Paul Cecil, and John Guilmartin Jr., "Assessing Possible Exposures of Ground Troops to Agent Orange during the Vietnam War: The Use of Contemporary Military Records, " Environmental Science and Pollution Resolution 11, no. 6 (2004): 349-59.
325. Young et al., "Environmental Fate and Bioavailability of Agent Orange and Its Associated Dioxin during the Vietnam War, " Environmental Science and Pollution Resolution 11, no. 6 (2004): 359-70.
326. Young et al., "Environmental Fate and Bioavailability of Agent Orange and Its Associated Dioxin during the Vietnam War, " Environmental Science and Pollution Resolution 11, no. 6 (2004):Ibid., 368-69.
327. Young et al., "Assessing Possible Exposures of Ground Troops to Agent Orange during the Vietnam War, " 353.
328. Alvin Young, "TCDD Biomonitoring and Exposure to Agent Orange: Still the Gold Standard, " Environmental Science and Pollution Resolution 11, no. 3 (2004): 143-46;.
329. Schecter et al., "A Comparison and Discussion of Two Differing Methods of Measuring Dioxin-Like Compounds: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and the Calux Bioassay-Implications for Health Studies, " Organohalogen Compounds 40 (1999);.
330. Schecter and Thomas Gasiewicz, eds., Dioxins and Health, 2nd. ed. (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley and Sons, 2003).
331. Michael Ginevan, John Ross, and Deborah Watkins, "Assessing Exposure to Allied Ground Troops in the Vietnam War: A Comparison of AgDRIFT and Exposure Opportunity Index Models, " Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 19 (2009): 187-200.
332. Michael Ginevan, John Ross, and Deborah Watkins, "Assessing Exposure to Allied Ground Troops in the Vietnam War: A Comparison of AgDRIFT and Exposure Opportunity Index Models, " Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 19 (2009): Ibid., 199.
333. "The Toxicology, Environmental Fate, and Human Risk of Herbicide Orange and Its Associated Dioxin, " USAF OEHL Technical Report, October 1978, no. 01165, pp. III-1-III-6.
334. Robert Baughman and Matthew Meselson, "An Analytical Method for Detecting TCDD (Dioxin): Levels of TCDD in Samples from Vietnam, " Environmental Health Perspectives 5 (September 1973): 27-35.
335. Alvin Young, The History, Use, Disposition, and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange (New York: Springer Books, 2009), 238-43.
336. Schecter et al., "Recent Dioxin Contamination from Agent Orange in Residents of a Southern Vietnam City, " Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 43, no. 5 (May 2001): 435-43.
337. Schecter et al., "Food as a Source of Dioxin Exposure in the Residents of Bien Hoa City, Vietnam, " Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 45, no. 8 (August 2003): 781-88.
338. "Letters to the Editor, " Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 46, no. 5 (May 2004): 415-16.
339. Wayne Dwernychuk et al., "The Agent Orange Dioxin Issue in Vietnam: A Manageable Problem, " paper presented at Dioxin 2006 Conference (Oslo, Norway), available at www.warlegacies.org/OsloPaper2006.pdf 1-2.
340. Wayne Dwernychuk et al., "Dioxin Reservoirs in Southern Vietnam: A Legacy of Agent Orange, " Chemosphere 47, no. 2 (November/December 2002): 117-37.
341. Dwernychuk et al., "A Manageable Problem, " 1-2.
342. Michael Martin, "Vietnamese Victims of Agent Orange and U.S.-Vietnam Relations, " Congressional Research Service Report (Washington: Congressional Research Service, 2009), 7.
343. Martin, "Vietnamese Victims of Agent Orange and U.S.-Vietnam Relations, " 2.
344. Martin, "Vietnamese Victims of Agent Orange and U.S.-Vietnam Relations, " 9.
345. "Joint Statement between the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the United States of America, " White House press release, November 17, 2006 (available at www.warlegacies.org/Bush.pdf).
346. "Comprehensive Assessment of Dioxin Contamination in Da Nang Airport, Vietnam: Environmental Levels, Human Exposure and Options for Mitigating Impacts- Summary of Findings, " report prepared by Hatfield Consultants, November 2009, available at www.hatfieldgroup.com.
347. Martin, "Vietnamese Victims of Agent Orange and U.S.-Vietnam Relations, " 20.
348. "VN-US Cooperate in Dioxin Detoxification in Da Nang, " Vietnam News Agency, December 31, 2010, available at http://english.vovnews.vn/Home/ VNUS-cooperate-in-dioxin-detoxification-in-Da-Nang/201012/122787.vov;.
349. "Vietnam Starts Joint Agent Orange Cleanup with U.S., " USA Today, June 20, 2011.
350. Ed Brandt, The Last Voyage of the USS Pueblo (New York: Norton, 1969), .
351. Frederick Schumacher, Bridge of No Return: The Ordeal of the U.S.S. Pueblo (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1971).
352. Federal Register, January 25, 2011, available at www.access.gpo.gov/su- docs/aces/fr-cont.html.
353. John Davis, "Agent Orange: Defoliated Korea's DMZ, " VFW Magazine (February 2000), 20-23;.
354. "Tracking Agent Orange, " NYT, November 3, 2000, A17;.
355. "New Row over Agent Orange, " BBC News Online, November 17, 1999, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/524836.
356. "VA Publishes Final Regulation to Aid Korean War Veterans Exposed to Agent Orange, " VA News Release, January 25, 2011, available at www.kwva.org/links/dva-agent-orange-final-110125.pdf.
357. Davis, "Agent Orange: Defoliated Korea's DMZ, " 21.
358. Charles J. Hanley, Sang-Hun Choe, and Martha Mendoza, The Bridge at No Gun Ri: A Hidden Nightmare from the Korean War (New York: Henry Holt, 2001);.
359. Robert Bateman, No Gun Ri: A Military History of the Korean War Incident (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2002).
360. Joung-Soon Kim et al., "Impact of Agent Orange Exposure among Korean Vietnam Veterans, " Industrial Health 41, no. 3 (2003): 149-57.
361. Kim Jung Wook, "Koreans' Damage Related to Agent Orange, " Proceedings of the International Conference of Victims of Agent Orange/Dioxin, " Hanoi, March 28- 29, 2006 (Hanoi: Culture and Information Publishing House, 2006), 42-48;.
362. "Korean Veterans Demand Compensation, " BBC News online, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/513811.stm.
363. Agent Orange Lawsuit Site, www.vn-agentorange.org/kaova-20060327.html.
364. Lisa Brady, "Life in the DMZ: Turning a Diplomatic Failure into an Environmental Success, " Diplomatic History 32, no. 4 (September 2008): 585-610.
365. "U.S. Taking Seriously USFK's Alleged Agent Orange Dumping, " Yon Hap News Agency (South Korea), http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/ 2011/05/25/13/0301000000AEN20110525000100315F.HTML, May 25, 2011.
366. "Pollutants Found in Drainage Water from Yongsan Garrison, " Korea Herald (online edition), June 16, 2011, available at www.koreaherald.com/ national/Detail.jsp?newsMLId=20110607000741;.
367. "U.S. military: No Agent Orange at South Korea Base, " Stars and Stripes, June 23, 2011, available at www.stripes.com/news/us-military-no- agent-orange-at-south-korea-base-1.147286;.
368. "No Trace of Agent Orange at U.S. Base in South Korea, " National Public Radio Online, www.npr.org/2011/06/23/137361263/no-trace-of- agent-orange-at-u-s-base-in-south-korea.
369. "Agent Orange Buried on Beach Strip, " Japan Times (online edition), www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20111130a5.html.
370. Ian Wishart and Simon Jones, "Agent Orange: 'We Buried It under New Plymouth, ' " Investigate (January/February 2001): 32-33.
371. "Inquiry into the Exposure of New Zealand Defence Personnel to Agent Orange and Other Defoliant Chemicals during the Vietnam War and Any Health Effects of That Exposure, and Transcripts of Evidence, " Report of the Health Committee, 47th Parliament, October 2004, available at www.vvanz.com/pdfs/rpt-2004-chadwick/2004chadwick.pdf;.
372. "Inquiry into the Exposure of New Zealand Defence Personnel to Agent Orange and Other Defoliant Chemicals during the Vietnam War and Any Health Effects of That Exposure, and Transcripts of Evidence, " Report of the Health Committee, 47th Parliament, October 2004, available at www.vvanz.com/pdfs/rpt-2004-chadwick/2004chadwick.pdf;.
373. "Inquiry into the Exposure of New Zealand Defence Personnel to Agent Orange and Other Defoliant Chemicals during the Vietnam War and Any Health Effects of That Exposure, and Transcripts of Evidence", Report of the Health Committee, 47th Parliament, October 2004, available at www.vvanz.com/pdfs/rpt-2004-chadwick/2004chadwick.pdfIbid., 20.
374. "Inquiry into the Exposure of New Zealand Defence Personnel to Agent Orange and Other Defoliant Chemicals during the Vietnam War and Any Health Effects of That Exposure, and Transcripts of Evidence", Report of the Health Committee, 47th Parliament, October 2004, available at www.vvanz.com/pdfs/rpt-2004-chadwick/2004chadwick.pdfIbid., Ibid., 40.
375. R. E. Rowlan, L. A. Edwards, and J. V. Podd, "Elevated Sister Chromatid Exchange Frequencies in New Zealand Vietnam War Veterans, " Cytogenetic Genome Research 116, no. 4 (2007): 248-51;.
376. Louise Elliot, "N.B. Army Base Sprayed with Toxic Chemicals, " June 13, 2005, available at www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2005/06/13/agent- orange050613.html;.
377. "Agent Orange and Agent Purple: In Depth, " CBC News, August 21, 2007, available atwww.cbc.ca/news/background/agentorange/;.
378. Chris Arsenault, Blowback: A Canadian History of Agent Orange at Home (Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishers, 2009).
379. "Harper Woos with Agent Orange, Highway Promises, " CBC News Online, January 12, 2006, available at www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newbrunswick/ story/2006/01/12/nb-harpernb20060112.html.
380. "Report: No Evidence to Link Cancer Rates to Agent Orange, " CBC Online, at www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/story/2007/08/21/nb- agentorangereport.html.
381. "People Harmed by Agent Orange at Gagetown Offered $20K, " CBC News Online, September 12, 2007, available at www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ new-brunswick/story/2007/09/12/agent-orange.html.
382. "People Angry with Agent Orange Package Turn to Class-Action Lawsuit, " Canadian Press Online, September 14, 2007, www.thecanadianpress. com/agent-orange.
383. Text of ruling from Claims Canada, Ring v. Canada, 2010 NLCA 20, www.claimscanada.ca/issues/article.aspx?aid=1000404982.
384. "Final Report: Toxicological Risk Assessment Pertaining to Potential Occupational and Related Exposures Associated with Herbicide Spraying Operations at CFB Gagetown, " March 31, 2007, available at www.forces.gc.ca/site/reports-rapports/defoliant/index-eng.asp v.
385. "Your Assignment: Agent Orange, " CBC News Online, March 4, 2011, www.cbc.ca/news/yourcommunity/2011/03/your-assignment-agent-orange.html;.
386. "Agent Orange 'Widely Used' in Ontario, " CBC News Online, February 28, 2011, www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/story/2011/02/28/agent-orange- ontario.html.
387. "Probe Sought on Agent Orange Use in Ontario, " CBC News Online, March 2, 2011, www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/story/2011/03/02/Ontario- agent-orange.html;.
388. "Agent Orange Calls Flood Hotline, " CBC News Online, March 7, 2011, www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/story/2011/03/07/agent-orange-hotline.html.
389. "Original Complaint, " available at www.ffrd.org/Lawsuit/Court. htm.
390. Agent Orange Record website's legal section, www.agentorangerecord.com/ information/the-quest-for-additional-relief/.
391. Weinstein decision, 138-39, available at www.ffrd.org/AO/10-03-05- agentorange.pdf.
392. Agent Orange Record Website, www.agentorangerecord.com/information/the- quest-for-additional-relief/P2/.
393. "AGENT ORANGE, " decision posted at www.ffrd.org/AO/10-03-05- agentorange.pdf.
394. Peter Schuck, Agent Orange on Trial (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986), 311.
395. Stellman et al., "Extent and Patterns of Usage of Agent Orange, " 685.
396. Agent Orange activists to review future plans, Vietnam News Agency Online, April 1, 2011, available at http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/Social- Isssues/209930/Agent-Orange-activists-to-review-future-plans.html (emphasis added).
397. Barry Weisberg, ed., Ecocide in Indochina: The Ecology of War (San Francisco: Canfield Press, 1970), 19-21.
398. "Agent Orange's Bitter Harvest, " Science 315, no. 5809 (January 12, 2007): 178.
399. Anh Ngo et al., "Association between Agent Orange and Birth Defects: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, " International Journal of Epidemiology 35 (2006): 1220-30;.
400. Arnold Schecter and John Constable, "Commentary: Agent Orange and Birth Defects in Vietnam, " International Journal of Epidemiology 35 (2006): 1230-32.
401. Phillip Jones Griffiths, Agent Orange: Collateral Damage in Vietnam (London: Trolley Books, 2003).
402. "United States Supreme Court Hears Challenge to Twenty-Year-Old Agent Orange Class Action Settlement, " FindLaw Website, http://library.findlaw.com/2003/Mar/7/132621.html.
403. Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam, Report of the Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Washington: National Academy Press, 1994), 224.
404. Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam, Report of the Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Washington: National Academy Press, 1994), Ibid., 634.
405. Copies of Agent Orange Review are archived on the VA website, www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/agentorange/newsletter-archive.asp.
406. Agent Orange Review 17, no. 1 (December 2000): 1-2.
407. Veterans and Agent Orange: Herbicide/Dioxin Exposure and Type 2 Diabetes, Institute of Medicine Report (2000), available at http://books.nap.edu/catalog/ 9982.html.
408. Dr. Joel Michalek, "Diabetes and Cancer in Veterans of Operation Ranch Hand after Adjustment for Calendar Period, Days of Spraying, and Time Spent in Southeast Asia, " Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 50, no. 3 (March 2008): 331-40.
409. "The History of the US Department of Defense Programs for the Testing, Evaluation, and Storage of Tactical Herbicides, " available at www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/reading-room/TacticalHerbicides.pdf.
410. "Veterans Affairs: Health Care and Benefits for Veterans Exposed to Agent Orange, " Congressional Research Service Report, February 11, 2008, available at www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL34370.pdf.
411. "H.R .2254: Agent Orange Equity Act of 2009, " 111th Congress, 2009-10, available at www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h111-2254.
412. John Paul Rossie and Wallace Ward, "The Da Nang Harbor Report: Contamination of Da Nang Harbor: Blue Water Navy and Exposure to Herbicides in Vietnam, " available at www.bluewaternavy.org/danangcombo2.pdf. 20-22.
413. "Inconclusive Agent Orange Study Is Conclusive Enough for Vet Groups, " NYT "At War" Blog, June 14, 2011, available at http://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/06/14/inconclusive-agent-orange-study-is- conclusive-enough-for-vet-groups/.
414. "Oversight Hearing: VA Disability Compensation: Presumptive Disability Decision- Making United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs, " September 23, 2010, available at http://veterans.senate.gov/.
415. www.va.gov/OCA/testimony/svac/09232010SecVA.asp.
416. Phung Tuu Boi, "Agent Orange and the Environment: From Research to Remediation, " presentation at Agent Orange: Landscape, Body, Image Conference, Riverside, CA, May 2009.
417. Christie Aschwanden, "Through the Forest, a Clearer View of the Needs of a People, " NYT, September 18, 2007.
418. Edwin Martini, Invisible Enemies: The American War on Vietnam, 1975-2000 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007),.
419. Amy Belasco, "The Costs of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations since 9/11, " Congressional Research Report, September 2, 2010;.
420. Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, http://armscontrolcenter. org/policy/securityspending/articles/gwot-spending-burn-rate.