Long overlooked historical information on agent orange and TCDD following massive applications of 2,4,5-T-containing herbicides, Eglin Air Force Base, Florida

Environmental Science and Pollution Research

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 209-221

  Young, Alvin L ^a   Newton, Michael ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA   (United States)

^b OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo p dioxin (TCDD); 2,4,5 T herbicide; Agent Orange; Ecosystem research; Eglin AFB, Florida; Environmental fate; Military herbicides; Soil persistence; Vietnam

Indexed keywords

HERBICIDE; NATURAL ATTENUATION; SOIL POLLUTION; TCDD;

FLORIDA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

ANIMALIA; CRICETINAE; PEROMYSCUS; PEROMYSCUS POLIONOTUS;

EID: 3843118597     PISSN: 09441344     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF02979627     Document Type: Review

References (38)

1. Klein RE, Harrigan ET (1969): Comparison Test of Defoliants. Technical Report ADTC-TR-69-30, Vol I and II. Directorate of Test and Evaluation, Armament Development and Test Center, Eglin AFB, FL 〈http:// www.nal.usda.gov/ speccoll/findaids/agentorange/text/00031.pdf〉
2. Tschirley FH (1968): Response of Tropical and Subtropical Woody Plants to Chemical Treatments. Research Report USDA-ARS-CR-13-67. Prepared under ARPA Order No. 424, Advanced Research Project Agency, United States Department of Defense, Washington, DC
3. Irish KR, Darrow RA, Minarik CE (1969): Information Manual for Vegetation Control in Southeast Asia. Miscellaneous Publication 33, Plant Science Laboratories, Department of the Army, Frederick, MD 〈http://www.nal.usda. gov/speccoll/findaids/agentorange/text/00073.pdf〉
4. Ward DB (1967): Ecological Records on Eglin AFB Reservation - The First Year. Technical Report AFATL-TR-68-147, Air Force Armament Laboratory, Armament Development and Test Center, Eglin AFB, FL 〈http://www.nal.usda.gov/ speccoll/findaids/agentorange/catalog/ 06566.html〉
5. Young AL (1974): Ecological Studies on a Herbicide-Equipment Test Area (TA C-52A), Eglin AFB Reservation, Florida. Technical Report AFATL-TR-74-12, Air Force Armament Laboratory, Air Force Systems Command, Eglin AFB, FL 〈http://www.nal.usda.gov/speccoll/ findaids/agentorange/text/03809. pdf〉
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8. Boyer LW, Brown JW (1964): Calibration of Spray Systems: C-123/MC-1, H-34/HIDAL, A-1H/FIDAL, Crops Division, Directorate of Biological Research, US Army Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 〈http://www.nal. usda.gov/speccoll/findaids/agentorange/text/ 00344.pdf〉
9. Flynn CL (1964): Development Test of the Internal Defoliant Dispenser, A/A 45Y-1. Deputy for Test Operations, Air Proving Ground Center, Air Forces Systems Command, US Air Force, Eglin AFB, FL 〈http:// www.nal.usda.gov/ speccoll/findaids/agentorange/text/00348.pdf〉
10. Horan RA (1965): Evaluation of Emergency Dump Valve Modification to Internal Defoliant Dispenser A/A 45Y-1. Deputy for Test Operations, Air Proving Ground Center, Air Force Systems, US Air Force, Eglin AFB, FL 〈http://www.nal.usda.gov/speccoll/findaids/agentorange/ text/00355.pdf〉
11. Meyer GE (1966): Development Test of the COIN Defoliant Dispenser, A/B 23Y-1. Deputy for Test Operations, Air Proving Ground Center, Air Force Systems Command, US Air Force, Eglin AFB, FL 〈http:// www.nal.usda.gov/speccoll/ findaids/agentorange/text/00357.pdf〉
12. Hazen VL (1967): Feasibility Test of the Stull BiFluid Defoliant System. Air Proving Ground Center, Air Force Systems Command, US Air Force, Eglin AFB, FL 〈http://www.nal.usda.gov/speccoll/findaids/ agentorange/text/00023. pdf〉
13. Harrigan ET (1970): High-Speed Defoliation Test with a Modified TMU-28/B (PAU-7B) Tank. Technical Report ADTC-TR-70-74. Deputy for Test and Evaluation, Armament Development and Test Center, Eglin AFB, FL 〈http://www.nal.usda. gov/speccoH/findaids/agentorange/text/00371.pdf〉
14. Hendricks GM (1971): Short Boom Spray System on C-123, USAF Special Operations, Tactical Air Command, Eglin AFB, FL 〈http:// www.nal.usda.gov/speccoll/findaids/agentorange/text/00084.pdf〉
15. Young AL, Wolverton BC (1970): Military Herbicides and Insecticides. Technical Notes AFATL-TN-70-1. Air Force Armament Laboratory, Air Force Systems Command, Eglin AEB, FL 〈http://www.nal.usda.gov/ speccoll/findaids/ agentorange/text/03684.pdf〉
16. Young, AL (1983): Long-term Studies on the Persistence and Movement of TCDD in a Natural Ecosystem. Environ Sci Res 26: 173-190
17. AFSC (1963): Message: AFSC Form 199, Airlift Request and Control Sheet for Herbicide, 23 Sep 63 〈http://www.nal.usda.gov/speccoll/ findaids/agentorange/text/00272.pdf〉
18. Acker RM, Hartmeyer RW, Heatherly JE, Bullard WE (1953): Anticrop Aerial Spray Trials, Phase III. Chemical Corps Biological Laboratories, Camp Detrick, Department of the Army, Frederick, MD 〈http://www. nal.usda.gov/speccoll/ findaids/agentorange/text/00161.pdf〉
19. Department of the Air Force (1974): Disposition of Orange Herbicide by Incineration. Final Environmental Statement, November 1974. US Air Force, Washington, DC 〈http://www.nal.usda.gov/speccoll/findaids/ agentorange/text/00094.pdf〉
20. Woolson EA, Ensor PDJ, Reichel WE, Young AL (1973): Dioxin Residues in Lakeland Sand and Bald Eagle Samples. Adv Chem Ser 120: 112-118
21. Kearney PC, Woolson EA, Isensee AR, Helling CS (1973): Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin in the Environment: Sources, Fate, and Decontamination. Environ Health Perspect 5: 273-277
22. Baughman RW, Meselson MS (1973): An Analytical Method for Detecting TCDD (Dioxin): Levels of TCDD in Samples from Vietnam. Environ Health Perspect 5: 27-35
23. Ward DB (1970): Ecological Records on Eglin AFB Reservation - Conclusions. Technical Report AFATL-TR-70-55, Air Force Armament Laboratory, Eglin AFB, FL
24. Hunter JH, Agerton BM (1971): Annual Diameter Growth of Conifers Adjacent to Eglin Reservation Test Area C-52A as Related to the Testing of Defoliant Spray Equipment. Technical Report AFATL-TR-71-52, Air Force Armament Laboratory, Eglin AFB, FL 〈http://www.nal. usda.gov/speccoll/findaids/agentorange/ text/00085.pdf〉
25. Sturrock TT, Young AL (1970): A Histological Study of Yucca filamentosa L. from Test Area C-52A, Eglin Reservation, Florida. Technical Report AFATL-TR-70-125, Air Force Armament Laboratory, Eglin AFB, FL 〈http://www.nal.usda.gov/speccoll/findaids/agentorange/text/00082.pdf〉
26. Hunter JH, Young AL (1972): Vegetative Succession Studies on a Defoliant Equipment Test Area, Eglin AFB Reservation, Florida. Technical Report AFATL-TR-72-31, Air Force Armament Laboratory, Eglin AFB, FL 〈http://www.nal.usda.gov/speccoll/findaids/agentorange/text/ 03762.pdf〉
27. Young AL, Regens JL, Gunter JT (2004): Agent Orange: Use, Disposition, and Environmental Fate. Report Prepared by the Institute for Science and Public Policy, University of Oklahoma, for the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Installations and Environment. in press with the Government Printing Office, Washington DC
28. Pate BD, Voigt RC, Lehn PJ, Hunter JH (1972): Animal Survey Studies of Test Area C-52A, Technical Report AFATL-TR-72-72, Air Force Armament Laboratory, Eglin AFB, FL 〈http://www.nal.usda.gov/speccoll/ findaids/agentorange/ text/00089.pdf〉
29. Young AL, Thalken CE, Ward WE (1975): Studies of the Ecological Impact of Repetitive Aerial Applications of Herbicides on the Ecosystem of Test Area C-52A, Eglin AFB, Florida. Technical Report AFATL-TR-75-142, Air Force Armament Laboratory, Eglin AFB, FL 〈http:// www.nal.usda.gov/speccoll/findaids/ agentorange/text/00099.pdf〉
30. Bartleson FD, Harrison DD, Morgan JD (1975): Field Studies of Wild-life Exposed to TCDD Contaminated Soils. Technical Report AFATL-TR-75-49, Air Force Armament Laboratory, Eglin AFB, FL 〈http://www. nal.usda.gov/speccoll/ findaids/agentorange/text/00098.pdf〉
31. Lehn PJ, Young AL, Hamme NA, Wolverton (1970): Studies to Determine the Presence of Artificially Induced Arsenic Levels in Three Freshwater Streams and Its Effect on Fish Species Diversity. AFATL-TR-70-81, Air Force Armament Laboratory, Eglin AFB, FL 〈http://www.nal. usda.gov/speccoll/findaids/ agentorange/text/0p080.pdf〉
32. Valder SM (1972): Insect Density and Diversity Studies on Test Area C-52A, Eglin AFB Reservation, Florida. Technical Note AFATL-TN-72-4, Air Force Armament Laboratory, Eglin AFB, FL 〈http://www.nal. usda.gov/speccoll/ findaids/agentorange/text/03761.pdf〉
33. Young AL, Cockerham LG, Thalken CE (1987): A Long-term Study of Ecosystem Contamination with 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Chemosphere 16 (8/9): 1791-1815
34. Crosby DG, Wong AS (1977): Environmental Degradation of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Science 195:1337-1338
35. Thalken CE, Young AL (1983): Long-term Field Studies of a Rodent Population Continuously Exposed to TCDD. Environ Sci Res 26:357-372
36. Garten CG (1980): Ingestion of Soil by Hispid Cotton Rats, White-footed Mice, and Eastern Chipmunks: J Mammal 61:136-137.
37. Cockerham LG, Young AL, Thalken CE (1980): Histopathological and Ultrastructural Studies of Liver Tissue from TCDD-Exposed Beach Mice (Peromyscus polionotus). Technical Report FJSRL-TR-80-0008, Frank J. Seiler Research Laboratory, Air Force Systems Command, US Air Force Academy, CO 〈http://www.nal.usda.gov/speccoll/findaids/ agentorange/text/00106. pdf〉
38. Newton M, Snyder SP (1978): Exposure of Forest Herbivores to 2,3,7,8-Tetratchlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in Areas Sprayed With 2,4,5-T. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 20:743-750