Nanoparticle drug formulations for cancer diagnosis and treatment

Critical Reviews in Oncogenesis

Volumn 19, Issue 3-4, 2014, Pages 223-246

  Poon, Wilson ^a   Zhang, Xuan ^a   Nadeau, Jay ^a  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cancer; Gold; Nanoparticles; Quantum dots; Targeting; Theranostics

Indexed keywords

CONTRAST MEDIUM; DRUG CARRIER; NANOMATERIAL; NANOPARTICLE;

ARTICLE; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG DESIGN; DRUG FORMULATION; FUNDING; GOVERNMENT; HUMAN; METASTASIS; NANOTECHNOLOGY; NEOPLASM; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SOLID TUMOR; UNITED STATES;

CHEMISTRY, PHARMACEUTICAL; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; HUMANS; NANOPARTICLES; NEOPLASMS; PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 84906078563     PISSN: 08939675     EISSN: 21626448     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1615/CritRevOncog.2014011563     Document Type: Article

References (158)

1. Alexis F, Pridgen E, Molnar LK, Farokhzad OC. Factors affecting the clearance and bio-distribution of polymeric nanoparticles. Mol Pharm. 2008;5:505-515.
2. Barenholz Y. Doxil®-the frst FDA-approved nano-drug: lessons learned. J Control Release. 2012;160:117-134.
3. Drbohlavova J, Chomoucka J, Adam V, Ryvolova M, Eckschlager T, Hubalek J, Kizek R. Nanocarriers for anticancer drugs-new trends in nanomedi-cine. Curr Drug Metab. 2013;14:547-564.
4. Duncan R. Polymer conjugates as anticancer nanomedicines. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006;6;688-701.
5. Euliss LE, DuPont JA, Gratton S, DeSimone JM. Imparting size, shape, and composition control of materials for nanomedicine. Chem Soc Rev. 2006;35:1095-1104.
6. Jiang W, Kim BYS, Rutka JT, Chan WCW. Nanoparticle-mediated cellular response is size-dependent. Nat Nanotechnol. 2008;3:145-150.
7. Brown SD, Nativo P, Smith JA, Stirling D, Edwards PR, Venugopal B, Flint DJ, Plumb JA, Graham D, Wheate NJ. Gold nanoparticles for the improved anticancer drug delivery of the active component of oxaliplatin. J Am Chem Soc. 2010;132:4678-4684.
8. Shieh MJ, Hsu CY, Huang LY, Chen HY, Huang FH, Lai PS. Reversal of doxorubicin-resistance by multifunctional nanoparticles in MCF-7/ADR cells. J Control Release. 2011;152:418-425.
9. Zhang X, Chibli H, Mielke R, Nadeau J. Ultrasmall gold-doxorubicin conjugates rapidly kill apoptosis-resistant cancer cells. Bioconjug Chem. 2011;22:235-243.
10. Caraglia M, De Rosa G, Salzano G, Santini D, Lamberti M, Sperlongano P, Lombardi A, Abbruzzese A, Addeo R. Nanotech revolution for the anti-cancer drug delivery through blood-brain-barrier. Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 2012;12:186-196.
11. Kievit FM, Zhang MQ. Cancer nanotheranos-tics: improving imaging and therapy by targeted delivery across biological barriers. Adv Mater. 2011;23:H217-H247.
12. De Jong WH, Hagens WI, Krystek P, Burger MC, Sips A, Geertsma RE. Particle size-dependent organ distribution of gold nanoparticles after intravenous administration. Biomaterials. 2008;29:1912-1919.
13. Faure AC, Dufort S, Josserand V, Perriat P, Coll JL, Roux S, Tillement O. Control of the in vivo biodistribution of hybrid nanoparticles with diferent poly(ethylene glycol) coatings. Small. 2009;5:2565-2575.
14. Geng Y, Dalhaimer P, Cai SS, Tsai R, Tewari M, Minko T, Discher DE. Shape efects of flaments versus spherical particles in flow and drug delivery. Nat Nanotechnol. 2007;2:249-255.
15. Jain RK, Stylianopoulos T. Delivering nano-medicine to solid tumors. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2010;7:653-664.
16. Matsumura Y, Maeda H. A new concept for macromolecular therapeutics in cancer-chemotherapy-mechanism of tumoritropic accumulation of proteins and the antitumor agent SMANCS. Cancer Res. 1986;46:6387-6392.
17. Minko T, Kopeckova P, Pozharov V, Jensen KD, Kopecek J. Te influence of cytotoxicity of macromolecules and of VEGF gene modulated vascular permeability on the enhanced permeability and retention effect in resistant solid tumors. Pharm Res. 2000;17:505-514.
18. Chauhan VP, Stylianopoulos T, Boucher Y, Jain RK. Delivery of molecular and nanoscale medicine to tumors: transport barriers and strategies. Ann Rev Chem Biomol Eng. 2011;2:281-298.
19. Duncan R, Izzo L. Dendrimer biocompat-ibility and toxicity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2005;57:2215-2237.
20. Prabhakar U, Maeda H, Jain RK, Sevick-Muraca EM, Zamboni W, Farokhzad OC, Barry ST, Gabizon A, Grodzinski P, Blakey DC. Challenges and key considerations of the enhanced permeability and retention efect for nanomedicine drug delivery in oncology. Cancer Res. 2013;73:2412-247.
21. Ciardiello F, Tortora G. EGFR antagonists in cancer treatment. New Engl J Med. 2008;358:1160-1174.
22. Lin HQ, Meriaty H, Katsifs A. Prediction of synergistic antitumour efect of geftinib and r adia-tion in vitro. Anticancer Res. 2011;31:2883-2888.
23. Bianco C, Tortora G, Bianco R, Caputo R, Veneziani BM, Caputo R, Damiano V, Troiani T, Fontanini G, Raben D, Pepe S, Bianco AR, Ciardiello F. Enhancement of antitumor activity of ionizing radiation by combined treatment with the selective epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD1839 (Iressa). Clin Cancer Res. 2002;8:3250-3258.
24. Lopez JP, Wang-Rodriguez J, Chang CY, Sneh G, Yu MA, Pardo FS, Aguilera J, Ongkeko WM. Geftinib (Iressa) potentiates the effect of ionizing radiation in thyroid cancer cell lines. Laryngoscope. 2008;118:1372-1376.
25. Solomon B, Hagekyriakou J, Trivett MK, Stacker SA, McArthur GA, Cullinane C. EGFR blockade with ZD1839 ("Iressa") potentiates the antitumor effects of single and multiple frac-tions of ionizing radiation in human A431 squamous cell carcinoma. Epidermal growth factor receptor. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;55:713-723.
26. Ding YP, Li SP, Nie GJ. Nanotechnological strategies for therapeutic targeting of tumor vasculature. Nanomedicine. 2013;8:1209-1222.
27. Sievers EL, Senter PD. Antibody-drug conjugates in cancer therapy. Ann Rev Mede. 2013;64:15-29.
28. Choi CH, Alabi CA, Webster P, Davis ME. Mechanism of active targeting in solid tumors with transferrin-containing gold nanoparticles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:1235-1240.
29. Sahoo SK, Labhasetwar V. Enhanced antip-roliferative activity of transferrin-conjugated paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticles is mediated via sustained intracellular drug retention. Mol Pharm. 2005;2:373-383.
30. Brissette R, Prendergast JK, Goldstein NI. Identifcation of cancer targets and therapeutics using phage display. Curr Opin Drug Discov Dev. 2006;9:363-369.
31. Shukla GS, Krag DN. Cancer cell-specific internalizing ligands from phage displayed beta-lactamase-peptide fusion libraries. Protein Eng Des Selection. 2010;23:431-440.
32. Xiao Z, Levy-Nissenbaum E, Alexis F, Luptak A, Teply BA, Chan JM, Shi J, Digga E, Cheng J, Langer R, Farokhzad OC. Engineering of targeted nanoparticles for cancer therapy using internalizing aptamers isolated by cell-uptake selection. ACS Nano. 2012;6:696-704.
33. Farokhzad OC, Cheng J, Teply BA, Sherif I, Jon S, Kantof PW, Richie JP, Langer R. Targeted nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates for cancer chemotherapy in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:6315-6320.
34. Farokhzad OC, Jon S, Khademhosseini A, Tran TN, Lavan DA, Langer R. Nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates: a new approach for targeting prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2004;64:7668-7672.
35. Schroeder A, Heller DA, Winslow MM, Dahlman JE, Pratt GW, Langer R, Jacks T, Anderson DG. Treating metastatic cancer with nanotechnology. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012;12:39-50.
36. Steichen SD, Caldorera-Moore M, Peppas NA. A review of current nanoparticle and targeting moieties for the delivery of cancer therapeutics. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2012;48:416-427.
37. Brunetti V, Chibli H, Fiammengo R, Galeone A, Malvindi MA, Vecchio G, Cingolani R, Nadeau JL, Pompa P P. InP/ZnS as a safer alternative to CdSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots: in vitro and in vivo toxicity assessment. Nanoscale. 2013;5:307-317.
38. Chibli H, Carlini L, Park S, Dimitrijevic NM, Nadeau JL. Cytotoxicity of InP/ZnS quantum dots related to reactive oxygen species generation. Nanoscale. 2011;3:2552-2559.
39. Ying Y, Chang S, Lee C, Wang CR. Gold nanorods: electrochemical synthesis and optical properties. J Phys Chem B. 1997;101:6661-6664.
40. Chen J, Hamon MA, Hu H, Chen Y, Rao AM, Eklund PC, Haddon RC. Solution properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Science. 1998;282:95-98.
41. Robar JL, Riccio SA, Martin MA. Tumour dose enhancement using modifed megavoltage photon beams and contrast media. Physics in Medicine and Biology. 2002;47:2433-2449.
42. Hainfeld JF, Slatkin DN, Focella TM, Smilowitz HM. Gold nanoparticles: a new X-ray contrast agent. Br J Radiol. 2006;79:248-253.
43. Minotti G, Menna P, Salvatorelli E, Cairo G, Gianni L. Anthracyclines: molecular advances and pharmacologic developments in antitumor activity and cardiotoxicity. Pharmacol Rev. 2004;56:185-229.
44. Muller I, Jenner A, Bruchelt G, Niethammer D, Halliwell B. Effect of concentration on the cytotoxic mechanism of doxorubicin--apoptosis and oxidative DNA damage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997;230:254-257.
45. Chaudhary KS, Abel PD, Stamp GW, Lalani E. Differential expression of cell death regulators in response to thapsigargin and adriamycin in Bcl-2 transfected DU145 prostatic cancer cells. J Pathol. 2001;193:522-529.
46. Osbild S, Brault L, Battaglia E, Bagrel D. Resistance to cisplatin and adriamycin is associated with the inhibition of glutathione efflux in MCF-7-derived cells. Anticancer Res. 2006;26:3595-3600.
47. Cui J, Li C, Guo W, Li Y, Wang C, Zhang L, Zhang L, Hao Y, Wang Y. Direct comparison of two pegylated liposomal doxorubicin formulations: is AUC predictive for toxicity and efcacy? J Control Release. 2007;118:204-215.
48. Ryan GM, Kaminskas LM, Bulitta JB, McIntosh MP, Owen DJ, Porter CJ. PEGylated polylysine dendrimers increase lymphatic exposure to doxorubicin when compared to PEGylated liposomal and solution formulations of doxorubicin. J Control Release. 2013;172:128-136.
49. Kaminskas LM, McLeod VM, Kelly BD, Cullinane C, Sberna G, Williamson M, Boyd BJ, Owen DJ, Porter CJH. Doxorubicin-conjugated PEGylated dendrimers show similar tumoricidal activity but lower systemic toxicity when compared to PEGylated liposome and solution formulations in mouse and rat tumor models. Mol Pharm. 2012;9:422-432.
50. Kojima C, Suehiro T, Watanabe K, Ogawa M, Fukuhara A, Nishisaka E, Harada A, Kono K, Inui T, Magata Y. Doxorubicin-conjugated dendrimer/collagen hybrid gels for metastasis-associated drug delivery systems. Acta Biomater. 2013;9:5673-5680.
51. Kumar SA, Peter YA, Nadeau JL. Facile biosynthesis, separation and conjugation of gold nanoparticles to doxorubicin. Nanotechnology. 2008;19:495101.
52. Savla R, Taratula O, Garbuzenko O, Minko T. Tumor targeted quantum dot-mucin 1 aptamer-doxorubicin conjugate for imaging and treatment of cancer. J Control Release. 2011;153:16-22.
53. Zhang X, Meng L, Lu Q, Fei Z, Dyson PJ. Targeted delivery and controlled release of doxo-rubicin to cancer cells using modifed single wall carbon nanotubes. Biomaterials. 2009;30:6041-6047.
54. Liu Z, Sun X, Nakayama-Ratchford N, Dai H. Supramolecular chemistry on water-soluble carbon nanotubes for drug loading and delivery. ACS Nano. 2007;1:50-56.
55. Meng LJ, Zhang XK, Lu QH, Fei ZF, Dyson PJ. Single walled carbon nanotubes as drug delivery vehicles: Targeting doxorubicin to tumors. Biomaterials. 2012;33:1689-1698.
56. Frangioni JV. New technologies for human cancer imaging. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:4012-4021.
57. Choi KY, Liu G, Lee S, Chen X. Teranostic nanoplatforms for simultaneous cancer imaging and therapy: current approaches and future perspectives. Nanoscale. 2012;4:330-342.
58. Bharali DJ, Mousa SA. Emerging nanomedi-cines for early cancer detection and improved treatment: current perspective and future promise. Pharmacol Ter. 2010;128:324-335.
59. Etzioni R, Urban N, Ramsey S, McIntosh M, Schwartz S, Reid B, Radich J, Anderson G, Hartwell L. The case for early detection. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003;3:243-252.
60. Sevick-Muraca EM. Translation of near-infrared fuorescence imaging technologies: emerging clinical applications. Ann Rev Med. 2012;63:217-231.
61. D'Hallewin MA, Bezdetnaya L, Guillemin F. Fluorescence detection of bladder cancer: a review. Eur Urol. 2002;42:417-425.
62. Kusunoki Y, Imamura F, Uda H, Mano M, Horai T. Early detection of lung cancer with laser-induced fuorescence endoscopy and spec-trofuorometry. CHEST J. 2000;118:1776-1782.
63. Metildi CA, Hoffman RM, Bouvet M. Fluorescence-guided surgery and fluorescence laparoscopy for gastrointestinal cancers in clinically-relevant mouse models. Gastroenterol Res Practice. 2013;2013:290634.
64. He X, Wang K, Cheng Z. In vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging of cancer with nanopar-ticle-based probes. Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2010;2:349-366.
65. Resch-Genger U, Grabolle M, Cavaliere-Jaricot S, Nitschke R, Nann T. Quantum dots versus organic dyes as fuorescent labels. Nat Methods. 2008;5:763-775.
66. Luo S, Zhang E, Su Y, Cheng T, Shi C. A review of NIR dyes in cancer targeting and imaging. Biomaterials. 2011;32:7127-7138.
67. Zhang Y, Wang T-H. Quantum dot enabled molecular sensing and diagnostics. Teranostics. 2012;2:631-654.
68. Kobayashi H, Hama Y, Koyama Y, Barrett T, Regino CA, Urano Y, Choyke PL. Simultaneous multicolor imaging of five different lymphatic basins using quantum dots. Nano Lett. 2007;7:1711-1716.
69. Cassette E, Helle M, Bezdetnaya L, Marchal F, Dubertret B, Pons T. Design of new quantum dot materials for deep tissue infrared imaging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2013;65:719-731.
70. Li Y, Li Z, Wang X, Liu F, Cheng Y, Zhang B, Shi D. In vivo cancer targeting and imaging-guided surgery with near infrared-emitting quantum dot bioconjugates. Theranostics. 2012;2:769-776.
71. Xiong L, Chen Z, Tian Q, Cao T, Xu C, Li F. High contrast upconversion luminescence targeted imaging in vivo using peptide-labeled nanophosphors. Anal Chem. 2009;81:8687-8694.
72. Pan L, He M, Ma J, Tang W, Gao G, He R, Su H, Cui D. Phase and size controllable synthesis of NaYbF4 nanocrystals in oleic acid/ionic liquid two-phase system for targeted fuorescent imaging of gastric cancer. Teranostics. 2013;3:210-222.
73. Ang LY, Lim ME, Ong LC, Zhang Y. Applications of upconversion nanoparticles in imaging, detection and therapy. Nanomedicine. 2011;6:1273-1288.
74. Cohen S, Margel S. Engineering of near IR fuorescent albumin nanoparticles for in vivo detection of colon cancer. J Nanobiotechnol. 2012;10:36.
75. Vollrath A, Schubert S, Schubert US. Fluorescence imaging of cancer tissue based on metal-free polymeric nanoparticles-a review. J Mater Chem B. 2013;1:1994-2007.
76. Shilo M, Reuveni T, Motiei M, Popovtzer R. Nanoparticles as computed tomography contrast agents: current status and future perspectives. Nanomedicine. 2012;7:257-269.
77. Lusic H, Grinstaff MW. X-ray-computed tomography contrast agents. Chem Rev. 2012;113:1641-1666.
78. Hainfeld J, Slatkin D, Focella T, Smilowitz H. Gold nanoparticles: a new X-ray contrast agent. Br J Radiol. 2006;79:248-253.
79. Liu Y, Ai K, Lu L. Nanoparticulate X-ray computed tomography contrast agents: from design validation to in vivo applications. Accounts Chem Res. 2012;45:1817-1827.
80. Popovtzer R, Agrawal A, Kotov NA, Popovtzer A, Balter J, Carey TE, Kopelman R. Tar-geted gold nanoparticles enable molecular CT imaging of cancer. Nano Lett. 2008;8:4593-4596.
81. Reuveni T, Motiei M, Romman Z, Popovtzer A, Popovtzer R. Targeted gold nanoparticles enable molecular CT imaging of cancer: an in vivo study. Int J Nanomed. 2001;6,:2859-2864.
82. Rabin O, Perez JM, Grimm J, Wojtkiewicz G, Weissleder R. An X-ray computed tomography imaging agent based on long-circulating bismuth sulphide nanoparticles. Nat Mater. 2006;5:118-122.
83. Ai K, Liu Y, Liu J, Yuan Q, He Y, Lu L. Large-scale synthesis of Bi2S3 nanodots as a contrast agent for in vivo X-ray computed tomography imaging. Adv Mater. 2011;23:4886-4891.
84. Kinsella JM, Jimenez RE, Karmali P P, Rush AM, Kotamraju VR, Gianneschi NC, Ruoslahti E, Stupack D, Sailor MJ. X-Ray Computed tomography imaging of breast cancer by using targeted peptide-labeled bismuth sul-fide nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2011;50:12308-12311.
85. Oh MH, Lee N, Kim H, Park SP, Piao Y, Lee J, Jun SW, Moon WK, Choi SH, Hyeon T. Large-Scale Synthesis of Bioinert Tantalum Oxide Nanoparticles for X-ray Computed Tomography Imaging and Bimodal Image-Guided Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping. J Am Chem Soc. 2011;133:5508-5515.
86. Bonitatibus PJ, Torres AS, Kandapallil B, Lee BD, Goddard GD, Colborn RE, Marino ME. Preclinical assessment of a zwitterionic tantalum oxide nanoparticle X-ray contrast agent. ACS Nano. 2012;6:6650-6658.
87. Liu Y, Ai K, Liu J, Yuan Q, He Y, Lu L. A high-performance ytterbium-based nanoparticulate contrast agent for in vivo X-ray computed tomography imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2012;51:1437-1442.
88. Liu Y, Ai K, Liu J, Yuan Q, He Y, Lu L. Hybrid BaYbF5 Nanoparticles: novel binary contrast agent for high-resolution in vivo X-ray computed tomography angiography. Adv Healthcare Mater. 2012;1:461-466.
89. Samia AC, Dayal S, Burda C. Quantum dot-based energy transfer: perspectives and potential for applications in photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol. 2006;82:617-625.
90. Samia AC, Chen X, Burda C. Semiconductor quantum dots for photodynamic therapy. J Am Chem Soc. 2003;125:15736-15737.
91. Narayanan S, Sinha S, Pal S. Sensitized emission from chemotherapeutic drug conjugated to CdSe/ZnS QDs. Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2008;112:12716-12720.
92. Shi L, Hernandez B, Selke M. Singlet oxygen generation from water-soluble quantum dot-organic dye nanocomposites. J Am Chem Soc. 2006;128:6278-6279.
93. Tsay JM, Trzoss M, Shi L, Kong X, Selke M, Jung ME, Weiss S. Singlet oxygen production by Peptide-coated quantum dot-photosensitizer conjugates. J Am Chem Soc. 2007;129:6865-6871.
94. Blanco NG, Maldonado CR, Mareque-Rivas JC. Effective photoreduction of a Pt(IV) complex with quantum dots: a feasible new light-induced method of releasing anticancer Pt(II) drugs. Chem Commun (Camb). 2009; 35:5257-5259.
95. Narband N, Mubarak M, Ready D, Parkin I P, Nair SP, Green MA, Beeby A, Wilson M. Quantum dots as enhancers of the efficacy of bacterial lethal photosensitization. Nanotechnology. 2008;19:445102.
96. Clarke SJ, Hollmann CA, Zhang Z, Sufern D, Bradforth SE, Dimitrijevic NM, Minarik WG, Nadeau JL. Photophysics of dopamine- modifed quantum dots and efects on biological systems. Nat Mater. 2006;5:409-417.
97. Mroz P, Huang YY, Szokalska A, Zhiyentayev T, Janjua S, Nifli AP, Sherwood ME, Ruzie C, Borbas KE, Fan D, Krayer M, Balasubramanian T, Yang E, Kee HL, Kirmaier C, Diers JR, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS, Hamblin MR. Stable synthetic bacteriochlorins overcome the resistance of melanoma to photodynamic therapy. FASEB J. 2010;24:3160-3170.
98. Gao D, Agayan RR, Xu H, Philbert MA, Kopelman R. Nanoparticles for two-photon photodynamic therapy in living cells. Nano Lett. 2006;6:2383-2386.
99. Ogawa K, Kobuke Y. Recent advances in two-photon photodynamic therapy. Anti-cancer Agents Med Chem. 2008;8:269-279.
100. Starkey JR, Rebane AK, Drobizhev MA, Meng F, Gong A, Elliott A, McInnerney K, Spangler CW. New two-photon activated pho-todynamic therapy sensitizers induce xenograft tumor regressions after near-IR laser treatment through the body of the host mouse. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:6564-6573.
101. Drobizhev M, Meng F, Rebane A, Stepanenko Y, Nickel E, Spangler CW. Strong two-photon absorption in new asymmetrically substituted porphyrins: interference between charge-transfer and intermediate-resonance pathways. J Phys Chem B. 2006;110:9802-9814.
102. Larson DR, Zipfel WR, Williams RM, Clark SW, Bruchez MP, Wise FW, Webb WW. Water-soluble quantum dots for multipho-ton fuorescence imaging in vivo. Science. 2003;300:1434-1436.
103. Chithrani DB, Jelveh S, Jalali F, van Prooijen M, Allen C, Bristow RG, Hill RP, Jafray DA. Gold nanoparticles as radiation sensitizers in cancer therapy. Radiat Res. 2010;173:719-728.
104. Pradhan AK, Nahar SN, Montenegro M, Yu Y, Zhang HL, Sur C, Mrozik M, Pitzer RM. Resonant X-ray enhancement of the Auger effect in high-Z atoms, molecules, and nanopar-ticles: potential biomedical applications. J Phys Chem A. 2009;113:12356-12363.
105. Hainfeld, J.F., Slatkin, D.N. & Smilowitz, H.M. Te use of gold nanoparticles to enhance radiotherapy in mice. Physics in Medicine and Biology 49, N309-N315 (2004).
106. Cho SH, Jones BL, Krishnan S. The dosimetric feasibility of gold nanoparticle-aided radiation therapy (GNRT) via brachytherapy using low-energy gamma-/x-ray sources. Phys Med Biol. 2009;54:4889-4905.
107. Leung MKK, Chow JCL, Chithrani DB, Lee MJG, Oms B, Jafray DA. Irradiation of gold nanoparticles by x-rays: Monte Carlo simulation of dose enhancements and the spatial properties of the secondary electrons production. Med Phys. 2011;38:624-631.
108. Zhang XD, Guo ML, Wu HY, Sun YM, Ding YQ, Feng X, Zhang LA. Irradiation stability and cytotoxicity of gold nanoparticles for radiotherapy. Int J Nanomed. 2009;4:165-173.
109. Van den Heuvel F, Locquet JP, Nuyts S. Beam energy considerations for gold nano-particle enhanced radiation treatment. Phys Med Biol. 2010;55:4509-4520.
110. Huang X, Peng X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Shin DM, El-Sayed MA, Nie S. A reexamina-tion of active and passive tumor targeting by using rod-shaped gold nanocrystals and covalently conjugated peptide ligands. ACS Nano. 2010;4:5887-5896.
111. Cheng SH, Lo LW. Inorganic nanoparticles for enhanced photodynamic cancer therapy. Curr Drug Discov Technol. 2011;8:250-268.
112. Pogue BW, O'Hara JA, Demidenko E, Wilmot CM, Goodwin IA, Chen B, Swartz HM, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy with verteporfn in the radiation-induced fbrosarcoma-1 tumor causes enhanced radiation sensitivity. Cancer Res. 2003;63: 1025-1033.
113. Damment SJ, Beevers C, Gatehouse DG. Evaluation of the potential genotoxicity of the phosphate binder lanthanum carbonate. Mutagenesis. 2005;20:29-37.
114. El-Sayed IH, Huang X, El-Sayed MA. Selective laser photo-thermal therapy of epithelial car-cinoma using anti-EGFR antibody conjugated gold nanoparticles. Cancer Lett. 2006;239:129-135.
115. Huang X, Jain PK, El-Sayed IH, El-Sayed MA. Plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) using gold nanoparticles. Lasers Med Sci. 2008;23:217-228.
116. Xia Y, Li W, Cobley CM, Chen J, Xia X, Zhang Q, Yang M, Cho EC, Brown PK. Gold nano-cages: from synthesis to theranostic applications. Acc Chem Res. 2011;44:914-924.
117. Skrabalak SE, Chen J, Sun Y, Lu X, Au L, Cobley CM, Xia Y. Gold nanocages: synthesis, properties, and applications. Acc Chem Res. 2008;41:1587-1595.
118. Wang Y, Black KC, Luehmann H, Li W, Zhang Y, Cai X, Wan D, Liu SY, Li M, Kim P, Li ZY, Wang LV, Liu Y, Xia Y. Comparison study of gold nanohexapods, nanorods, and nanocages for photothermal cancer treatment. ACS Nano. 2013;7:2068-2077.
119. Choi WI, Sahu A, Kim YH, Tae G. Photothermal cancer therapy and imaging based on gold nanorods. Ann Biomed Eng. 2012;40:534-546.
120. Cobley CM, Au L, Chen J, Xia Y. Targeting gold nanocages to cancer cells for photothermal destruction and drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2010;7:577-587.
121. Au L, Zheng D, Zhou F, Li ZY, Li X, Xia Y. A quantitative study on the photothermal efect of immuno gold nanocages targeted to breast cancer cells. ACS Nano. 2008;2:1645-1652.
122. Robinson J T, Welsher K, Tabakman SM, Sherlock SP, Wang H, Luong R, Dai H. High performance in vivo near-IR (>1 mum) imaging and photothermal cancer therapy with carbon nanotubes. Nano Res. 2010;3:779-793.
123. Zhou F, Wu S, Wu B, Chen WR, Xing, D. Mitochondria-targeting single-walled carbon nanotubes for cancer photothermal therapy. Small. 2011;7:2727-2735.
124. Neves LF, Krais JJ, Van Rite BD, Ramesh R, Resasco DE, Harrison RG. Targeting single-walled carbon nanotubes for the treatment of breast cancer using photothermal therapy. Nanotechnology. 2013;24:375104.
125. Li JL, Hou XL, Bao HC, Sun L, Tang B, Wang JF, Wang XG, Gu M. Graphene oxide nanoparticles for enhanced photothermal cancer cell therapy under the irradiation of a femtosecond laser beam. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2014;102:2181-2188.
126. Chen H, Li S, Li B, Ren X, Li S, Mahounga DM, Cui S, Gu Y, Achilefu S. Folate-modifed gold nanoclusters as near-infrared fuores-cent probes for tumor imaging and therapy. Nanoscale. 2012;4:6050-6064.
127. Zhang A, Tu Y, Qin S, Li Y, Zhou J, Chen N, Lu Q, Zhang B. Gold nanoclusters as contrast agents for fluorescent and X-ray dual-modality imaging. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2012;372:239-244.
128. Jin Y, Gao X. Plasmonic fuorescent quantum dots. Nat Nanotechnol. 2009;4:571-576.
129. Zhang Y, Wang SN, Ma S, Guan JJ, Li D, Zhang XD, Zhang ZD. Self-assembly multifunctional nanocomposites with Fe3O4 magnetic core and CdSe/ZnS quantum dots shell. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2008;85:840-846.
130. Yu S, Zhao J, Su HQ. Optical and magnetic properties of zinc oxide quantum dots doped with cobalt and lanthanum. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2013;13:4066-4071.
131. Maity AR, Palmal S, Basiruddin SK, Karan NS, Sarkar S, Pradhan N, Jana NR. Doped semiconductor nanocrystal based fuorescent cellular imaging probes. Nanoscale. 2013;5:5506-5513.
132. Janczewski D, Zhang Y, Das GK, Yi DK, Padmanabhan P, Bhakoo KK, Tan T T, Selvan ST. Bimodal magnetic-fluorescent probes for bioimaging. Microsc Res Technique. 2011;74:563-576.
133. Ferro-Flores G, Ocampo-Garcia BE, Santos-Cuevas CL, Morales-Avila E, Azorin-Vega E. Multifunctional radiolabeled nanopar-ticles for targeted therapy. Curr Med Chem. 2014;21:124-138.
134. Li JM, Wang YY, Zhao MX, Tan CP, Li YQ, Le XY, Ji LN, Mao ZW. Multifunctional QD-based co-delivery of siRNA and doxoru-bicin to HeLa cells for reversal of multidrug resistance and real-time tracking. Biomaterials. 2012;33:2780-2790.
135. Zrazhevskiy P, Gao X. Multifunctional quantum dots for personalized medicine. Nano Today. 2009;4:414-428.
136. Mukerjee A, Ranjan AP, Vishwanatha JK. Combinatorial nanoparticles for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Curr Med Chem. 2012;19:3714-3721.
137. Wen CJ, Sung CT, Aljufali IA, Huang YJ, Fang JY. Nanocomposite liposomes containing quantum dots and anticancer drugs for bioimaging and therapeutic delivery: a comparison of cationic, PEGylated and deformable liposomes. Nanotechnology. 2013;24:325101.
138. Wen CJ, Zhang LW, Al-Suwayeh SA, Yen TC, Fang JY. Teranostic liposomes loaded with quantum dots and apomorphine for brain targeting and bioimaging. Int J Nanomed. 2012;7:1599-1611.
139. Bae KH, Lee JY, Lee SH, Park TG, Nam YS. Optically traceable solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with siRNA and paclitaxel for syner-gistic chemotherapy with in situ imaging. Adv Healthcare Mater. 2013;2:576-584.
140. Canfarotta F, Whitcombe MJ, Piletsky SA. Polymeric nanoparticles for optical sensing. Biotechnol Adv. 2013;31:1585-1599.
141. Wu YL, Yin H, Zhao F, Li J. Multifunctional hybrid nanocarriers consisting of supramolecu-lar polymers and quantum dots for simultaneous dual therapeutics delivery and cellular imaging. Adv Healthcare Mater. 2013;2:297-301.
142. Wen S, Liu H, Cai H, Shen M, Shi X. Targeted and pH-responsive delivery of doxorubicin to cancer cells using multifunctional dendrimer-modifed multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Adv Healthcare Mater. 2013;2:1267-1276.
143. Chen ML, He YJ, Chen XW, Wang JH. Quantum dots conjugated with Fe3O4-flled carbon nanotubes for cancer-targeted imaging and magnetically guided drug delivery. Langmuir. 2012;28:16469-16476.
144. Minati L, Antonini V, Dalla Serra M, Speranza G. Multifunctional branched gold-carbon nanotube hybrid for cell imaging and drug delivery. Langmuir. 2012;28:15900-15906.
145. Zhao B, Yan J, Wang D, Ge Z, He S, He D, Song S, Fan C. Carbon nanotubes multifunc-tionalized by rolling circle amplifcation and their application for highly sensitive detection of cancer markers. Small. 2013;9:2595-2601.
146. Jamier V, Gispert I, Puntes V. Te social context of nanotechnology and regulating its uncertainty: a nanotechnologist approach. J Phys Conf Ser. 2013;429:012059.
147. Libutti SK, Paciotti GF, Byrnes AA, Alexander HR Jr, Gannon WE, Walker M, Seidel GD, Yuldasheva N, Tamarkin L. Phase I and phar-macokinetic studies of CYT-6091, a novel PEGylated colloidal gold-rhTNF nanomedi-cine. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16:6139-6149.
148. Schwartz JA, Price RE, Gill-Sharp KL, Sang KL, Khorchani J, Goodwin BS, Payne JD. Selective nanoparticle-directed ablation of the canine prostate. Lasers Surg Med. 2011;43:213-220.
149. Levy L, Herrera A, Devauchelle P, Bonvalot S, Deutsch E, Le Pechoux C. Nbtxr3 nanoparticles for radioenhancement: rationale for the first-in-man study in advanced soft tissue sarcoma. Ann Oncol. 2012;23:17-18.
150. Harris S. The regulation of nanomedicine: will the existing regulatory scheme of the FDA sufce? Richmond J Law Technol. 2009;2 Article 4.
151. Bawa R. FDA and nanotech: baby steps lead to regulatory uncertainty. In: Debasis Bagchi, Editor. Bio-nanotechnology: a revolution in food, biomedical and health sciences. Hoboken: Wiley; 2013. p. 720-732.
152. Wolf SM, Jones C. Designing oversight for nanomedicine research in human subjects: systematic analysis of exceptional oversight for emerging technologies. J Nanoparticle Res. 2011;13:1449-1465.
153. Bleeker EA, de Jong WH, Geertsma RE, Groenewold M, Heugens EH, Koers-Jacquemijns M, van de Meent D, Popma JR, Rietveld AG, Wijnhoven SW, Cassee FR, Oomen AG. Considerations on the EU defni-tion of a nanomaterial: science to support policy making. Regul Toxicol Pharm. 2013;65:119-125.
154. Fadeel B, Garcia-Bennett AE. Better safe than sorry: understanding the toxicological properties of inorganic nanoparticles manufactured for biomedical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2010;62:362-374.
155. Bhogal N. Regulatory and scientific barriers to the safety evaluation of medical nanotechnolo-gies. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2009;4:495-498.
156. Etheridge ML, Campbell SA, Erdman AG, Haynes CL, Wolf SM, McCullough J. Te big picture on nanomedicine: the state of investigational and approved nanomedicine products. Nanomed: Nanotechnol Biol Med. 2013;9:1-14.
157. Vakoc BJ, Fukumura D, Jain RK, Bouma BE. Cancer imaging by optical coherence tomography: preclinical progress and clinical potential. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012;12:363-368.
158. Kairemo K, Erba P, Bergström K, Pauwels EK. Nanoparticles in cancer. Curr Radiopharm. 2008;1:30-36.