Drug-drug interactions in HIV positive cancer patients

Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 68, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 665-677

  Flepisi, Brian Thabile ^a   Bouic, Patrick ^a   Sissolak, Gerhard ^a   Rosenkranz, Bernd ^a  

^a STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Cancer; Drug drug interactions; HIV; Invasive cervical cancer; Kaposi sarcoma; Non Hodgkin's lymphoma

Indexed keywords

ABACAVIR; ANTI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DARUNAVIR; DELAVIRDINE; DIDANOSINE; DOXORUBICIN; EFAVIRENZ; EMTRICITABINE; ETOPOSIDE; ETRAVIRINE; FOSAMPRENAVIR; INDINAVIR; INTEGRASE INHIBITOR; LAMIVUDINE; MARAVIROC; NELFINAVIR; NEVIRAPINE; NONNUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR; NUCLEOTIDE DERIVATIVE; RITONAVIR; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; SAQUINAVIR; STAVUDINE; TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL; UNINDEXED DRUG; VINCRISTINE; ZALCITABINE; ZIDOVUDINE;

BINDING SITE; BURKITT LYMPHOMA; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER RESISTANCE; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG ACCUMULATION; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG EXCRETION; DRUG INTERACTION; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG TRANSFORMATION; DRUG TRANSPORT; DRUG UPTAKE; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HODGKIN DISEASE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INVASIVE CERVICAL CANCER; KAPOSI SARCOMA; KIDNEY CLEARANCE; LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; NEOPLASM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TUMOR INVASION; UTERINE CERVIX CANCER; COMPLICATION; HIV SEROPOSITIVITY; NEOPLASMS;

DRUG INTERACTIONS; HIV SEROPOSITIVITY; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS;

EID: 84905123860     PISSN: 07533322     EISSN: 19506007     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.04.010     Document Type: Review

References (215)

1. He L., Yang Z., Zhao Z., Lin H., Li Y. Extracting drug-drug interaction from the biomedical literature using a stacked generalization-based approach. PLoS One 2013, 8(6):e65814.
2. Blower P., de Wit R., Goodin S., Aapro M. Drug-drug interactions in oncology: why are they important and can they be minimized?. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2005, 55(2):117-142.
3. Beijnen J.H., Schellens J.H. Drug interactions in oncology. Lancet Oncol 2004, 5(8):489-496.
4. Lemachatti J., Levêque D., Beretz L., Bergerat J.P. Potential pharmacokinetic interactions affecting antitumor drug disposition in cancer patients. Anticancer Res 2009, 29(11):4741-4744.
5. Kenny J.R., Mukadam S., Zhang C., Tay S., Collins C., Galetin A., et al. Drug- drug interaction potential of marketed oncology drugs: in vitro assessment of time-dependent cytochrome P450 inhibition, reactive metabolite formation and drug-drug interaction prediction. Pharm Res 2012, 29(7):1960-1976.
6. Mounier N., Katlama C., Costagliola D., Chichmanian R.M., Spano J.P. Drug interactions between antineoplastic and antiretroviral therapies: implications and management for clinical practice. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2009, 72(1):10-20.
7. Riechelmann R.P., Moreira F., Smaletz O., Saad E.D. Potential for drug interactions in hospitalized cancer patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2005, 56(3):286-290.
8. Barcia E., Negro S. Interactions of anti-infectives: a review. Chemotherapy 2005, 51(4):197-199.
9. Kannan G., Anitha R., Rani V.N., Thennarasu P., Alosh J., Vasantha J., et al. A study of drug-drug interactions in cancer patients of a south Indian tertiary care teaching hospital. J Postgrad Med 2011, 57(3):206-210.
10. Riechelmann R.P., Del Giglio A. Drug interactions in oncology: how common are they?. Ann Oncol 2009, 20(12):1907-1912.
11. Zhou S.F., Xue C.C., Yu X.Q., Li C., Wang G. Clinically important drug interactions potentially involving mechanism-based inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 and the role of therapeutic drug monitoring. Ther Drug Monit 2007, 29(6):687-710.
12. Snyder B.D., Polasek T.M., Doogue M.P. Drug interactions: principles and practice. Aust Prescriber 2012, 35(3):85-88.
13. Corrie K., Hardman J.G. Mechanisms of drug interactions: pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Anaesth Intensive Care Med 2011, 12(4):156-159.
14. Becker D.E. Adverse drug interactions. Anesth Prog Spring 2011, 58(1):31-41.
15. Brøsen K., Naranjo C.A. Review of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics interaction studies with citalopram. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2001, 11(4):275-283.
16. Cascorbi I. Drug interactions-principles, examples and clinical consequences. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2012, 109(33-34):546-555.
17. Kashuba A.D.M., Bertino J.S. Mechanisms of Drug Interactions I: Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion. Drug interactions in Infectious Diseases 2005, [Accessed: 20-01-2014]. http://www.springer.com/978-1-58829-455-5, 2nd edition.
18. Pleuvry B.J. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic drug interactions. Anaesth Intensive Care Med 2005, 6(4):129-133.
19. Undevia S.D., Gomez-Abuin G., Ratain M.J. Pharmacokinetic variability of anticancer agents. Nat Rev Cancer 2005, 5(6):447-458.
20. John V., Mashru S., Lichtman S. Pharmacological factors influencing anticancer drug selection in the elderly. Drugs Aging 2003, 20(10):737-759.
21. Müller F., Fromm M.F. Transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions. Pharmacogenomics 2011, 12(7):1017-1037.
22. Scripture C.D., Figg W.D. Drug interactions in cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2006, 6(7):546-558.
23. Pal D., Mitra A.K. MDR- and CYP3A4-mediated drug-drug interactions. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2006, 1(3):323-339.
24. Feucht C., Patel D.R. Principles of pharmacology. Pediatr Clin North Am 2011, 58(1):11-19.
25. Badal S., Shields M., Delgoda R. Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Inhibitors from Nature. Enzyme Inhibition and Bioapplications 2012, InTech Available from:. http://www.intechopen.com/books/enzyme-inhibition-and-bioapplications/cytochrome-p450-enzyme-inhibitors-from-nature, R. Sharma (Ed.).
26. de Maat M.M., Ekhart G.C., Huitema A.D., Koks C.H., Mulder J.W., Beijnen J.H. Drug interactions between antiretroviral drugs and comedicated agents. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003, 42(3):223-282.
27. Piscitelli S.C., Gallicano K.D. Interactions among drugs for HIV and opportunistic infections. N Engl J Med 2001, 344(13):984-996.
28. Rodriguez-Antona C., Ingelman-Sundberg M. Cytochrome P450 pharmacogenetics and cancer. Oncogene 2006, 25(11):1679-1691.
29. Pirmohamed M., Park B.K. Cytochrome P450 enzyme polymorphisms and adverse drug reactions. Toxicology 2003, 192(1):23-32.
30. Spina E., Santoro V., D'Arrigo C. Clinically relevant pharmacokinetic drug interactions with second-generation antidepressants: an update. Clin Ther 2008, 30(7):1206-1227.
31. Edmunds-Ogbuokiri J. Interactions between antineoplastic agents and ARV drugs. HIV Clin 2009, 21(4):17-23.
32. Schneider E., Clark D.S., Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and the development of CYP biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2013, 39(1):1-13.
33. Wang D., Sadee W. The making of a CYP3A biomarker panel for guiding drug therapy. J Pers Med 2012, 2(4):175-191.
34. Delafuente J.C. Understanding and preventing drug interactions in elderly patients. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2003, 48(2):133-143.
35. El-Sheikh A.A., Greupink R., Wortelboer H.M., et al. Interaction of immunosuppressive drugs with human organic anion transporter (OAT)-1 and OAT3, and multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP)-2 and MRP4. Transl Res 2013, 162(6):398-409.
36. Lam M.S.H., Ignoffo R.J. A guide to clinically relevant drug interactions in oncology. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2003, 9:45-85.
37. Barbaro G., Barbarini G. HIV infection and cancer in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (Review). Oncol Rep 2007, 17(5):1121-1126.
38. Yanik E.L., Napravnik S., Cole S.R., et al. Incidence and timing of cancer in HIV-infected individuals following initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2013, 57(5):756-764.
39. Weiss R.A. How does HIV cause AIDS?. Science 1993, 260(5112):1273-1279.
40. Sepkowitz K.A. AIDS-the first 20years. N Engl J Med 2001, 344(23):1764-1772.
41. Mbulaiteye S.M., Biggar R.J., Goedert J.J., Engels E.A. Immune deficiency and risk for malignancy among persons with AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003, 32(5):527-533.
42. Biggar R.J., Chaturvedi A.K., Goedert J.J., Engels E.A. HIV/AIDS Cancer Match Study. AIDS-related cancer and severity of immunosuppression in persons with AIDS. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007, 99(12):962-972.
43. Taiwo B., Hicks C., Eron J. Unmet therapeutic needs in the new era of combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010, 65(6):1100-1107.
44. Riedel D.J., Mwangi E.I., Fantry L.E., et al. High cancer-related mortality in an urban, predominantly African-American, HIV-infected population. AIDS 2013, 27(7):1109-1117.
45. Schulz T.F. Cancer and viral infections in immunocompromised individuals. Int J Cancer 2009, 125(8):1755-1763.
46. Hleyhel M., Belot A., Bouvier A.M., et al. Risk of AIDS-defining cancers among HIV-1-infected patients in France between 1992 and 2009: results from the FHDH-ANRS CO4 cohort. Clin Infect Dis 2013, 57(11):1638-1647.
47. Costagliola D. Risk of cancers in HIV infection. Enferm Infect Microbiol Clin 2013, 31(5):275-276.
48. Grulich A.E., van Leeuwen M.T., Falster M.O., Vajdic C.M. Incidence of cancers in people with HIV/AIDS compared with immunosuppressed transplant recipients: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2007, 370(9581):59-67.
49. Shiels M.S., Pfeiffer R.M., Gail M.H., et al. Cancer burden in the HIV infected population in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011, 103(9):753-762.
50. Long J.L., Engels E.A., Moore R.D., Gebo K.A. Incidence and outcomes of malignancy in the HAART era in an urban cohort of HIV-infected individuals. AIDS 2008, 22(4):489-496.
51. Shiels M.S., Pfeiffer R.M., Hall H.I., Li J., Goedert J.J., Morton L.M., et al. Proportions of Kaposi sarcoma, selected non-Hodgkin lymphomas, and cervical cancer in the United States occurring in persons with AIDS, 1980-2007. JAMA 2011, 305(14):1450-1459.
52. Dal Maso L., Serraino D., Franceschi S. Epidemiology of AIDS-related tumours in developed and developing countries. Eur J Cancer 2001, 37(10):1188-1201.
53. Vanni T., Sprinz E., Machado M.W., Santana Rde C., Fonseca B.A., Schwartsmann G. Systemic treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma: current status and perspectives. Cancer Treat Rev 2006, 32(6):445-455.
54. La Ferla L., Pinzone M.R., Nunnari G., Martellotta F., Lleshi A., Tirelli U., et al. Kaposi' s sarcoma in HIV-positive patients: the state of art in the HAART era. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2013, 17(17):2354-2365.
55. Henderson H. Kaposi sarcoma is the most common cancer diagnosed in HIV-infected persons. HIV Clin 2009, 21(4):1-2.
56. Friedman-Kien A.E. Disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma syndrome in young homosexual men. J Am Acad Dermatol 1981, 5(4):468-471.
57. Tappero J.W., Conant M.A., Wolfe S.F., Berger T.G. Kaposi's sarcoma. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, histology, clinical spectrum, staging criteria and therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993, 28(3):371-395.
58. Levine A.M., Tulpule A. Clinical aspects and management of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Eur J Cancer 2001, 37(10):1288-1295.
59. Wood C., Harrington W. AIDS and associated malignancies. Cell Res 2005, 15(11-12):947-952.
60. Vishnu P., Aboulafia D.M. AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Adv Hematol 2012, 2012:485943.
61. Beral V., Peterman T., Berkelman R., Jaffe H. AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Lancet 1991, 337(8745):805-809.
62. Coté T.R., Biggar R.J., Rosenberg P.S., et al. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among people with AIDS: incidence, presentation and public health burden. AIDS/Cancer Study Group. Int J Cancer 1997, 73(5):645-650.
63. Shankland K.R., Armitage J.O., Hancock B.W. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Lancet 2012, 380(9844):848-857.
64. Matthews G.V., Bower M., Mandalia S., Powles T., Nelson M.R., Gazzard B.G. Changes in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related lymphoma since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Blood 2000, 96(8):2730-2734.
65. Levine A.M. AIDS-related lymphoma. Semin Oncol Nurs 2006, 22(2):80-89.
66. Powles T., Matthews G., Bower M. AIDS related systemic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Sex Transm Infect 2000, 76(5):335-341.
67. Freedman A.S., Friedberg J.W., Lister A., Connor R.F. Initial treatment of advanced stage (III/IV) follicular lymphoma. UpToDate 2013, [Accessed: 10-08-2013]. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/initial-treatment-of-advanced-stage-iii-ivfollicularlymphoma%3FdetectedLanguage=en%26source=search_result%26search=Initial+treatment+of+advanced+stage+diffuse+large+B+cell+lymphoma%26selectedTitle=24~150%26provider=noProvider.
68. Bower M., Palfreeman A., Alfa-Wali M., et al. British HIV Association guidelines for HIV associated malignancies. Consultation Draft 2013 2013, [Accessed: 05-08-2013]. http://www.bhiva.org/documents/Guidelines/Malignancy/MalignancyConsultation201%203_draft1.pdf.
69. Gloghini A., Dolcetti R., Carbone A. Lymphomas occurring specifically in HIV-infected patients: from pathogenesis to pathology. Semin Cancer Biol 2013, 23(6):457-467.
70. Lim S.T., Karim R., Nathwani B.N., Tulpule A., Espina B., Levine A.M. AIDS-related Burkitt's lymphoma versus diffuse large-cell lymphoma in the pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and HAART eras: significant differences in survival with standard chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23(19):4430-4438.
71. Lee B., Bower M., Newsom-Davis T., Nelson M. HIV-related Lymphoma. HIV Ther 2010, 4(6):649-659. [Accessed: 10-01.2013]. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/734593_2.
72. Abayomi E.A., Somers A., Grewal R., et al. Impact of the HIV epidemic and anti-retroviral treatment policy on lymphoma incidence and subtypes seen in the Western Cape of South Africa, 2002-2009: preliminary findings of the Tygerberg Lymphoma Study Group. Transfus Apher Sci 2011, 44(2):161-166.
73. Hennessy B.T., Hanrahan E.O., Daly P.A. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: an update. Lancet Oncol 2004, 5(6):341-353.
74. Said J.W. Aggressive B-cell lymphomas: how many categories do we need?. Mod Pathol 2013, 26(Suppl 1):S42-S56.
75. Lowry Lisa, Linch David Aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Medicine 2008, 37(4):202-207.
76. Linch D.C. Burkitt lymphoma in adults. Br J Haematol 2012, 156(6):693-703.
77. Agorastos T., Miliaras D., Lambropoulos A.F., et al. Detection and typing of human papillomavirus DNA in uterine cervices with coexistent grade I and grade III intraepithelial neoplasia: biologic progression or independent lesions?. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005, 121(1):99-103.
78. Hughes C. Management of cervical cancer. Eur J Cancer Care 2011, 20(1):5.
79. Sari Aslani F., Safaei A., Pourjabali M., Momtahan M. Evaluation of Ki67, p16 and CK17 markers in differentiating cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and benign lesions. Iran J Med Sci 2013, 38(1):15-21.
80. Selvi K., Badhe B.A., Papa D., Nachiappa Ganesh R. Role of p16, CK17, p63, and human papillomavirus in Diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and distinction from its mimics. Int J Surg Pathol 2013, 22(3):221-230.
81. Lindström A. Prognostic factors for squamous cell cervical cancer: Tumor markers, hormones, smoking, and S-phase fraction 2010, Umeå, [Accessed: 06-01-2014]. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:318860/FULLTEXT01.pdf.
82. Frumovitz M. Invasive cervical cancer: epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis. UpToDate 2013, [Accessed: 12-11-2013]. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/invasive-cervical-cancer-epidemiology-riskfactors-clinical-manifestationsanddiagnosis%3Fsource=search_result%26search=cervical+cancer%26selectedTitle=1~150.
83. Chirenje Z.M. HIV and cancer of the cervix. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2005, 19(2):269-276.
84. van Bogaert L.J. Age at diagnosis of preinvasive and invasive cervical neoplasia in South Africa: HIV-positive versus HIV-negative women. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2011, 21(2):363-366.
85. Adler D.H. The impact of HAART on HPV-related cervical disease. Curr HIV Res 2010, 8(7):493-497.
86. Spina M., Tirelli U. HIV-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (HIV-NHL) in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART): some still unanswered questions for clinical management. Ann Oncol 2004, 15(7):993-995.
87. Kaplan L.D., Straus D.J., Testa M.A., et al. Low-dose compared with standard-dose m-BACOD chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N Engl J Med 1997, 336(23):1641-1648.
88. Ntekim A.I., Folasire A.M. CD4 count and anti retroviral therapy for HIV positive patients with cancer in nigeria-a pilot study. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2010, 4:61-66.
89. Rathbun R.C., Liedtke M.D. Antiretroviral drug interactions: overview of interactions involving new and investigational agents and the role of therapeutic drug monitoring for management. Pharmaceutics 2011, 3(4):745-781.
90. National institute of allergy infectious diseases (NIH) HIV/AIDS 2013, [Accessed: 10-01-2014]. http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/HIVAIDS/Understanding/Treatment/pages/arvdrugcl%20asses.aspx.
91. Bazzoli C., Jullien V., Le Tiec C., Rey E., Mentré F., Taburet A.M. Intracellular pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs in HIV-infected patients, and their correlation with drug action. Clin Pharmacokinet 2010, 49(1):17-45.
92. Rudek M.A., Flexner C., Ambinder R.F. Use of antineoplastic agents in patients with cancer who have HIV/AIDS. Lancet Oncol 2011, 12(9):905-912.
93. Ramautarsing R., Ananworanich J. Generic and low dose antiretroviral therapy in adults and children: implication for scaling up treatment in resource limited settings. AIDS Res Ther 2010, 7:18.
94. Anderson P.L., Kakuda T.N., Lichtenstein K.A. The cellular pharmacology of nucleoside- and nucleotide-analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitors and its relationship to clinical toxicities. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 38(5):743-753.
95. Arts E.J., Hazuda D.J. HIV-1 antiretroviral drug therapy. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012, 2(4):a007161.
96. van Maarseveen E.M., Rogers C.C., Trofe-Clark J., van Zuilen A.D., Mudrikova T. Drug-drug interactions between antiretroviral and immunosuppressive agents in HIV-infected patients after solid organ transplantation: a review. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2012, 26(10):568-581.
97. Izzedine H., Launay-Vacher V., Deray G. Renal tubular transporters and antiviral drugs: an update. AIDS 2005, 19(5):455-462.
98. Jung N., Lehmann C., Rubbert A., et al. Organic cation transporters OCT1 and OCT2 determine the accumulation of lamivudine in CD4 cells of HIV-infected patients. Infection 2013, 41(2):379-385.
99. Jung N., Lehmann C., Rubbert A., et al. Relevance of the organic cation transporters 1 and 2 for antiretroviral drug therapy in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Drug Metab Dispos 2008, 36(8):1616-1623.
100. Rathbun R.C., Lockhart S.M., Stephens J.R. Current HIV treatment guidelines-an overview. Curr Pharm Des 2006, 12(9):1045-1063.
101. van Leth F., Phanuphak P., Ruxrungtham K., et al. Comparison of first-line antiretroviral therapy with regimens including nevirapine, efavirenz, or both drugs, plus stavudine and lamivudine: a randomised open-label trial, the 2NN Study. Lancet 2004, 363(9417):1253-1263.
102. Acosta E.P. Pharmacokinetic enhancement of protease inhibitors. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002, 29(Suppl.1):S11-S18.
103. Zha W., Wang G., Xu W., et al. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein by HIV protease inhibitors increases intracellular accumulation of berberine in murine and human macrophages. PLoS One 2013, 8(1):e54349.
104. Liu L., Unadkat J.D. Interaction between HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) and hepatic transporters in sandwich cultured human hepatocytes: implication for PI-based DDIs. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2013, 34(3):155-164.
105. Zastre J.A., Chan G.N., Ronaldson P.T., et al. Upregulation of P-glycoprotein by HIV protease inhibitors in a human brain microvessel endothelial cell line. J Neurosci Res 2009, 87(4):1023-1036.
106. Definition of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART): While this term is quickly becoming anachronistic we maintain use of this term for use of combination antiretroviral therapy to distinguish it from truly "suboptimal" monotherapy or combinations 2009, [Accessed: 13 February 2013]. http://statepiaps.jhsph.edu/wihs/Invest-info/Def-HAART_0609.pdf.
107. Elzi L., Erb S., Furrer H., et al. Choice of Initial combination antiretroviral therapy in individuals with HIV infection: determinants and outcomes. Arch Intern Med 2012, 172(17):1313-1321.
108. Groopman J.E., Dezube B.J., Ross M.E. AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma: Staging and treatment. UpToDate 2012, [Accessed: 26-08-2013]. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/aids-related-kaposisarcoma-staging-andtreatment%3FdetectedLanguage=en%26source=search_result%26search=kaposi+sarcoma%26selectedTitle=2~150%26provider=noProvider.
109. Dezube B.J., Pantanowitz L., Aboulafia D.M. Management of AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma: advances in target discovery and treatment. AIDS Read 2004, 14(5):236-238. [243-4, 251-3].
110. Di Lorenzo G., Konstantinopoulos P.A., Pantanowitz L., Di Trolio R., De Placido S., Dezube B.J. Management of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Lancet Oncol 2007, 8(2):167-176.
111. Radu O., Pantanowitz L. Kaposi sarcoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2013, 137(2):289-294.
112. Aversa S.M., Cattelan A.M., Salvagno L., et al. Treatments of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2005, 53(3):253-265.
113. Cheung M.C., Pantanowitz L., Dezube B.J. AIDS-related malignancies: emerging challenges in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Oncologist 2005, 10(6):412-426.
114. Tavio M., Nasti G., Spina M., Errante D., Vaccher E., Tirelli U. Highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Ann Oncol 1998, 9(8):923.
115. Lebbé C., Blum L., Pellet C., et al. Clinical and biological impact of antiretroviral therapy with protease inhibitors on HIV-related Kaposi's sarcoma. AIDS 1998, 12(7):F45-F49.
116. Sgadari C., Barillari G., Toschi E., et al. HIV protease inhibitors are potent anti-angiogenic molecules and promote regression of Kaposi sarcoma. Nat Med 2002, 8(3):225-232.
117. Boshoff C., Weiss R. AIDS-related malignancies. Nat Rev Cancer 2002, 2(5):373-382.
118. Stebbing J., Portsmouth S., Gazzard B. How does HAART lead to the resolution of Kaposi's sarcoma?. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003, 51(5):1095-1098.
119. Bower M., Collins S., Cottrill C., et al. British HIV association guidelines for HIV-associated malignancies 2008. HIV Med 2008, 9(6):336-388.
120. Sissolak G., Mayaud P. AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma: epidemiological, diagnostic, treatment and control aspects in sub-Saharan Africa. Trop Med Int Health 2005, 10(10):981-992.
121. Gill P.S., Tulpule A., Espina B.M., et al. Paclitaxel is safe and effective in the treatment of advanced AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 1999, 17(6):1876-1883.
122. Tulpule A., Groopman J., Saville M.W., et al. Multicenter trial of low-dose paclitaxel in patients with advanced AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma. Cancer 2002, 95(1):147-154.
123. Bower M., Palmieri C., Stebbing J. AIDS associated malignancies 2006, 221-234. Elsevier Ltd. Cancer therapeutics I.
124. Ansell S.M., Armitage J. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: diagnosis and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc 2005, 80(8):1087-1097.
125. Kaplan L.D., Ai W. AIDS-related lymphomas: Treatment of systemic lymphoma. UpToDate 2014, [Accessed: 03-03-2014]. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/aids-related-lymphomastreatment-of-systemic-lymphoma%3Fsource=search_result%26search=Non+Hodgkin+lymphoma+treatment%26selectedTitle=22~150.
126. Leukemia, lymphoma society. Fighting blood cancers. Facts 2013, [Accessed: 19-02-2014]. http://www.lls.org/content/nationalcontent/resourcecenter/freeeducationmaterials/generalcancer/pdf/facts.pdf.
127. Davuds M.S., Fischer D.C. Overview of care for adult survivors of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. UpToDate 2013, [Accessed: 15-12-2013]. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-care-foradult-survivors-of-nonhodgkinlymphoma%3Fsource=search_result%26search=Non+Hodgkin+lymphoma+treatment%26selectedTitle=1~150.
128. Lindenmeyer L.P., Hegele V., Caregnato J.P., Wüst D., Grazziotin L., Stoll P. Follow-up of patients receiving rituximab for diffuse large B cell lymphoma: an overview of systematic reviews. Ann Hematol 2013, 92(11):1451-1459.
129. Mounier N., Spina M., Gabarre J., et al. AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma: final analysis of 485 patients treated with risk-adapted intensive chemotherapy. Blood 2006, 107(10):3832-3840.
130. Mehta P.S. HIV-Associated Malignancies. HIV Curriculum 2009, [Accessed: 30-02-2013]. http://www.bipai.org/Curriculums/HIV-Curriculum/HIV-Associated-Malignancies.asp, 4th Edition.
131. Barta S.K., Xue X., Wang D., et al. Treatment factors affecting outcomes in HIV-associated non-Hodgkin lymphomas: a pooled analysis of 1546 patients. Blood 2013, 122(19):3251-3262.
132. Navarro J.T., Lloveras N., Ribera J.M., Oriol A., Mate J.L., Feliu E. The prognosis of HIV-infected patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with chemotherapy and highly active antiretroviral therapy is similar to that of HIV-negative patients receiving chemotherapy. Haematologica 2005, 90(5):704-706.
133. Diamond C., Taylor T.H., Im T., Anton-Culver H. Presentation and outcomes of systemic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a comparison between patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy and patients without AIDS. Leuk Lymphoma 2006, 47(9):1822-1829.
134. Weiss R., Mitrou P., Arasteh K., et al. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related lymphoma: simultaneous treatment with combined cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone chemotherapy and highly active antiretroviral therapy is safe and improves survival-results of the German Multicenter Trial. Cancer 2006, 106(7):1560-1568.
135. Messori A., Fadda V., Maratea D., Trippoli S. Treatments for non-Hodgkin lymphoma in HIV-positive patients: quantifying incremental benefit from 1993 to 2004 by meta-regression. Am J Hematol 2013, 88(5):435.
136. Dunleavy K., Wilson W.H. How I treat HIV-associated lymphoma. Blood 2012, 119(14):3245-3255.
137. Cabanillas F. Front-line management of diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Curr Opin Oncol 2010, 22(6):642-645.
138. Martelli M., Ferreri A.J., Agostinelli C., Di Rocco A., Pfreundschuh M., Pileri S.A. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013, 87(2):146-171.
139. Freedman A.S., Friedberg J.W., Lister A., Connor R.F. Initial treatment of advanced stage diffuse large B cell lymphoma. UpToDate 2013, [Accessed: 21-08-2013]. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/initial-treatment-of-advanced-stage-diffuse-largeb-cell-lymphoma?detectedLanguage=en%26source=search_result%26search=Initial+treatment+of+advanced+stage+diffuse+large+B+cell+lymphoma%26selectedTitle=22%7E150%26provider=noProvider.
140. de Witt P., Maartens D.J., Uldrick T.S., Sissolak G. Treatment outcomes in AIDS-related diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the setting roll out of combination antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013, 64(1):66-73.
141. Coutinho R., Pria A.D., Gandhi S., et al. HIV status does not impair the outcome of patients diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with R-CHOP in the cART era. AIDS 2013, 28(5):689-697.
142. Coiffier B., Lepage E., Briere J., et al. CHOP chemotherapy plus rituximab compared with CHOP alone in elderly patients with diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med 2002, 346(4):235-242.
143. Pfreundschuh M., Trümper L., Osterborg A., et al. CHOP-like chemotherapy plus rituximab versus CHOP-like chemotherapy alone in young patients with good-prognosis diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma: a randomised controlled trial by the MabThera International Trial (MInT) Group. Lancet Oncol 2006, 7(5):379-391.
144. Sehn L.H., Donaldson J., Chhanabhai M., et al. Introduction of combined CHOP plus rituximab therapy dramatically improved outcome of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in British Columbia. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23(22):5027-5033.
145. Kaplan L.D., Lee J.Y., Ambinder R.F., et al. Rituximab does not improve clinical outcome in a randomized phase 3 trial of CHOP with or without rituximab in patients with HIV-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma: AIDS-Malignancies Consortium Trial 010. Blood 2005, 106(5):1538-1543.
146. Sparano J.A., Lee J.Y., Kaplan L.D., et al. Rituximab plus concurrent infusional EPOCH chemotherapy is highly effective in HIV-associated B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2010, 115(15):3008-3016.
147. Boué F., Gabarre J., Gisselbrecht C., et al. Phase II trial of CHOP plus rituximab in patients with HIV-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24(25):4123-4128.
148. Castillo J.J., Echenique I.A. Rituximab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone in HIV-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a pooled analysis of 15 prospective studies. Am J Hematol 2012, 87(3):330-333.
149. Blay J.Y., Louis D., Bouffet E., et al. Management of pediatric non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Blood Rev 1991, 5(2):90-97.
150. Shapira J., Peylan-Ramu N. Burkitt's lymphoma. Oral Oncol 1998, 34(1):15-23.
151. Bishop P.C., Rao V.K., Wilson W.H. Burkitt's lymphoma: molecular pathogenesis and treatment. Cancer Invest 2000, 18(6):574-583.
152. Smeland S., Blystad A.K., Kvaløy S.O., Ikonomou I.M., Delabie J., Kvalheim G., et al. Treatment of Burkitt's/Burkitt-like lymphoma in adolescents and adults: a 20-year experience from the Norwegian Radium Hospital with the use of three successive regimens. Ann Oncol 2004, 15(7):1072-1078.
153. Freedman A.S., Friedberg J.W., Lister A., Park J.R., Connor R.F. Treatment of Burkitt leukemia/lymphoma in adults. UpToDate 2013, [Accessed: 10-08-2013]. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-burkitt-leukemia-lymphoma-inadults%3FdetectedLanguage=en%26source=search_result%26search=burkitt+lymphoma%26selectedTitle=2~60%26provider=noProvider.
154. Levine A.M. Challenges in the management of Burkitt's lymphoma. Clin Lymphoma 2002, 3(Suppl.1):S19-S25.
155. Barnes J.A., Lacasce A.S., Feng Y., et al. Evaluation of the addition of rituximab to CODOX-M/IVAC for Burkitt's lymphoma: a retrospective analysis. Ann Oncol 2011, 22(8):1859-1864.
156. Wästerlid T., Brown P.N., Hagberg O., et al. Impact of chemotherapy regimen and rituximab in adult Burkitt lymphoma: a retrospective population-based study from the Nordic Lymphoma Group. Ann Oncol 2013, 24(7):1879-1886.
157. Mead G.M., Barrans S.L., Qian W., et al. A prospective clinicopathologic study of dose-modified CODOX-M/IVAC in patients with sporadic Burkitt lymphoma defined using cytogenetic and immunophenotypic criteria (MRC/NCRI LY10 trial). Blood 2008, 112(6):2248-2260.
158. Rodrigo J.A., Hicks L.K., Cheung M.C., et al. HIV-associated Burkitt lymphoma: good efficacy and tolerance of intensive chemotherapy including CODOX-M/IVAC with or without rituximab in the HAART era. Adv Hematol 2012, 2012:735392.
159. Long H.J., Laack N.N., Gostout B.S. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cervical cancer. Mayo Clin Proc 2007, 82(12):1566-1574.
160. Petignat P., Roy M. Diagnosis and management of cervical cancer. BMJ 2007, 335(7623):765-768.
161. Tanderup K., Georg D., Pötter R., Kirisits C., Grau C., Lindegaard J.C. Adaptive management of cervical cancer radiotherapy. Semin Radiat Oncol 2010, 20(2):121-129.
162. Green J.A., Kirwan J.M., Tierney J.F., Symonds P., Fresco L., Collingwood M., et al. Survival and recurrence after concomitant chemotherapy and radiotherapy for cancer of the uterine cervix: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2001, 358(9284):781-786.
163. Einstein M.H., Phaëton R. Issues in cervical cancer incidence and treatment in HIV. Curr Opin Oncol 2010, 22(5):449-455.
164. Monk B.J., Huang H.Q., Cella D., Long H.J. Quality of life outcomes from a randomized phase III trial of cisplatin with or without topotecan in advanced carcinoma of the cervix: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23(21):4617-4625. Gynecologic Oncology Group Study.
165. Dueñas-González A., Cetina L., Coronel J., Martínez-Baños D. Pharmacotherapy options for locally advanced and advanced cervical cancer. Drugs 2010, 70(4):403-432.
166. Omura G.A. Chemotherapy for stage IVB or recurrent cancer of the uterine cervix. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1996, (21):123-126.
167. Morris M., Eifel P.J., Lu J., et al. Pelvic radiation with concurrent chemotherapy compared with pelvic and para-aortic radiation for high-risk cervical cancer. N Engl J Med 1999, 340(15):1137-1143.
168. Rose P.G., Bundy B.N., Watkins E.B., et al. Concurrent cisplatin-based radiotherapy and chemotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer. N Engl J Med 1999, 340(15):1144-1153.
169. Keys H.M., Bundy B.N., Stehman F.B., et al. Cisplatin, radiation, and adjuvant hysterectomy compared with radiation and adjuvant hysterectomy for bulky stage IB cervical carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1999, 340(15):1154-1161.
170. Fiorica J.V. The role of topotecan in the treatment of advanced cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2003, 90(3 Pt 2):S16-S21.
171. De Los Santos J.F., Straughn J.M. Management of locally advanced cervical cancer. UpToDate 2014, [Accessed: 30-01-2014]. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-locallyadvanced-cervicalcancer%3Fsource=search_result%26search=cervical+cancer%26selectedTitle=2~150.
172. Rose P.G. Combined-modality therapy of locally advanced cervical cancer. J Clin Oncol 2003, 21(10Suppl.):211s-217s.
173. Wallner K.E., Li G.C. Effect of cisplatin resistance on cellular radiation response. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1987, 13(4):587-591.
174. Boabang P., Kurbacher C.M., Kohlhagen H., Waida A., Amo-Takyi B.K. Anti- neoplastic activity of topotecan versus cisplatin, etoposide and paclitaxel in four squamous cell cancer cell lines of the female genital tract using an ATP-tumor chemosensitivity assay. Anticancer Drugs 2000, 11(10):843-848.
175. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) Management of cervical cancer: a national guideline 2008, SIGN, [Accessed: 10-11-2013]. http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign99.pdf.
176. Firnhaber C., Westreich D., Schulze D., et al. Highly active antiretroviral therapy and cervical dysplasia in HIV-positive women in South Africa. J Int AIDS Soc 2012, 15(2):17382.
177. Adler D.H., Kakinami L., Modisenyane T., Tshabangu N., Mohapi L., De Bruyn G., et al. Increased regression and decreased incidence of human papillomavirus-related cervical lesions among HIV-infected women on HAART. AIDS 2012, 26(13):1645-1652.
178. Antoniou T., Tseng A.L. Interactions between antiretrovirals and antineoplastic drug therapy. Clin Pharmacokinet 2005, 44(2):111-145.
179. Rubinstein P.G., Aboulafia D.M., Zloza A. Malignancies in HIV/AIDS: from epidemiology to therapeutic challenges. AIDS 2014, 28(4):453-465.
180. Little R.F., Yarchoan R. The use of antiretroviral therapy in patients undergoing treatment for HIV-related neoplastic disease. Res Initiat Treat Action 2003, 9(1):19-25.
181. Yao D., Ding S., Burchell B., Wolf C.R., Friedberg T. Detoxication of vinca alkaloids by human P450 CYP3A4-mediated metabolism: implications for the development of drug resistance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000, 294(1):387-395.
182. Antoniou T., Tseng A., Wong A. Potential interactions between antineoplastics and antiretrovirals. Pharm D. FCSHP 2013, 25-42. [Accessed: 19.03.2013]. http://www.hivclinic.ca/main/drugs_interact_files/Chemo-int.pdf.
183. Cianfrocca M., Lee S., Von Roenn J., Rudek M.A., Dezube B.J., Krown S.E., et al. Pilot study evaluating the interaction between paclitaxel and protease inhibitors in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-associated Kaposi's sarcoma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) and AIDS Malignancy Consortium (AMC) trial. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2011, 68(4):827-833.
184. Hendrikx J.J., Lagas J.S., Rosing H., Schellens J.H., Beijnen J.H., Schinkel A.H. P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A act together in restricting the oral bioavailability of paclitaxel. Int J Cancer 2013, 132(10):2439-2447.
185. Nannan Panday V.R., Hoetelmans R.M., van Heeswijk R.P., et al. Paclitaxel in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus 1-associated Kaposi's sarcoma-drug-drug interactions with protease inhibitors and a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor: a case report study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1999, 43(6):516-519.
186. Storch C.H., Theile D., Lindenmaier H., Haefeli W.E., Weiss J. Comparison of the inhibitory activity of anti-HIV drugs on P-glycoprotein. Biochem Pharmacol 2007, 73(10):1573-1581.
187. Palmieri C., Treibel T., Large O., Bower M. AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the first decade of highly active antiretroviral therapy. QJM 2006, 99(12):811-826.
188. Toffoli G., Corona G., Cattarossi G., et al. Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of doxorubicin in patients with HIV-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ann Oncol 2004, 15(12):1805-1809.
189. Cruciani M., Gatti G., Vaccher E., et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction between chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and protease inhibitors in HIV-1-infected patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005, 55(4):546-549.
190. Pham P.A., Flexner C. Emerging antiretroviral drug interactions. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011, 66(2):235-239.
191. Bower M., McCall-Peat N., Ryan N., et al. Protease inhibitors potentiate chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. Blood 2004, 104(9):2943-2946.
192. Velingkar V.S., Dandekar V.D. Modulation of P-glycoprotein mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer using chemosensitizers. IJPSR 2010, 1(2):104-111. [Accessed: 06-02-2014]. http://www.ijpsr.info/docs/IJPSR-10-01-02-05.pdf.
193. Chang T.K., Weber G.F., Crespi C.L., Waxman D.J. Differential activation of cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide by cytochromes P-450 2B and 3A in human liver microsomes. Cancer Res 1993, 53(23):5629-5637.
194. Huang Z., Roy P., Waxman D.J. Role of human liver microsomal CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 in catalyzing N-dechloroethylation of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide. Biochem Pharmacol 2000, 59(8):961-972.
195. Boddy A.V., Furtun Y., Sardas S., Sardas O., Idle J.R. Individual variation in the activation and inactivation of metabolic pathways of cyclophosphamide. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992, 84(22):1744-1748.
196. Wong A., Tseng A. Antiretroviral-Chemotherapy Interactions: CHOP Regimen 2013, [Accessed: 20-01-2014]. http://www.hivclinic.ca/main/drugs_chemo_files/CHOP.pdf.
197. Núñez M., Saballs P., Valencia M.E., et al. Response to liposomal doxorubicin and clinical outcome of HIV-1-infected patients with Kaposi's sarcoma receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. HIV Clin Trials 2001, 2(5):429-437.
198. Ratner L., Lee J., Tang S., et al. Chemotherapy for human immunodeficiency virus-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in combination with highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Oncol 2001, 19(8):2171-2178.
199. Choi C.H. ABC transporters as multidrug resistance mechanisms and the development of chemosensitizers for their reversal. Cancer Cell Int 2005, 5:30.
200. Sharom F.J. ABC multidrug transporters: structure, function and role in chemoresistance. Pharmacogenomics 2008, 9(1):105-127.
201. Kajita J., Kuwabara T., Kobayashi H., Kobayashi S. CYP3A4 is mainly responsibile for the metabolism of a new vinca alkaloid, vinorelbine, in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2000, 28(9):1121-1127.
202. Busse K.H., Formentini E., Alfaro R.M., Kovacs J.A., Penzak S.R. Influence of antiretroviral drugs on the pharmacokinetics of prednisolone in HIV-infected individuals. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008, 48(5):561-566.
203. Xu Y., Wang C., Li Z. A new strategy of promoting cisplatin chemotherapeutic efficiency by targeting endoplasmic reticulum stress. Mol Clin Oncol 2013, 2:3-7.
204. Pabla N., Dong Z. Cisplatin nephrotoxicity: mechanisms and renoprotective strategies. Kidney Int 2008, 73(9):994-1007.
205. Miller R.P., Tadagavadi R.K., Ramesh G., Reeves W.B. Mechanisms of cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Toxins 2010, 2(11):2490-2518.
206. Florea A.M., Büsselberg D. Cisplatin as an anti-tumor drug: cellular mechanisms of activity, drug resistance and induced side effects. Cancer 2011, 3(1):1351-1371.
207. Deeken J.F., Pantanowitz L., Dezube B.J. Targeted therapies to treat non-AIDS defining cancers in patients with HIV on HAART therapy: treatment considerations and research outlook. Curr Opin Oncol 2009, 21(5):445-454.
208. Yao X., Panichpisal K., Kurtzman N., Nugent K. Cisplatin nephrotoxicity: a review. Am J Med Sci 2007, 334(2):115-124.
209. Kalyesubula R., Perazella M.A. Nephrotoxicity of HAART. AIDS Res Treat 2011, 2011:562790.
210. Yonezawa A., Masuda S., Yokoo S., Katsura T., Inui K. Cisplatin and oxaliplatin, but not carboplatin and nedaplatin, are substrates for human organic cation transporters (SLC22A1-3 and multidrug and toxin extrusion family). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006, 319(2):879-886.
211. Wensing K.U., Ciarimboli G. Saving ears and kidneys from cisplatin. Anticancer Res 2013, 33(10):4183-4188.
212. Yonezawa A., Masuda S., Nishihara K., Yano I., Katsura T., Inui K. Association between tubular toxicity of cisplatin and expression of organic cation transporter rOCT2 (Slc22a2) in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 2005, 70(12):1823-1831.
213. Ciarimboli G., Ludwig T., Lang D., et al. Cisplatin nephrotoxicity is critically mediated via the human organic cation transporter 2. Am J Pathol 2005, 167(6):1477-1484.
214. Drayton R.M., Catto J.W. Molecular mechanisms of cisplatin resistance in bladder cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2012, 12(2):271-281.
215. Rudek M.A., Ambinder R.F., Flexner C.W., Deeken J.F., Dezube B.J., Ross M.E. Systemic therapy for malignancy in patients on anti retroviral medications. UpToDate 2012, [Accessed: 30-08-2013]. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/systemic-therapy-for-malignancy-in-patients-on-anti-retroviral-medications.