Radiative forcing of organic aerosol in the atmosphere and on snow: Effects of SOA and brown carbon

Journal of Geophysical Research

Volumn 119, Issue 12, 2014, Pages 7453-7476

  Lin, Guangxing ^a   Penner, Joyce E ^a   Flanner, Mark G ^a   Sillman, Sanford ^a   Xu, Li ^b   Zhou, Cheng ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOLS; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; CARBON; CLIMATE CHANGE; COMPUTER SIMULATION; PARTICULATE EMISSIONS; REFRACTIVE INDEX; SEA ICE; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; SNOW;

ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS; BROWN CARBONS; DIRECT RADIATIVE FORCING; ORGANIC AEROSOL; PRE-INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS; RADIATIVE FORCINGS; SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOLS; SOA;

ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION;

EID: 84904747009     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: 21562202     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2013JD021186     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Abdul-Razzak, H., and S. J. Ghan (2000), A parameterization of aerosol activation 2. Multiple aerosol types, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 6837–6844.
2. Abdul-Razzak, H., and S. J. Ghan (2002), A parameterization of aerosol activation - 3. Sectional representation, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D3), 4026, doi:10.1029/2001JD000483.
3. Ackerman, A. S., O. B. Toon, D. E. Stevens, A. J. Heymsfield, V. Ramanathan, and E. J. Welton (2000), Reduction of tropical cloudiness by soot, Science, 288, 1042–1047.
4. Andreae, M. O., and A. Gelencsér (2006), Black carbon or brown carbon? The nature of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3131–3148.
5. Andres, R. J., and A. D. Kasgnoc (1998), A time-averaged inventory of subaerial volcanic sulfur emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 25,251–25,261, doi:10.1029/98JD02091.
6. Arola, A., G. Schuster, and G. Myhre (2011), Inferring absorbing organic carbon content from AERONET data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 215–225, doi:10.5194/acp-11-215-2011.
7. Bahadur, R., P. S. Praveen, Y. Xu, and V. Ramanathan (2012), Solar absorption by elemental and brown carbon determined from spectral observations, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 109(43), 17,366–17,371.
8. Bey, I., D. J. Jacob, R. M. Yantosca, J. A. Logan, B. D. Field, A. M. Fiore, Q. B. Li, H. G. Y. Liu, L. J. Mickley, and M. G. Schultz (2001), Global modeling of tropospheric chemistry with assimilated meteorology: Model description and evaluation, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 23,073–23,095, doi:10.1029/2001JD000807.
9. Bond, T. C. (2001), Spectral dependence of visible light absorption by carbonaceous particles emitted from coal combustion, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4075–4078, doi:10.1029/2001GL013652.
10. Bond, T. C., and R. W. Bergstrom (2006), Light absorption by carbonaceous particles: An investigative review, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 40(1), 27–67.
11. Bond, T. C., M. Bussemer, B. Wehner, S. Keller, R. J. Charlson, and J. Heintzenberg (1999), Light Absorption by Primary Particle Emissions from a Lignite Burning Plant, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33(21), 3887–3891, doi:10.1021/es9810538.
12. Bond, T. C., et al. (2013), Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 5380–5552, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50171.
13. 3 secondary organic aerosol due to NH 4 + -mediated chemical aging over long time scales, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D05203, doi:10.1029/2009JD012864.
14. Cappa, C. D., D. L. Che, S. H. Kessler, J. H. Kroll, and K. R. Wilson (2011), Variations in organic aerosol optical and hygroscopic properties upon heterogeneous OH oxidation, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D15204, doi:10.1029/2011JD015918.
15. Chakrabarty, R. K., H. Moosmüller, L. W. A. Chen, K. Lewis, W. P. Arnott, C. Mazzoleni, M. K. Dubey, C. E. Wold, W. M. Hao, and S. M. Kreidenweis (2010), Brown carbon in tar balls from smoldering biomass combustion, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10(13), 6363–6370, doi:10.5194/acp-10-6363-2010.
16. Chang, J. L., and J. E. Thompson (2010), Characterization of colored products formed during irradiation of aqueous solutions containing H2O2 and phenolic compounds, Atmos. Environ., 44(4), 541–551.
17. Chen, Y., and T. C. Bond (2010), Light absorption by organic carbon from wood combustion, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1773–1787, doi:10.5194/acp-10-1773-2010.
18. Chung, C. E., V. Ramanathan, and D. Decremer (2012), Observationally constrained estimates of carbonaceous aerosol radiative forcing, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(29), 11,624–11,629.
19. Chung, S. H., and J. H. Seinfeld (2002), Global distribution and climate forcing of carbonaceous aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D19), 4407, doi:10.1029/2001JD001397.
20. Collins, W. D., P. J. Rasch, B. A. Boville, J. J. Hack, J. R. McCaa, D. L. Williamson, B. P. Briegleb, C. M. Bitz, S. J. Lin, and M. H. Zhang (2006), The formulation and atmospheric simulation of the Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3), J. Clim., 19(11), 2144–2161.
21. Coy, L., and R. Swinbank (1997), Characteristics of stratospheric winds and temperatures produced by data assimilation, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 25,763–25,781, doi:10.1029/97JD02361.
22. Deguillaume, L., K. V. Desboeufs, M. Leriche, Y. Long, and N. Chaumerliac (2010), Effect of iron dissolution on cloud chemistry: From laboratory measurements to model results, Atmos. Pollut. Res., 1(4), 220–228.
23. Dinar, E., A. Abo Riziq, C. Spindler, C. Erlick, G. Kiss, and Y. Rudich (2007), The complex refractive index of atmospheric and model humic-like substances (HULIS) retrieved by a cavity ring down aerosol spectrometer (CRD-AS), Faraday Discuss., 137, 279–295, doi:10.1039/b703111d.
24. Doherty, S. J., S. G. Warren, T. C. Grenfell, A. D. Clarke, and R. E. Brandt (2010), Light-absorbing impurities in Arctic snow, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10(23), 11,647–11,680.
25. Feng, Y., V. Ramanathan, and V. R. Kotamarthi (2013), Brown carbon: A significant atmospheric absorber of solar radiation?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13(17), 8607–8621, doi:10.5194/acp-13-8607-2013.
26. Flanner, M. G., C. S. Zender, J. T. Randerson, and P. J. Rasch (2007), Present-day climate forcing and response from black carbon in snow, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D11202, doi:10.1029/2006JD008003.
27. Flanner, M. G., C. S. Zender, P. G. Hess, N. M. Mahowald, T. H. Painter, V. Ramanathan, and P. J. Rasch (2009), Springtime warming and reduced snow cover from carbonaceous particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9(7), 2481–2497, doi:10.5194/acp-9-2481-2009.
28. Forster, P., et al. (2007), Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing, in Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by S. Solomon et al., 996 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K., and New York.
29. Fu, T. M., D. J. Jacob, F. Wittrock, J. P. Burrows, M. Vrekoussis, and D. K. Henze (2008), Global budgets of atmospheric glyoxal and methyl-glyoxal, and implications for formation of secondary organic aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D15303, doi:10.1029/2007JD009505.
30. Galloway, M. M., P. S. Chhabra, A. W. H. Chan, J. D. Surratt, R. C. Flagan, J. H. Seinfeld, and F. N. Keutsch (2009), Glyoxal uptake on ammoniumsul-phate seed aerosol: Reaction products and reversibility of uptake under dark and irradiated conditions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9(10), 3331–3345.
31. Gantt, B., N. Meskhidze, and D. Kamykowski (2009), A new physically-based quantification of marine isoprene and primary organic aerosol emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9(14), 4915–4927.
32. Gondwe, M., M. Krol, W. Gieskes, W. Klaassen, and H. de Baar (2003), The contribution of ocean-leaving DMS to the global atmospheric burdens of DMS, MSA, SO2, and NSS SO4=, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 17, doi:10.1029/2002GB001937.
33. Guenther, A., et al. (1995), A global-model of natural volatile organic-compound emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8873–8892, doi:10.1029/94JD02950.
34. Hallquist, M., et al. (2009), The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: Current and emerging issues, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9(14), 5155–5236.
35. Hecobian, A., X. Zhang, M. Zheng, and N. Frank (2010), Water-Soluble Organic Aerosol material and the light-absorption characteristics of aqueous extracts measured over the Southeastern United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10(13), 5965–5977.
36. Hoffer, A., A. Gelencsér, P. Guyon, and G. Kiss (2006), Optical properties of humic-like substances (HULIS) in biomass-burning aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6(11), 3563–3570.
37. Holland, M., D. A. Bailey, B. P. Briegleb, B. Light, and E. Hunke (2012), Improved sea ice shortwave radiation physics in CCSM4: The impact of melt ponds and aerosols on Arctic sea ice, J. Clim., 25, 1413–1430, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00078.1.
38. Hoyle, C. R., G. Myhre, T. K. Berntsen, and I. S. A. Isaksen (2009), Anthropogenic influence on SOA and the resulting radiative forcing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9(8), 2715–2728.
39. Hunke, E. C., and W. H. Lipscomb (2008), CICE: The Los Alamos sea ice model, documentation and software, version 4.0, Tech. Rep. LA-CC-06-012, 76 pp., Los Alamos National Laboratory.
40. IPCC (2013), Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by T. F. Stocker et al., 1535 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K., and New York.
41. Ito, A. (2011), Mega fire emissions in Siberia: Potential supply of bioavailable iron from forests to the ocean, Biogeosciences, 8, 1679–1697, doi:10.5194/bg-8-1679-2011.
42. Ito, A., and J. E. Penner (2005), Historical emissions of carbonaceous aerosols from biomass and fossil fuel burning for the period 1870–2000, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 19, GB2028, doi:10.1029/2004GB002374.
43. Ito, A., S. Sillman, and J. E. Penner (2007), Effects of additional nonmethane volatile organic compounds, organic nitrates, and direct emissions of oxygenated organic species on global tropospheric chemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D06309, doi:10.1029/2005JD006556.
44. Jacobson, M. Z. (1999), Isolating nitrated and aromatic aerosols and nitrated aromatic gases as sources of ultraviolet light absorption, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 3527–3542, doi:10.1029/1998JD100054.
45. Jacobson, M. Z. (2001), Global direct radiative forcing due to multicomponent anthropogenic and natural aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 1551–1568, doi:10.1029/2000JD900514.
46. Jacobson, M. Z. (2012), Investigating cloud absorption effects: Global absorption properties of black carbon, tar balls, and soil dust in clouds and aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D06205, doi:10.1029/2011JD017218.
47. Jaoui, M., E. O. Edney, T. E. Kleindienst, M. Lewandowski, J. H. Offenberg, J. D. Surratt, and J. H. Seinfeld (2008), Formation of secondary organic aerosol from irradiated α-pinene/toluene/NOx mixtures and the effect of isoprene and sulfur dioxide, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D09303, doi:10.1029/2007JD009426.
48. Jiao, C., et al. (2014), An AeroCom assessment of black carbon in Arctic snow and sea ice, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2399–2417, doi:10.5194/acp-14-2399-2014.
49. Jimenez, J. L., et al. (2009), Evolution of organic aerosols in the atmosphere, Science, 326(5959), 1525–1529, doi:10.1126/science.1180353.
50. Kanakidou, M., K. Tsigaridis, F. J. Dentener, and P. J. Crutzen (2000), Human-activity-enhanced formation of organic aerosols by biogenic hydrocarbon oxidation, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 9243–9254, doi:10.1029/1999JD901148.
51. Kettle, A. J., and M. O. Andreae (2000), Flux of dimethylsulfide from the oceans: A comparison of updated data seas and flux models, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 26,793–26,808, doi:10.1029/2000JD900252.
52. Kim, H., B. Barkey, and S. E. Paulson (2012), Real refractive indices and formation yields of secondary organic aerosol generated from photooxidation of Limonene and α-pinene: The effect of the HC/NOx ratio, J. Phys. Chem. A, 116, 6059–6067.
53. Kirchstetter, T. W., T. Novakov, and P. V. Hobbs (2004), Evidence that the spectral dependence of light absorption by aerosols is affected by organic carbon, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D21208, doi:10.1029/2004JD004999.
54. Kirillova, E. N., A. Andersson, J. Han, M. Lee, and Ö. Gustafsson (2014), Sources and light absorption of water-soluble organic carbon aerosols in the outflow from northern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1413–1422, doi:10.5194/acp-14-1413-2014.
55. Lack, D. A., J. M. Langridge, R. Bahreini, C. D. Cappa, A. M. Middlebrook, and J. P. Schwarz (2012), Brown carbon and internal mixing in biomass burning particles, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109, 14,802–14,807, doi:10.1073/pnas.1206575109.
56. Lambe, A. T., et al. (2013), Relationship between oxidation level and optical properties of secondary organic aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 6349–6357, doi:10.1021/es401043j.
57. Lawrence, D., et al. (2011), Parameterization improvements and functional and structural advances in version 4 of the Community Land Model, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 3, M03001, doi:10.1029/2011MS000045.
58. Liao, H., and J. H. Seinfeld (2005), Global impacts of gas-phase chemistry-aerosol interactions on direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic aerosols and ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D18208, doi:10.1029/2005JD005907.
59. Lim, H. J., A. G. Carlton, and B. J. Turpin (2005), Isoprene forms secondary organic aerosol through cloud processing: Model simulations, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39(6), 4441–4446.
60. Limbeck, A., M. Kulmala, and H. Puxbaum (2003), Secondary organic aerosol formation in the atmosphere via heterogeneous reaction of gaseous isoprene on acidic particles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(19), 1996, doi:10.1029/2003GL017738.
61. Lin, G. (2013), Global modeling of secondary organic aerosol formation: From atmospheric chemistry to climate, PhD thesis, Univ. of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor.
62. Lin, G., J. E. Penner, S. Sillman, D. Taraborrelli, and J. Lelieveld (2012), Global modeling of SOA formation from dicarbonyls, epoxides, organic nitrates and peroxides, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 4743–4774, doi:10.5194/acp-12-4743-2012.
63. Lin, G., S. Sillman, J. E. Penner, and A. Ito (2014), Global modeling of SOA: The use of different mechanisms for aqueous phase formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5451–5475, doi:10.5194/acp-14-5451-2014.
64. Liu, J., et al. (2014), Brown carbon in the continental troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 2191–2195, doi:10.1002/2013GL058976.
65. Liu, X. H., J. E. Penner, and M. Herzog (2005), Global modeling of aerosol dynamics: Model description, evaluation, and interactions between sulfate and nonsulfate aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D18206, doi:10.1029/2004JD005674.
66. Liu, X. H., J. Penner, S. Ghan, and M. Wang (2007), Inclusion of ice micro- physics in the NCAR Community Atmospheric Model Version 3 (CAM3), J. Clim., 20, 4526–4547.
67. Marley, N. A., et al. (2009), The impact of biogenic carbon sources on aerosol absorption in Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9(5), 1537–1549, doi:10.5194/acp-9-1537-2009.
68. Metzger, A., et al. (2010), Evidence for the role of organics in aerosol particle formation under atmospheric conditions, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107(15), 6646–6651.
69. Ming, Y., V. Ramaswamy, P. A. Ginoux, and L. H. Horowitz (2005), Direct radiative forcing of anthropogenic organic aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D20208, doi:10.1029/2004JD005573.
70. Myhre, G., et al. (2013), Radiative forcing of the direct aerosol effect from AeroCom Phase II simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13(4), 1853–1877, doi:10.5194/acp-13-1853-2013.
71. Naik, V., et al. (2013), Preindustrial to present day changes in tropospheric hydroxyl radical and methane lifetime from the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5277–5298, doi:10.5194/acp-13-5277-2013.
72. Nakayama, T., Y. Matsumi, K. Sato, T. Imamura, A. Yamazaki, and A. Uchiyama (2010), Laboratory studies on optical properties of secondary organic aerosols generated during the photooxidation of toluene and the ozonolysis of α-pinene, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D24204, doi:10.1029/2010JD014387.
73. Nakayama, T., K. Sato, Y. Matsumi, T. Imamura, A. Yamazaki, and A. Uchiyama (2012), Wavelength dependence of refractive index of secondary organic aerosols generated during the ozonolysis and photooxidation of α-pinene, SOLA, 8, 119–123, doi:10.2151/sola.2012-030.
74. x dependent complex refractive index of SOAs generated from the photooxidation of toluene, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13(2), 531–545, doi:10.5194/acp-13-531-2013.
75. Ocko, I. B., V. Ramaswamy, and P. Ginoux (2012), Sensitivity of scattering and absorbing aerosol direct radiative forcing to physical climate factors, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D20203, doi:10.1029/2012JD018019.
76. O’Dowd, C. D., B. Langmann, S. Varghese, C. Scannell, D. Ceburnis, and M. C. Facchini (2008), A combined organic inorganic sea-spray source function, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L01801, doi:10.1029/2007GL030331.
77. Oleson, K. W., et al. (2010), Technical description of version 4.0 of the Community Land Model, NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-478+STR, 257 pp.
78. Paulot, F., J. D. Crounse, H. G. Kjaergaard, A. Kurten, J. M. St Clair, J. H. Seinfeld, and P. O. Wennberg (2009), Unexpected epoxide formation in the gas-phase photooxidation of isoprene, Science, 325(5941), 730–733.
79. Peeters, J., T. L. Nguyen, and L. Vereecken (2009), HOx radical regeneration in the oxidation of isoprene, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 11(28), 5935–5939.
80. Penner, J. E., S. Y. Zhang, and C. C. Chuang (2003), Soot and smoke aerosol may not warm climate, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D21), 4657, doi:10.1029/2003JD003409.
81. Penner, J. E., L. Xu, and M. Wang (2011a), Satellite methods underestimate indirect climate forcing by aerosols, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 108, 13,404–13,408.
82. Penner, J. E., C. Zhou, L. Xu, and M. Wang (2011b), Reply to Quaas et al.: Can satellites be used to estimate indirect climate forcing by aerosols?, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 108, E1100–E1101, doi:10.1073/pnas.1116135108.
83. Prather, M., C. Holmes, and J. Hsu (2012), Reactive greenhouse gas scenarios: Systematic exploration of uncertainties and the role of atmospheric chemistry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L09803, doi:10.1029/2012GL051440.
84. Rotstayn, L. D., and Y. G. Liu (2003), Sensitivity of the first indirect aerosol effect to an increase of cloud droplet spectral dispersion with droplet number concentration, J. Clim., 16(21), 3476–3481.
85. Saleh, R., C. J. Hennigan, G. R. McMeeking, W. K. Chuang, E. S. Robinson, H. Coe, N. M. Donahue, and A. L. Robinson (2013), Absorptivity of brown carbon in fresh and photo-chemically aged biomass-burning emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13(15), 7683–7693, doi:10.5194/acp-13-7683-2013.
86. Sareen, N., S. G. Moussa, and V. F. McNeill (2013), Photochemical aging of light-absorbing secondary organic aerosol material, J. Phys. Chem. A, 117(14), 2987–2996.
87. Schulz, M., et al. (2006), Radiative forcing by aerosols as derived from the AeroCom present-day and pre-industrial simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6(12), 5225–5246, doi:10.5194/acp-6-5225-2006.
88. Scott, C. E., et al. (2014), The direct and indirect radiative effects of biogenic secondary organic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 447–470, doi:10.5194/acp-14-447-2014.
89. Shapiro, E. L., J. Szprengiel, N. Sareen, C. N. Jen, M. R. Giordano, and V. F. McNeill (2009), Light-absorbing secondary organic material formed by glyoxal in aqueous aerosol mimics, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9(7), 2289–2300, doi:10.5194/acp-9-2289-2009.
90. Smith, S. J., H. Pitcher, and T. M. L. Wigley (2001), Global and regional anthropogenic sulfur dioxide emissions, Global Planet. Change, 29(1–2), 99–119, doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(00)00057-6.
91. Spracklen, D. V., et al. (2011), Aerosol mass spectrometer constraint on the global secondary organic aerosol budget, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11(23), 12,109–12,136.
92. Takemura, T., T. Nozawa, S. Emori, T. Y. Nakajima, and T. Nakajima (2005), Simulation of climate response to aerosol direct and indirect effects with aerosol transport-radiation model, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D02202, doi:10.1029/2004JD005029.
93. Trainic, M., A. Abo Riziq, A. Lavi, J. M. Flores, and Y. Rudich (2011), The optical, physical and chemical properties of the products of glyoxal uptake on ammonium sulfate seed aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11(18), 9697–9707, doi:10.5194/acp-11-9697-2011.
94. Tsigaridis, K., M. Krol, F. J. Dentener, Y. Balkanski, J. Lathiere, S. Metzger, D. A. Hauglustaine, and M. Kanakidou (2006), Change in global aerosol composition since preindustrial times, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5143–5162.
95. Turpin, B. J., and H. J. Lim (2001), Species contributions to PM2. 5 mass concentrations: Revisiting common assumptions for estimating organic mass, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 35, 602–610.
96. Updyke, K. M., T. B. Nguyen, and S. A. Nizkorodov (2012), Formation of brown carbon via reactions of ammonia with secondary organic aerosols from biogenic and anthropogenic precursors, Atmos. Environ., 63, 22–31, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.09.012.
97. van Aardenne, J. A., F. J. Dentener, J. G. J. Olivier, C. G. M. Klein Goldewijk, and J. Lelieveld (2001), A 1 × 1 degree resolution dataset of historical anthropogenic trace gas emissions for the period 1890–1990, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 15, 909–928, doi:10.1029/2000GB001265.
98. Wang, M. H., and J. E. Penner (2009), Aerosol indirect forcing in a global model with particle nucleation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9(1), 239–260.
99. Wang, M. H., J. E. Penner, and X. H. Liu (2009), Coupled IMPACT aerosol and NCAR CAM3 model: Evaluation of predicted aerosol number and size distribution, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D06302, doi:10.1029/2008JD010459.
100. Wang, Y. H., D. J. Jacob, and J. A. Logan (1998), Global simulation of tropospheric O-3-NOx-hydrocarbon chemistry 1. Model formulation, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 10,713–10,725, doi:10.1029/98JD00158.
101. Waxman, E. M., K. Dzepina, B. Ervens, J. Lee-Taylor, B. Aumont, J. L. Jimenez, S. Madronich, and R. Volkamer (2013), Secondary organic aerosol formation from semi- and intermediate-volatility organic compounds and glyoxal: Relevance of O/C as a tracer for aqueous multiphase chemistry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 978–982, doi:10.1002/grl.50203.
102. Woo, J. L., D. D. Kim, A. N. Schwier, R. Li, and V. F. McNeill (2013), Aqueous aerosol SOA formation: Impact on aerosol physical properties, Faraday Discuss., 165, 357–367.
103. Yang, M., S. G. Howell, and J. Zhuang (2009), Attribution of aerosol light absorption to black carbon, brown carbon, and dust in China– interpretations of atmospheric measurements during EAST-AIRE, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2035–2050, doi:10.5194/acp-9-2035-2009.
104. Young, P. J., et al. (2013), Pre-industrial to end 21st century projections of tropospheric ozone from the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13(4), 2063–2090, doi:10.5194/acp-13-2063-2013.
105. Yun, Y., J. E. Penner, and O. Popovicheva (2013), The effects of hygroscopicity on ice nucleation of fossil fuel combustion aerosols in mixed-phase clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4339–4348, doi:10.5194/acp-13-4339-2013.
106. Zhang, Q., et al. (2007), Ubiquity and dominance of oxygenated species in organic aerosols in anthropogenically-influenced Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L13801, doi:10.1029/2007GL029979.
107. Zhang, S., J. E. Penner, and O. Torres (2005), Inverse modeling of biomass burning emissions using Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer aerosol index for 1997, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D21306, doi:10.1029/2004JD005738.
108. Zhang, X., Y.-H. Lin, J. D. Surratt, P. Zotter, A. S. H. Prévôt, and R. J. Weber (2011), Light-absorbing soluble organic aerosol in Los Angeles and Atlanta: A contrast in secondary organic aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L21810, doi:10.1029/2011GL049385.
109. Zhang, X., Y.-H. Lin, J. D. Surratt, and R. J. Weber (2013), Sources, composition and absorption angström exponent of light-absorbing organic components in aerosol extracts from the Los Angeles Basin, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47(8), 3685–3693.
110. Zhong, M., and M. Jang (2011), Light absorption coefficient measurement of SOA using a UV–Visible spectrometer connected with an integrating sphere, Atmos. Environ., 45, 4263–4271.