Reduced empathic concern leads to utilitarian moral judgments in trait alexithymia

Frontiers in Psychology

Volumn 5, Issue MAY, 2014, Pages

  Patil, Indrajeet ^a   Silani, Giorgia ^a  

^a SISSA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Alexithymia; Empathic concern; Empathy; Moral dilemma; Moral judgment; Utilitarianism

Indexed keywords

EID: 84904471983     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16641078     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00501     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Adèr, H. J., Mellenbergh, G. J., and Hand, D. J. (2008). Advising on Research Methods: A Consultant's Companion. Huizen: Johannes van Kessel Publishing.
2. Albiero, P., Ingoglia, S., and Lo Coco, A. (2006). Contributo all'adattamento italiano dell'Interpersonal Reactivity Index [A contribution to the Italian validation of the interpersonal reactivity index]. Test. Psicom. Methodol. 13, 107-125.
3. Bagby, R. M., Taylor, G. J., and Parker, J. D. A. (1994). The Twenty-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale: II. Convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity. J. Psychosom. Res. 38, 33-40. doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(94)90006-X
4. Bagby, R. M., Taylor, G. J., and Ryan, D. (1986). Toronto Alexithymia Scale: relationship with personality and psychopathology measures. Psychother. Psychosom. 45, 207-215. doi: 10.1159/000287950
5. Baron, J. (2013). Moral Judgment, CRT, Reflection-Impulsivity, Actively Open-Minded Thinking, and Religion. Available online at: http://finzi.psych.upenn.edu/~baron/talks/dp13.pdf
6. Bartels, D., and Pizarro, D. A. (2011). The mismeasure of morals: antisocial personality traits predict utilitarian responses to moral dilemmas. Cognition 121, 154-161. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2011.05.010
7. Bartels, D. M. (2008). Principled moral sentiment and the flexibility of moral judgment and decision making. Cognition 108, 381-417. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2008.03.001
8. Bird, G., and Cook, R. (2013). Mixed emotions: the contribution of alexithymia to the emotional symptoms of autism. Transl. Psychiatry 3, e285; doi: 10.1038/tp.2013.61
9. Bird, G., Silani, G., Brindley, R., White, S., Frith, U., and Singer, T. (2010). Empathic brain responses in insula are modulated by levels of alexithymia but not autism. Brain 133, 1515-1525. doi: 10.1093/brain/awq060
10. Blair, R. J. R. (1995). A cognitive developmental approach to morality: investigating the psychopath. Cognition 57, 1-29. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(95)00676-P
11. Bressi, C., Taylor, G., Parker, J., Bressi, S., Brambilla, V., Aguglia, E., et al. (1996). Cross validation of the factor structure of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale: an Italian multicenter study. J. Psychosom. Res. 41, 551-559. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3999(96)00228-0
12. Bzdok, D., Schilbach, L., Vogeley, K., Schneider, K., Laird, A. R., Langner, R., et al. (2012). Parsing the neural correlates of moral cognition: ALE meta-analysis on morality, theory of mind, and empathy. Brain Struct. Funct. 217, 783-796. doi: 10.1007/s00429-012-0380-y
13. Carney, D. R., and Mason, M. F. (2010). Decision making and testosterone: when the ends justify the means. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 46, 668-671. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.02.003
14. Chiong, W., Wilson, S. M., D'esposito, M., Kayser, A. S., Grossman, S. N., Poorzand, P., et al. (2013). The salience network causally influences default mode network activity during moral reasoning. Brain 136, 1929-1941. doi: 10.1093/brain/awt066
15. Choe, S. Y., and Min, K.-H. (2011). Who makes utilitarian judgments? The influences of emotions on utilitarian judgments. Judg. Decis. Making 6, 580-592.
16. Christensen, J. F., and Gomila, A. (2012). Moral dilemmas in cognitive neuroscience of moral decision-making: a principled review. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 36, 1249-1264. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.02.008
17. Ciaramelli, E., Muccioli, M., Ladavas, E., and di Pellegrino, G. (2007). Selective deficit in personal moral judgment following damage to ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 2, 84-92. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsm001
18. Cikara, M., Farnsworth, R. A., Harris, L. T., and Fiske, S. T. (2010). On the wrong side of the trolley track: neural correlates of relative social valuation. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 5, 404-413. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsq011
19. Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychol. Bull. 112, 155-159. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
20. Conway, P., and Gawronski, B. (2013). Deontological and utilitarian inclinations in moral decision making: a process dissociation approach. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 104, 216-235. doi: 10.1037/a0031021
21. Côte, S., Pif, P. K., and Willer, R. (2013). For whom do the ends justify the means? Social class and utilitarian moral judgment. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 104, 490-503. doi: 10.1037/a0030931
22. Crockett, M., Clark, L., Hauser, M., and Robbins, T. (2010). Serotonin selectively influences moral judgment and behaviour through effects on harm aversion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 17433-17438. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1009396107
23. Cumming, G. (2014). The new statistics: why and how. Psychol. Sci. 25, 7-29. doi: 10.1177/0956797613504966
24. Cummins, D. D., and Cummins, R. C. (2012). Emotion and deliberative reasoning in moral judgment. Front. Psychol. 3:3. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00328
25. Cushman, F. A., Gray, K., Gaffey, A., and Mendes, W. B. (2012). Simulating Murder: the aversion to harmful action. Emotion 12, 2-7. doi: 10.1037/a0025071
26. Cushman, F. A., Young, L., and Hauser, M. D. (2006). The role of reasoning and intuition in moral judgments: testing three principles of harm. Psychol. Sci. 17, 1082-1089. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01834.x Davis, M. H. (1980). A multi-dimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog Sel. Doc. Psychol. 10:10.
27. Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: evidence for a multidimensional approach. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 44, 113-126. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
28. Decety, J. (2014). "The neuroevolution of empathy and caring for others: why it matters for morality," in New Frontiers in Social Neuroscience, eds J. Decety and Y. Christen (New York, NY: Springer), 127-151.
29. Decety, J., and Sommerville, J. A. (2003). Shared representations between self and others: a social cognitive neuroscience view. Trends Cogn. Sci. 7, 527-533. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2003.10.004
30. de Vignemont, F., and Singer, T. (2006). The empathic brain: how, when and why? Trends Cogn. Sci. 10, 435-441. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2006.08.008
31. Djeriouat, H., and Trémolière, B. (2014). The Dark Triad of personality and utilitarian moral judgment: the mediating role of Honesty/Humility and Harm/Care. Pers. Individ. Dif. 67, 11-16. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.12.026.
32. Eyal, T., and Liberman, N. (2012). "Morality and psychological distance: a construal level theory perspective," in The Social Psychology of Morality: Exploring the Causes of Good and Evil, eds M. Mikulincer and P. R. Shaver (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association) 185-202.
33. Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A., and Buchner, A. (2007). G-power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav. Res. Methods 39, 175-191. doi: 10.3758/BF03193146
34. FeldmanHall, O., Dalgleish, T., and Mobbs, D. (2012). Alexithymia decreases altruism in real social decisions. Cortex 49, 899-904. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.10.015
35. Fritz, C. O., Morris, P. E., and Richler, J. J. (2012). Effect size estimates: current use, calculations, and interpretation. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 141, 2-18. doi: 10.1037/a0024338
36. Gao, Y., and Tang, S. (2013). Psychopathic personality and utilitarian moral judgment in college students. J. Crim. Justice 41, 342-349. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2013.06.012
37. Gleichgerrcht, E., Torralva, T., Rattazzi, A., Marenco, V., Roca, M., and Manes, F. (2013). Selective impairment of cognitive empathy for moral judgment in adults with high functioning autism. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 8, 780-788. doi: 10.1093/scan/nss067
38. Gleichgerrcht, E., Torralva, T., Roca, M., Pose, M., and Manes, F. (2011). The role of social cognition in moral judgement in frontotemporal dementia. Soc. Neurosci. 6, 113-122. doi: 10.1080/17470919.2010.506751
39. Gleichgerrcht, E., and Young, L. (2013). Low levels of empathic concern predict utilitarian moral judgment. PLoS ONE 8:8. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060418
40. Glenn, A. L., Koleva, S., Iyer, R., Graham, J., and Ditto, P. H. (2010). Moral identity in psychopathy. Judg. Decis. Making 5, 497-505.
41. Gohm, C. L. (2003). Mood regulation and emotional intelligence: individual differences. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 84, 594-607. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.594
42. Greene, J. D. (2007). "The secret joke of Kant's soul," in Moral Psychology, Vol. 3. The Neuroscience of Morality: Emotion, Disease, and Development, ed W. Sinnott-Armstrong (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 35-79.
43. Greene, J. D. (in press). Beyond point-and-shoot morality: why cognitive (neuro)science matters for ethics. Ethics.
44. Greene, J. D., Cushman, F. A., Stewart, L. E., Lowenberg, K., Nystrom, L. E., and Cohen, J. D. (2009). Pushing moral buttons: the interaction between personal force and intention in moral judgment. Cognition 111, 364-371. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2009.02.001
45. Greene, J. D., Morelli, S. A., Lowenberg, K., Nystrom, L. E., and Cohen, J. D. (2008). Cognitive load selectively interferes with utilitarian moral judgment. Cognition 107, 1144-1154. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2007.11.004
46. Greene, J. D., Nystrom, L. E., Engell, A. D., Darley, J. M., and Cohen, J. D. (2004). The neural bases of cognitive conflict and control in moral judgment. Neuron 44, 389-400. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.09.027
47. Greene, J. D., Sommerville, R. B., Nystrom, L. E., Darley, J. M., and Cohen, J. D. (2001). An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science 293, 2105-2108. doi: 10.1126/science.1062872
48. Grynberg, D., Luminet, O., Corneille, O., Grezes, J., and Berthoz, S. (2010). Alexithymia in the interpersonal domain: a general deficit of empathy? Pers. Individ. Dif. 49, 845-850. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.013
49. Guttman, H., and Laporte, L. (2002). Alexithymia, empathy, and psychological symptoms in a family context. Compr. Psychiatry 43, 448-455. doi: 10.1053/comp.2002.35905
50. Haidt, J., and Joseph, C. (2004). Intuitive ethics: how innately prepared intuitions generate culturally variable virtues. Daedalus 133, 55-66. doi: 10.1162/0011526042365555
51. Hauser, M., Cushman, F., Young, L., Jin, R. K-X., and Mikhail, J. (2007). A dissociation between moral judgment and justification. Mind Lang. 22, 1-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0017.2006.00297.x Helion, C., and Pizarro, D. A. (in press). "Beyond dual-processes: the interplay of reason and emotion in moral judgment," in Springer Handbook for Neuroethics, eds N. Levy and J. Clausen (Springer Press).
52. Hill, E., Berthoz, S., and Frith, U. (2004). Brief report: cognitive processing of own emotions in individuals with autistic spectrum disorder and in their relatives. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 34, 229-235. doi: 10.1023/B:JADD.0000022613.41399.14
53. Hoffman, M. L. (2001). Empathy and Moral Development: Implications for Caring and Justice. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
54. Hooker, C. I., Verosky, S. C., Germine, L. T., Knight, R. T., and D'Esposito, M. (2008). Mentalizing about emotion and its relationship to empathy. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 3, 204-217. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsn019
55. Hosmer, D. W., and Lemeshow, S. (2004). Applied Logistic Regression, 2nd Edn. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.
56. Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2005). Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Med. 2:2. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124
57. Jack, A. I., Robbins, P. A., Friedman, J. P., and Meyers, C. D. (2014). "More than a feeling: counterintuitive effects of compassion on moral judgment," in Advances in Experimental Philosophy of Mind, ed J. Sytsma (London: Continuum Press), 102-125.
58. Jeurissen, D., Sack, A. T., Roebroeck, A., Russ, B. E., and Pascual-Leone, A. (2014). TMS affects moral judgment, showing the role of DLPFC and TPJ in cognitive and emotional processing. Front. Neurosci. 8:8. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00018
59. Jonason, P. K., and Krause, L. (2013). The emotional deficits associated with the Dark Triad traits: cognitive empathy, affective empathy, and alexithymia. Pers. Individ. Dif. 55, 532-537. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.04.027
60. Kant, I. (1785/2005). The Moral Law: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, 2nd Edn. London: Routledge.
61. Kawai, N., Kubo, K., and Kubo-Kawai, N. (2014). "Granny dumping": acceptability of sacrificing the elderly in a simulated moral dilemma. Jpn. Psychol. Res. doi: 10.1111/jpr.12049. [Epub ahead of print].
62. Killgore, W. D., Killgore, D. B., Day, L. M., Li, C., Kamimori, G. H., and Balkin, T. J. (2007). The effects of 53 hours of sleep deprivation on moral judgment. Sleep 30, 345-352.
63. Kirby, K. N., and Gerlanc, D. (2013). BootES: an R package for bootstrap confidence intervals on effect sizes. Behav. Res. Methods 45, 905-927. doi: 10.3758/s13428-013-0330-5
64. Koenigs, M., Kruepke, M., Zeier, J., and Newman, J. P. (2012). Utilitarian moral judgment in psychopathy. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 7, 708-714. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsr048
65. Koenigs, M., Young, L., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Cushman, F., Hauser, M., et al. (2007). Damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian moral judgements. Nature 446, 908-911. doi: 10.1038/nature05631
66. Koven, N. S. (2011). Specificity of meta-emotion effects on moral decision-making. Emotion 11, 1255-1261. doi: 10.1037/a0025616
67. Lamm, C., Decety, J., and Singer, T. (2011). Meta-analytic evidence for common and distinct neural networks associated with directly experienced pain and empathy for pain. Neuroimage 54, 2492-2502. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.014
68. Langdon, R., and Delmas, K. (2012). "Moral reasoning and psychopathic tendencies in the general community," in Emotions, Imagination, and Moral Reasoning: Macquarie Monographs in Cognitive Science, eds R. Langdon, and C. Mackenzie (New York, NY: Psychology Press), 91-118.
69. Liberman, N., Trope, Y., and Stephan, E. (2007). "Psychological distance," in Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles, 2nd Edn, eds A. W. Kruglanski and E. T. Higgins (New York, NY: Guilford Press), 353-381.
70. Loas, G., Corcos, M., Stephan, P., Pellet, J., Bizouard, P., Venisse, J. L., et al. (2001). Factorial structure of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Confirmatory factorial analyses in nonclinical and clinical sample. J. Psychosom. Res. 50, 255-261. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3999(01)00197-0
71. Lockwood, P. L., Bird, G., Bridge, M., and Viding, E. (2013). Dissecting empathy: high levels of psychopathic and autistic traits are characterised by difficulties in different social information processing domains. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7:7. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00760
72. MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., and Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychol. Methods 7, 83-104. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.83
73. Majdandžić, J., Bauer, H., Windischberger, C., Moser, E., Engl, E., and Lamm, C. (2012). The human factor: behavioral and neural correlates of humanized perception in moral decision making. PLoS ONE 7:7. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047698
74. Martins, A. T., Faisca, L. M., Esteves, F., Muresan, A., and Reis, A. (2012). Atypical moral judgment following traumatic brain injury. Judg. Decis. Making 7, 478-487.
75. McIlwain, D., Evans, J., Caldis, E., Cicchini, F., Aronstan, A., Wright, A., et al. (2012). "Strange moralities: vicarious emotion and moral emotions in machiavellian and psychopathic personality styles," in Emotions, Imagination, and Moral Reasoning: Macquarie Monographs in Cognitive Science, eds R. Langdon and C. Mackenzie (New York, NY: Psychology Press), 117-146.
76. Mendez, M. F., Anderson, E., and Shapria, J. S. (2005). An investigation of moral judgment in frontotemporal dementia. Cogn. Behav. Neurol. 18, 193-197. doi: 10.1097/01.wnn.0000191292.17964.bb
77. Mendez, M. F., and Shapira, J. S. (2009). Altered emotional morality in frontotemporal dementia. Cogn. Neuropsychiatry 14, 165-179. doi: 10.1080/13546800902924122
78. Mikhail, J. (2007). Universal moral grammar: theory, evidence, and the future. Trends Cogn. Sci. 11, 143-152. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2006.12.007
79. Mill, J. S. (1863/1998). Utilitarianism, ed R. Crisp (New York, NY: Oxford University Press).
80. Miller, R. M., and Cushman, F. A. (2013). Aversive for me, wrong for you: first-person behavioral aversions underlie the moral condemnation of harm. Soc. Pers. Psychol. Compass 7, 707-718. doi: 10.1111/spc3.12066
81. Miller, R. M., Hannikainen, I., and Cushman, F. A. (2014). Bad actions or bad outcomes? Differentiating affective contributions to the moral condemnation of harm. Emotion. doi: 10.1037/a0035361. [Epub ahead of print].
82. Montoya, E. R., Terburg, D., Bos, P. A., Will, G.-J., Buskens, V., et al. (2013). Testosterone administration modulates moral judgments depending on second-to-fourth digit ratio. Psychoneuroendocrinology 38, 1362-1369. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.12.001
83. Moore, A., Clark, B., and Kane, M. (2008). Who shalt not kill? Individual differences in working memory capacity, executive control, and moral judgment. Psychol. Sci. 19, 549-557. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02122.x
84. Moretto, G., Làdavas, E., Mattioli, F., and di Pellegrino, G. (2010). A psychophysiological investigation of moral judgment after ventromedial prefrontal damage. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 22, 1888-1899. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21367
85. Moriguchi, Y., Decety, J., Ohnishi, T., Maeda, M., Mori, T., Nemoto, K., et al. (2007). Empathy and judging other's pain: an fMRI study of alexithymia. Cereb. Cortex 17, 2223-2234. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhl130
86. Nemiah, J. C., Freyberger, H., and Sifneos, P. E. (1976). "Alexithymia: a view of the psychosomatic process," in Modern Trends in Psychosomatic Medicine, ed O. W. Hill. (London: Butterworths), 430-439.
87. Paxton, J. M., Bruni, T., and Greene, J. D. (2013). Are "counter-intuitive" deontological judgments really counter-intuitive? An empirical reply to Kahane et al. 2012. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. doi: 10.1093/scan/nst102. [Epub ahead of print].
88. Paxton, J. M., Ungar, L., and Greene, J. D. (2012). Reflection and reasoning in moral judgment. Cogn. Sci. 36, 163-177. doi: 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2011.01210.x
89. Pizarro, D. A. (2000). Nothing more than feelings? The role of emotions in moral judgment. J. Theory Soc. Behav. 30, 355-375. doi: 10.1111/1468-5914.00135
90. Preacher, K. J., and Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behav. Res. Methods Instr. Comput. 36, 717-731. doi: 10.3758/BF03206553
91. Preacher, K. J., and Hayes, A. F. (2008a). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behav. Res. Methods 40, 879-891. doi: 10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
92. Preacher, K. J., and Hayes, A. F. (2008b). "Contemporary approaches to assessing mediation in communication research," in The Sage Sourcebook of Advanced Data Analysis Methods for Communication Research, eds A. F. Hayes, M. D. Slater, and L. B. Snyder (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage), 13-54. doi: 10.4135/9781452272054.n2
93. Prinz, J. (2011). "Is empathy necessary for morality?," in Empathy: Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives, eds A. Coplan and P. Goldie (Oxford University Press), 211-229. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199539956.003.0014
94. Royzman, E. B., Landy, J. F., and Leeman, R. F. (in press). Are thoughtful people more utilitarian? CRT as a unique predictor of moral minimalism in the dilemmatic context. Cogn. Sci.
95. Sarlo, M., Lotto, L., Rumiati, R., and Palomba, D. (2014). If it makes you feel bad, don't do it! Egoistic rather than altruistic empathy modulates neural and behavioral responses in moral dilemmas. Physiol. Behav. 130, 127-134. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.04.002
96. Seara-Cardoso, A., Dolberg, H., Neumann, C., Roiser, J. P., and Viding, E. (2013). Empathy, morality and psychopathic traits in women. Pers. Individ. Dif. 55, 328-333. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.03.011
97. Sevinc, G., and Spreng, R. N. (2014). Contextual and perceptual brain processes underlying moral cognition: a quantitative meta-analysis of moral reasoning and moral emotions. PLoS ONE 9:9. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087427
98. Shenhav, A., and Greene, J. D. (2014). Integrative moral judgment: dissociating the roles of the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. J. Neurosci. 34, 4741-4749. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3390-13.2014
99. Singer, T., and Lamm, C. (2009). The social neuroscience of empathy. Year Cogn. Neurosci. 2009 Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1156, 81-96. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04418.x
100. Silani, G., Bird, G., Brindley, R., Singer, T., Frith, C., and Frith, U. (2008). Levels of emotional awareness and autism: an fMRI study. Soc. Neurosci. 3, 97-112. doi: 10.1080/17470910701577020
101. Starcke, K., Ludwig, A. C., and Brand, M. (2012). Anticipatory stress interferes with utilitarian moral judgment. Judgm. Decis. Making 7, 61-68.
102. Suter, R. S., and Hertwig, R. (2011). Time and moral judgment. Cognition 119, 454-458. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2011.01.018
103. Swart, M., Kortekaas, R., and Aleman, A. (2009). Dealing with feelings: characterization of trait alexithymia on emotion regulation strategies and cognitive-emotional processing. PLoS ONE 4:4. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005751
104. Szekelya, R. D., and Miu, A. C. (2014). Incidental emotions in moral dilemmas: the influence of emotion regulation. Cogn. Emot. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2014.895300. [Epub ahead of print].
105. Taber-Thomas, B. C., Asp, E. W., Koenigs, M., Sutterer, M., Anderson, S. W., and Tranel, D. (2014). Arrested development: early prefrontal lesions impair the maturation of moral judgment. Brain 137(PT 4) 1254-1261. doi: 10.1093/brain/awt377
106. Tassy, S., Deruelle, C., Mancini, J., Leistedt, S., and Wicker, B. (2013). High levels of psychopathic traits alters moral choice but not moral judgment. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7:229. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00229
107. Tassy, S., Oullier, O., Duclos, Y., Coulon, O., Mancini, J., Deruelle, C., et al. (2012). Disrupting the right prefrontal cortex alters moral judgement. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 7, 282-288. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsr008
108. Tempesta, D., Couyoumdjian, A., Moroni, F., Marzano, C., De Gennaro, L., and Ferrara, M. (2011). The impact of one night of sleep deprivation on moral judgments. Soc. Neurosci. 7, 292-300. doi: 10.1080/17470919.2011.614002
109. Terbeck, S., Kahane, G., McTavish, S., Levi, N., Savulescu, J., Cowen, P., et al. (2013). Beta-Adrenergic Blockade Reduces Utilitarian Judgment. Biol. Psychol. 92, 323-328. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.09.005
110. Thomas, B. C., Croft, K. E., and Tranel, D. (2011). Harming kin to save strangers: further evidence for abnormally utilitarian moral judgments after ventromedial prefrontal damage. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 23, 2186-2196. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2010.21591
111. Thomson, J. J. (1985). The trolley problem. Yale Law J. 94, 1395-1415. doi: 10.2307/796133
112. Timoney, L. R., and Holder, M. D. (2013). Emotional Processing Deficits and Happiness: Assessing the Measurement, Correlates, and Well-Being of People with Alexithymia, Dordrecht: Springer, 35-39. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-7177-2_5
113. Trémolière, B., and Bonnefon, J. F. (2014). Efficient Kill-Save Ratios Ease Up the Cognitive Demands on Counterintuitive Moral Utilitarianism. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. doi: 10.1177/0146167214530436. [Epub ahead of print].
114. Trémolière, B., and De Neys, W. (2013). Methodological concerns in moral judgment research: severity of harm shapes moral decisions. J. Cogn. Psychol. 25, 989-993. doi: 10.1080/20445911.2013.841169
115. Trémolière, B., De Neys, W., and Bonnefon, J.-F. (2012). Mortality salience and morality: thinking about death makes people less utilitarian. Cognition 124, 379-384. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2012.05.011
116. Ugazio, G., Majdandžić, J., and Lamm, C. (in press). "Are empathy and morality linked? Insights from moral psychology, social and decision neuroscience, and philosophy," in Empathy in Morality, ed H. Maibom (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 155-171.
117. Wiech, K., Kahane, G., Shackel, N., Farias, M., Savulescu, J., and Tracey, I. (2013). Cold or calculating? Reduced activity in the subgenual cingulate reflects decreased aversion to harming in counterintuitive utilitarian judgment. Cognition 126, 364-372. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2012.11.002
118. Wiegmann, A., and Waldmann, M. R. (2014). Transfer effects between moral dilemmas: a causal model theory. Cognition 131, 28-43. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.12.004
119. Wingbermühle, E., Theunissen, H., Verhoeven, W. M. A., Kessels, R. P. C., and Egger, J. I. M. (2012). The neurocognition of alexithymia: evidence from neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies. Acta Neuropsychiatrica 24, 67-80. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00613.x
120. Youssef, F. F., Dookeeram, K., Basdeo, V., Francis, E., Doman, M., Mamed, D., et al. (2012). Stress alters personal moral decision making. Psychoneuroendocrinology 37, 491-498. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.07.017