Parsing the neural correlates of moral cognition: ALE meta-analysis on morality, theory of mind, and empathy

Brain Structure and Function

Volumn 217, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 783-796

  Bzdok, Danilo ^a,b,c   Schilbach, Leonhard ^a,d,e   Vogeley, Kai ^b,e   Schneider, Karla ^c   Laird, Angela R ^f   Langner, Robert ^a,b,c   Eickhoff, Simon B ^a,b,c,g  

^a RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JÜLICH   (Germany)

^c Julich Aachen Research Alliance JARA   (Germany)

^d MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR NEUROLOGICAL RESEARCH   (Germany)

^e UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

^f UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

^g HEINRICH HEINE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

ALE; Empathy; Meta analysis; Moral cognition; Social cognition; Theory of mind (ToM)

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHM; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; COGNITION; EMPATHY; EPISODIC MEMORY; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; INFERIOR FRONTAL GYRUS; INSULA; MIDDLE TEMPORAL GYRUS; MORALITY; NEUROIMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROBABILITY; SEMANTICS; SOCIAL COGNITION; SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR AREA; THALAMUS; THEORY OF MIND; VENTROMEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX;

BRAIN MAPPING; COGNITION; EMPATHY; FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING; HUMANS; LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS; MORALS; NERVE NET; THEORY OF MIND;

EID: 84871231137     PISSN: 18632653     EISSN: 18632661     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00429-012-0380-y     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. Amodio DM, Frith CD (2006) Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 7(4):268-277. doi:10.1038/nrn1884
2. Amunts K, Schleicher A, Burgel U, Mohlberg H, Uylings HB, Zilles K (1999) Broca's region revisited: cytoarchitecture and intersubject variability. J Comp Neurol 412(2):319-341. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990920)412:2\319:AID- CNE10[3.0.CO;2-7 (Pubitemid 29395368)
3. Amunts K, Kedo O, Kindler M, Pieperhoff P, Mohlberg H, Shah NJ, Habel U, Schneider F, Zilles K (2005) Cytoarchitectonic mapping of the human amygdala, hippocampal region and entorhinal cortex: intersubject variability and probability maps. Anat Embryol (Berl) 210(5-6):343-352. doi:10.1007/s00429-005- 0025-5 (Pubitemid 41754499)
4. Anderson SW, Bechara A, Damasio H, Tranel D, Damasio AR (1999) Impairment of social and moral behavior related to early damage in human prefrontal cortex. Nat Neurosci 2(11):1032-1037. doi:10.1038/14833 (Pubitemid 30599569)
5. Aristotle (1985) Nicomachean Ethics. Hackett, Indianapolis
6. Ball T, Rahm B, Eickhoff SB, Schulze-Bonhage A, Speck O, Mutschler I (2007) Response properties of human amygdala subregions: evidence based on functional MRI combined with probabilistic anatomical maps. PLoS One 2(3):e307. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000307
7. Bar M (2007) The proactive brain: using analogies and associations to generate predictions. Trends Cogn Sci 11(7):280-289. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.05. 005 (Pubitemid 46962332)
8. Binder JR, Desai RH, Graves WW, Conant LL (2009) Where is the semantic system? A critical review and meta-analysis of 120 functional neuroimaging studies. Cereb Cortex 19(12):2767-2796. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp055
9. Blair RJ (2007) The amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in morality and psychopathy. Trends Cogn Sci 11(9):387-392. doi:10.1016/j.tics. 2007.07.003 (Pubitemid 47332249)
10. Boyer P (2008) Evolutionary economics of mental time travel? Trends Cogn Sci 12(6):219-224. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.03.003
11. Buckner RL, Carroll DC (2007) Self-projection and the brain. Trends Cogn Sci 11(2):49-57. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.004 (Pubitemid 46176697)
12. Bzdok D, Langner R, Caspers S, Kurth F, Habel U, Zilles K, Laird A, Eickhoff SB (2011) ALE meta-analysis on facial judgments of trustworthiness and attractiveness. Brain Struct Funct 215(3-4):209-223. doi:10.1007/s00429-010- 0287-4
13. Bzdok D, Langner R, Hoffstaedter F, Turetsky B, Zilles K, Eickhoff SB (2012) The modular neuroarchitecture of social judgments on faces. Cereb Cortex (in press)
14. Caspers S, Geyer S, Schleicher A, Mohlberg H, Amunts K, Zilles K (2006) The human inferior parietal cortex: cytoarchitectonic parcellation and interindividual variability. Neuroimage 33:430-448 (Pubitemid 44485545)
15. Caspers S, Zilles K, Laird AR, Eickhoff SB (2010) ALE metaanalysis of action observation and imitation in the human brain. Neuroimage 50(3):1148-1167. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.112
16. Cheng Y, Lin CP, Liu HL, Hsu YY, Lim KE, Hung D, Decety J (2007) Expertise modulates the perception of pain in others. Curr Biol 17(19):1708-1713. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.09.020 (Pubitemid 47503814)
17. Cima M, Tonnaer F, Hauser MD (2010) Psychopaths know right from wrong but don't care. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 5:59-67
18. Cleckley H (1941) The mask of sanity: an attempt to clarify some issues about the so-called psychopathic personality. CV Mosby, St. Louis
19. Craig AD (2002) How do you feel? Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body. Nat Rev Neurosci 3(8):655-666. doi:10.1038/Nrn894 (Pubitemid 135706673)
20. Craig AD (2009) How do you feel - now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nat Rev Neurosci 10(1):59-70. doi:10.1038/Nrn2555
21. Cushman F (2008) Crime and punishment: distinguishing the roles of causal and intentional analyses in moral judgment. Cognition 108:353-380
22. D'Argembeau A, Ruby P, Collette F, Degueldre C, Balteau E, Luxen A, Maquet P, Salmon E (2007) Distinct regions of the medial prefrontal cortex are associated with self-referential processing and perspective taking. J Cogn Neurosci 19(6):935-944. doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.6.935 (Pubitemid 46849729)
23. Danziger N, Faillenot I, Peyron R (2009) Can we share a pain we never felt? Neural correlates of empathy in patients with congenital insensitivity to pain. Neuron 61(2):203-212. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.11.023
24. Darwin C (1874/1997) The descent of man. Prometheus Books, New York
25. De Lange FP, Spronk M, Willems RM, Toni I, Bekkering H (2008) Complementary systems for understanding action intentions. Curr Biol 18:454-457
26. Decety J, Jackson PL (2004) The functional architecture of human empathy. Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev 3(2):71-100. doi:10.1177/1534582304267187
27. Decety J, Lamm C (2007) The role of the right temporoparietal junction in social interaction: how low-level computational processes contribute to meta-cognition. Neuroscientist 13(6):580-593. doi:10.1177/1073858407304654 (Pubitemid 350077309)
28. Decety J, Michalska KJ, Kinzler KD (2012) The contribution of emotion and cognition to moral sensitivity: a neurodevelopmental study. Cereb Cortex. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr111
29. Eickhoff SB, Bzdok D (2012) Meta-analyses in basic and clinical neuroscience: State of the art and perspective. In: Ulmer S, Jansen O (eds) fMRI - Basics and Clinical Applications, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin (in press)
30. Eickhoff SB, Stephan KE, Mohlberg H, Grefkes C, Fink GR, Amunts K, Zilles K (2005) A new SPM toolbox for combining probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps and functional imaging data. Neuroimage 25(4):1325-1335. doi:10.1016/j. neuroimage.2004.12.034 (Pubitemid 40591672)
31. Eickhoff SB, Paus T, Caspers S, Grosbras MH, Evans AC, Zilles K, Amunts K (2007) Assignment of functional activations to probabilistic cytoarchitectonic areas revisited. Neuroimage 36(3):511-521. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.060 (Pubitemid 46907638)
32. Eickhoff SB, Laird AR, Grefkes C, Wang LE, Zilles K, Fox PT (2009) Coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation metaanalysis of neuroimaging data: a random-effects approach based on empirical estimates of spatial uncertainty. Hum Brain Mapp 30(9):2907-2926. doi:10.1002/hbm.20718
33. Eickhoff SB, Bzdok D, Laird AR, Roski C, Caspers S, Zilles K, Fox PT (2011) Co-activation patterns distinguish cortical modules, their connectivity and functional differentiation. Neuroimage 57(3):938-949. doi:10.1016/j. neuroimage.2011.05.021
34. Eickhoff SB, Bzdok D, Laird AR, Kurth F, Fox PT (2012) Activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis revisited. Neuroimage. doi:10.1016/j. neuroimage.2011.09.017
35. Eisenberger N (2000) Emotion, regulation, and moral development. Ann Rev Psychol 51:665-697
36. Ekman P (1982) Emotion in the human face. Cambridge University Press, New York
37. Fan Y, Duncan NW, de Greck M, Northoff G (2011) Is there a core neural network in empathy? An fMRI based quantitative metaanalysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35(3):903-911. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.10.009
38. Feshbach ND, Feshbach S (1969) The relationship between empathy and aggression in two age groups. Dev Psychol 1:102-107
39. Fink GR, Markowitsch HJ, Reinkemeier M, Bruckbauer T, Kessler J, Heiss WD (1996) Cerebral representation of one's own past: neural networks involved in autobiographical memory. J Neurosci 16(13):4275-4282 (Pubitemid 26192422)
40. Forbes CE, Grafman J (2010) The role of the human prefrontal cortex in social cognition and moral judgment. Annu Rev Neurosci 33:299-324
41. Friston KJ, Rotshtein P, Geng JJ, Sterzer P, Henson RN (2006) A critique of functional localisers. Neuroimage 30(4):1077-1087. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage. 2005.08.012
42. Frith U, Frith CD (2003) Development and neurophysiology of mentalizing. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 358(1431):459-473. doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1218 (Pubitemid 36386247)
43. Frith U, Frith C (2010) The social brain: allowing humans to boldly go where no other species has been. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 365(1537):165-176. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0160
44. Fusar-Poli P, Placentino A, Carletti F, Landi P, Allen P, Surguladze S, Benedetti F, Abbamonte M, Gasparotti R, Barale F, Perez J, McGuire P, Politi P (2009) Functional atlas of emotional faces processing: a voxel-based meta-analysis of 105 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. J Psychiatry Neurosci 34(6):418-432
45. Gallagher HL, Frith CD (2003) Functional imaging of 'theory of mind'. Trends Cogn Sci 7(2):77-83 pii:S1364661302000256
46. Geyer S (2004) The microstructural border between the motor and the cognitive domain in the human cerebral cortex. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 174(I-VIII):1-89
47. Gläscher J, Adolphs R (2003) Processing of the arousal of subliminal and supraliminal emotional stimuli by the human amygdala. J Neurosci 23(32):10274-10282 (Pubitemid 37444604)
48. Greene JD (2007) Why are VMPFC patients more utilitarian? A dualprocess theory of moral judgment explains. Trends Cogn Sci 11(8):322-323. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.06.004 (author reply 323-324) (Pubitemid 47077914)
49. Greene JD, Haidt J (2002) How (and where) does moral judgment work? Trends Cogn Sci 6(12):517-523 pii:S1364661302020119 (Pubitemid 35430390)
50. Greene JD, Sommerville RB, Nystrom LE, Darley JM, Cohen JD (2001) An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science 293(5537):2105-2108. doi:10.1126/science.1062872 (Pubitemid 32848061)
51. Greene JD, Nystrom LE, Engell AD, Darley JM, Cohen JD (2004) The neural bases of cognitive conflict and control in moral judgment. Neuron 44(2):389-400. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.09.027 (Pubitemid 39346260)
52. Haidt J (2001) The emotional dog and its rational tail: a social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychol Rev 108(4):814-834. doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.4.814 (Pubitemid 33604149)
53. Hare RD (1993) Without conscience: the disturbing world of the psychopath among us. Pocket Books, New York
54. Hare RD (2003) The hare psychopathy checklist - revised, 2nd edn. Multi-Health Systems, Toronto
55. Hassabis D, Maguire EA (2007) Deconstructing episodic memory with construction. Trends Cogn Sci 11(7):299-306. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.05.001 (Pubitemid 46962328)
56. Hassabis D, Kumaran D, Vann SD, Maguire EA (2007) Patients with hippocampal amnesia cannot imagine new experiences. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104(5):1726-1731. doi:10.1073/pnas.0610561104 (Pubitemid 46214658)
57. Hauser MD (2006) The liver and the moral organ. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 1(3):214-220. doi:10.1093/scan/nsl026
58. Hume D (1777/2006) An inquiry concerning the principles of morals. Cosimo Classics, New York
59. Izard CE (1971) The face of emotion. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York
60. Jacob F (1977) Evolution and tinkering. Science 196(4295):1161-1166
61. Jenkins AC, Mitchell JP (2010) Mentalizing under uncertainty: dissociated neural responses to ambiguous and unambiguous mental state inferences. Cereb Cortex 20(2):404-410. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp109
62. Kant I (1785/1993) Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals. Hackett Publishing Co, Indianapolis
63. Keysers C, Gazzola V (2007) Integrating simulation and theory of mind: from self to social cognition. Trends Cogn Sci 11(5):194-196. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.02.002 (Pubitemid 46654819)
64. Killen M, Mulvey KL, Richardson C, Jampol N, Woodward A (2011) The accidental transgressor: morally-relevant theory of mind. Cognition 119:197-215
65. Knobe J (2005) Theory of mind and moral cognition: exploring the connections. Trends Cogn Sci 9(8):357-359 (Pubitemid 41074898)
66. Knutson KM, Krueger F, Koenigs M, Hawley A, Escobedo JR, Vasudeva V, Adolphs R, Grafman J (2010) Behavioral norms for condensed moral vignettes. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 5(4):378-384. doi:10.1093/scan/nsq005
67. Koenigs M, Tranel D (2007) Irrational economic decision-making after ventromedial prefrontal damage: evidence from the Ultimatum Game. J Neurosci 27(4):951-956. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4606-06.2007 (Pubitemid 46174516)
68. Koenigs M, Young L, Adolphs R, Tranel D, Cushman F, Hauser M, Damasio A (2007) Damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian moral judgements. Nature 446(7138):908-911. doi:10.1038/nature05631 (Pubitemid 46633159)
69. Kohlberg L (1969) Stage and sequence: the cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. In: Goslin DA (ed) Handbook of socialization theory and research. Rand McNally, Chicago, pp 347-480
70. Kohlberg L, Levine C, Hewer A (1983) Moral stages: A current formulation and a response to critics. Karger, Basel
71. Krebs DL (2008) Morality: an evolutionary account. Perspect Psychol Sci 3(3):149-172
72. Krueger F, Barbey AK, Grafman J (2009) The medial prefrontal cortex mediates social event knowledge. Trends Cogn Sci 13(3):103-109. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.12.005
73. Kurth F, Zilles K, Fox PT, Laird AR, Eickhoff SB (2010) A link between the systems: functional differentiation and integration within the human insula revealed by meta-analysis. Brain Struct Funct 214(5-6):519-534. doi:10.1007/s00429-010-0255-z
74. Laird AR, Eickhoff SB, Kurth F, Fox PM, Uecker AM, Turner JA, Robinson JL, Lancaster JL, Fox PT (2009a) ALE meta-analysis workflows via the Brainmap database: progress towards a probabilistic functional brain atlas. Front Neuroinformatics 3:23. doi:10.3389/neuro.11.023.2009
75. Laird AR, Eickhoff SB, Li K, Robin DA, Glahn DC, Fox PT (2009b) Investigating the functional heterogeneity of the default mode network using coordinate-based meta-analytic modeling. J Neurosci 29(46):14496-14505. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4004-09.2009
76. Laird AR, Eickhoff SB, Fox PM, Uecker AM, Ray KL, Saenz JJ Jr, McKay DR, Bzdok D, Laird RW, Robinson JL, Turner JA, Turkeltaub PE, Lancaster JL, Fox PT (2011) The BrainMap Strategy for Standardization, Sharing, and Meta-Analysis of Neuroimaging Data. BMC Res Notes 4(1):349. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-4-349
77. Lamm C, Singer T (2010) The role of anterior insular cortex in social emotions. Brain Struct Funct 214(5):579-591. doi:10.1007/s00429-010-0251-3
78. Lamm C, Batson CD, Decety J (2007) The neural substrate of human empathy: effects of perspective-taking and cognitive appraisal. J Cogn Neurosci 19(1):42-58 (Pubitemid 46106022)
79. Lamm C, Decety J, Singer T (2011) Meta-analytic evidence for common and distinct neural networks associated with directly experienced pain and empathy for pain. Neuroimage 54(3):2492-2502. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.014
80. Leiberg S, Anders S (2006) The multiple facets of empathy: a survey of theory and evidence. Prog Brain Res 156:419-440 (Pubitemid 44466057)
81. Leslie AM, Knobe J, Cohen A (2006) Acting intentionally and the side-effect effect: theory of mind and moral judgment. Psychol Sci 17:421-427 (Pubitemid 43657917)
82. Lieberman MD (2007) Social cognitive neuroscience: a review of core processes. Annu Rev Psychol 58:259-289. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405. 085654
83. Maddock RJ (1999) The retrosplenial cortex and emotion: new insights from functional neuroimaging of the human brain. Trends Neurosci 22(7):310-316 pii:S0166223698013745 (Pubitemid 29307808)
84. Maddock RJ, Garrett AS, Buonocore MH (2001) Remembering familiar people: the posterior cingulate cortex and autobiographical memory retrieval. Neuroscience 104(3):667-676. doi:pii:S0306-4522(01)00108-7 (Pubitemid 32607420)
85. Mar RA (2011) The neural bases of social cognition and story comprehension. Annu Rev Psychol 62:103-134. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120709- 145406
86. Markowitsch HJ (1998) Differential contribution of right and left amygdala to affective information processing. Behav Neurol 11(4):233-244 (Pubitemid 30623648)
87. Mendez MF, Anderson E, Shapira JS (2005) An investigation of moral judgement in frontotemporal dementia. Cogn Behav Neurol 18(4):193-197 pii:00146965-200512000-00002 (Pubitemid 41790256)
88. Mitchell JP (2005) The false dichotomy between simulation and theory-theory: the argument's error. Trends Cogn Sci 9(8):363-364. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.06.010 (author reply 364) (Pubitemid 41074901)
89. Mitchell JP (2006) Mentalizing and Marr: an information processing approach to the study of social cognition. Brain Res 1079(1):66-75. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.113
90. Mitchell JP (2008) Activity in right temporo-parietal junction is not selective for theory-of-mind. Cereb Cortex 18(2):262-271. doi:10.1093/cercor/ bhm051 (Pubitemid 351197784)
91. Mitchell JP, Macrae CN, Banaji MR (2006) Dissociable medial prefrontal contributions to judgments of similar and dissimilar others. Neuron 50(4):655-663. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.03.040
92. Moll J, Schulkin J (2009) Social attachment and aversion in human moral cognition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 33(3):456-465. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.12. 001
93. Moll J, de Oliveira-Souza R, Moll FT, Ignacio FA, Bramati IE, Caparelli-Daquer EM, Eslinger PJ (2005a) The moral affiliations of disgust: a functional MRI study. Cogn Behav Neurol 18(1):68-78. doi:pii:00146965-200503000- 00008 (Pubitemid 40381370)
94. Moll J, Zahn R, de Oliveira-Souza R, Krueger F, Grafman J (2005b) Opinion: the neural basis of human moral cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 6(10):799-809. doi:10.1038/nrn1768 (Pubitemid 41679242)
95. Moll J, Krueger F, Zahn R, Pardini M, de Oliveira-Souza R, Grafman J (2006) Human fronto-mesolimbic networks guide decisions about charitable donation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(42):15623-15628. doi:10.1073/pnas. 0604475103 (Pubitemid 44625642)
96. Moran JM, Young LL, Saxe R, Lee SM, O'Young D, Mavros PL, Gabrieli JD (2011) Impaired theory of mind for moral judgment in high-functioning autism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(7):2688-2692. doi:10.1073/pnas.1011734108
97. Moretto G, Ladavas E, Mattioli F, di Pellegrino G (2010) A psychophysiological investigation of moral judgment after ventromedial prefrontal damage. J Cogn Neurosci 22(8):1888-1899. doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21367
98. Müller VI, Habel U, Derntl B, Schneider F, Zilles K, Turetsky BI, Eickhoff SB (2011) Incongruence effects in crossmodal emotional integration. Neuroimage 54(3):2257-2266. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.047
99. Phelps EA, O'Connor KJ, Gatenby JC, Gore JC, Grillon C, Davis M (2001) Activation of the left amygdala to a cognitive representation of fear. Nat Neurosci 4(4):437-441. doi:10.1038/86110 (Pubitemid 32260122)
100. Piaget J (1932) The moral judgment of the child. Kegan Paul, London
101. Pizarro DA, Bloom P (2003) The intelligence of the moral intuitions: comment on Haidt (2001). Psychol Rev 110(1):193-196 (Pubitemid 37170697)
102. Poldrack RA (2006) Can cognitive processes be inferred from neuroimaging data? Trends Cogn Sci 10(2):59-63. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.12.004 (Pubitemid 43177179)
103. Premack D, Woodruff G (1978) Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind. Behav Brain Sci 1(4):515-526 (Pubitemid 10077282)
104. Raine A, Yang Y (2006) Neural foundations to moral reasoning and antisocial behavior. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 1(3):203-213. doi:10.1093/scan/ nsl033
105. Rosenthal R (1979) The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results. Psychol Bull 86(3):638-641
106. Sander D, Grafman J, Zalla T (2003) The human amygdala: an evolved system for relevance detection. Rev Neurosci 14(4):303-316 (Pubitemid 37462288)
107. Saper CB (2000) Pain as a visceral sensation. Prog Brain Res 122:237-243 (Pubitemid 30114481)
108. Saxe R, Kanwisher N (2003) People thinking about thinking people. The role of the temporo-parietal junction in "theory of mind". Neuroimage 19(4):1835-1842. pii:S1053811903002301 (Pubitemid 37025879)
109. Schacter DL, Addis DR, Buckner RL (2007) Remembering the past to imagine the future: the prospective brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 8(9):657-661. doi:10.1038/nrn2213 (Pubitemid 47283147)
110. Schilbach L (2010) A second-person approach to other minds. Nat Rev Neurosci 11(6):449. doi:10.1038/nrn2805-c1
111. Schilbach L, Eickhoff SB, Mojzisch A, Vogeley K (2008a) What's in a smile? Neural correlates of facial embodiment during social interaction. Soc Neurosci 3(1):37-50. doi:10.1080/17470910701563228 (Pubitemid 351233332)
112. Schilbach L, Eickhoff SB, Rotarska-Jagiela A, Fink GR, Vogeley K (2008b) Minds at rest? Social cognition as the default mode of cognizing and its putative relationship to the "default system" of the brain. Conscious Cogn 17(2):457-467. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2008.03.013
113. Schilbach L, Wilms M, Eickhoff SB, Romanzetti S, Tepest R, Bente G, Shah NJ, Fink GR, Vogeley K (2010) Minds made for sharing: initiating joint attention recruits reward-related neurocircuitry. J Cogn Neurosci 22(12):2702-2715. doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21401
114. Schilbach L, Eickhoff SB, Cieslik EC, Kuzmanovic B, Vogeley K (2012) Shall we do this together? Social gaze influences action control in a comparison group, but not in individuals with highfunctioning autism. Autism. doi:10.1177/1362361311409258
115. Shamay-Tsoory SG, Tibi-Elhanany Y, Aharon-Peretz J (2006) The ventromedial prefrontal cortex is involved in understanding affective but not cognitive theory of mind stories. Soc Neurosci 1(3-4):149-166. doi:10.1080/17470910600985589
116. Shamay-Tsoory SG, Aharon-Peretz J, Perry D (2009) Two systems for empathy: a double dissociation between emotional and cognitive empathy in inferior frontal gyrus versus ventromedial prefrontal lesions. Brain 132:617-627. doi:10.1093/Brain/Awn279
117. Singer T, Lamm C (2009) The social neuroscience of empathy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1156:81-96. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04418.x
118. Singer T, Seymour B, O'Doherty J, Kaube H, Dolan RJ, Frith CD (2004) Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science 303(5661):1157-1162. doi:10.1126/science.1093535 (Pubitemid 38233574)
119. Soderstrom H (2003) Psychopathy as a disorder of empathy. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 12:249-252 (Pubitemid 37150937)
120. Spengler S, von Cramon DY, Brass M (2009) Control of shared representations relies on key processes involved in mental state attribution. Hum Brain Mapp 30(11):3704-3718. doi:10.1002/hbm.20800
121. Spreng RN, Mar RA, Kim AS (2009) The common neural basis of autobiographical memory, prospection, navigation, theory of mind, and the default mode: a quantitative meta-analysis. J Cogn Neurosci 21(3):489-510. doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.21029
122. Suddendorf T, Corballis MC (2007) The evolution of foresight: What is mental time travel, and is it unique to humans? Behav Brain Sci 30(3):299-313. doi:10.1017/S0140525X07001975 (discussion 313-351) (Pubitemid 350110816)
123. Tangney JP, Stuewig J, Mashek DJ (2007) Moral emotions and moral behavior. Annu Rev Psychol 58:345-372
124. Tomasello M (2001) The cultural origins of human cognition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
125. Tulving E (1983) Elements of Episodic Memory. Clarendon Press, Oxford
126. Tulving E (1985) Memory and consciousness. Can Psychol 26:1-12
127. Turkeltaub PE, Eden GF, Jones KM, Zeffiro TA (2002) Meta-analysis of the functional neuroanatomy of single-word reading: method and validation. Neuroimage 16(3):765-780. doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1131 (Pubitemid 34852439)
128. Turkeltaub PE, Eickhoff SB, Laird AR, Fox M, Wiener M, Fox P (2011) Minimizing within-experiment and within-group effects in activation likelihood estimation meta-analyses. Hum Brain Mapp. doi:10.1002/hbm.21186
129. Van Overwalle F (2009) Social cognition and the brain: a metaanalysis. Hum Brain Mapp 30(3):829-858. doi:10.1002/hbm.20547
130. Van Overwalle F (2011) A dissociation between social mentalizing and general reasoning. Neuroimage 54(2):1589-1599. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.09. 043
131. Vogt BA (2005) Pain and emotion interactions in subregions of the cingulate gyrus. Nat Rev Neurosci 6(7):533-544. doi:10.1038/nrn1704 (Pubitemid 40942820)
132. Wagner U, N'Diaye K, Ethofer T, Vuilleumier P (2012) Guilt-Specific Processing in the Prefrontal Cortex. Cereb Cortex. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr016
133. Wicker B, Keysers C, Plailly J, Royet JP, Gallese V, Rizzolatti G (2003) Both of us disgusted in My Insula: The common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust. Neuron 40(3):655-664. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00679-2 (Pubitemid 37494712)
134. Young L, Saxe R (2008) The neural basis of belief encoding and integration in moral judgment. Neuroimage 40(4):1912-1920. doi:10.1016/j. neuroimage.2008.01.057
135. Young L, Saxe R (2009) Innocent intentions: a correlation between forgiveness for accidental harm and neural activity. Neuropsychologia 47(10):2065-2072. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.020
136. Young L, Cushman F, Hauser M, Saxe R (2007) The neural basis of the interaction between theory of mind and moral judgment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104(20):8235-8240. doi:10.1073/pnas.0701408104 (Pubitemid 47175471)
137. Young L, Bechara A, Tranel D, Damasio H, Hauser M, Damasio A (2010a) Damage to ventromedial prefrontal cortex impairs judgment of harmful intent. Neuron 65(6):845-851. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.03.003
138. Young L, Camprodon JA, Hauser M, Pascual-Leone A, Saxe R (2010b) Disruption of the right temporoparietal junction with transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces the role of beliefs in moral judgments. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(15):6753-6758. doi:10.1073/pnas.0914826107
139. Zahn-Waxler C, Radke-Yarrow M, Wagner E, chapman M (1992) Development of concern for others. Dev Psychol 28:126-136