New candidate loci identified by array-CGH in a cohort of 100 children presenting with syndromic obesity

American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part A

Volumn 164, Issue 8, 2014, Pages 1965-1975

  Vuillaume, Marie Laure ^a,b   Naudion, Sophie ^a   Banneau, Guillaume ^b   Diene, Gwenaelle ^c   Cartault, Audrey ^c   Cailley, Dorothée ^a   Bouron, Julie ^a   Toutain, Jérôme ^a   Bourrouillou, Georges ^c   Vigouroux, Adeline ^c   Bouneau, Laurence ^c   Nacka, Fabienne ^a   Kieffer, Isabelle ^c   Arveiler, Benoit ^a,b   Knoll Gellida, Anja ^b   Babin, Patrick J ^b   Bieth, Eric ^c   Jouret, Béatrice ^c   Julia, Sophie ^c   Sarda, Pierre ^d   Geneviève, David ^d   Faivre, Laurence ^e   Lacombe, Didier ^a,b   Barat, Pascal ^a,b   Tauber, Maithé ^c   Delrue, Marie Ange ^a,b   Rooryck, Caroline ^a,b   more..

^a BORDEAUX UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX   (France)

^c TOULOUSE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

^d MONTPELLIER UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

^e DIJON UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

Author keywords

Array CGH; Chromosomal aberrations; CNV; Copy number variations; Deletion; Developmental delay; Duplication; Intellectual disability; Syndromic obesity

Indexed keywords

ACOXL GENE; ARTICLE; BDH1 GENE; BODY MASS; CDH13 GENE; CHILD; CHROMOSOME DELETION; CHROMOSOME DUPLICATION; CHROMOSOME REARRANGEMENT; CNTNAP2 GENE; COMPARATIVE GENOMIC HYBRIDIZATION; COPY NUMBER VARIATION; CPPED1 GENE; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; DNA MICROARRAY; DNA SEQUENCE; FEMALE; GENE; GENE LOCUS; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; LINGO2 GENE; LIPID METABOLISM; LIPID STORAGE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MSMO1 GENE; MVD GENE; NDUFA4 GENE; NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION; OBESITY; PATHOGENESIS; PDZK1 GENE; PHENOTYPE; PLIN2 GENE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PTGS2 GENE; SOCS6 GENE; SYNDROMIC OBESITY; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; CHROMOSOME DISORDERS; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETICS; GENOMICS; INFANT; PRESCHOOL CHILD; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS; SYNDROME;

CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS; CHROMOSOME DISORDERS; COMPARATIVE GENOMIC HYBRIDIZATION; DNA COPY NUMBER VARIATIONS; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION STUDIES; GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY; GENOMICS; HUMANS; INFANT; MALE; OBESITY; PHENOTYPE; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; SYNDROME;

EID: 84904434312     PISSN: 15524825     EISSN: 15524833     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36587     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Anitha A, Nakamura K, Thanseem I, Yamada K, Iwayama Y, Toyota T, Matsuzaki H, Miyachi T, Yamada S, Tsujii M, Tsuchiya KJ, Matsumoto K, Iwata Y, Suzuki K, Ichikawa H, Sugiyama T, Yoshikawa T, Mori N. 2012. Brain region-specific altered expression and association of mitochondria-related genes in autism. Mol Autism 3:12.
2. Ballif BC, Theisen A, Coppinger J, Gowans GC, Hersh JH, Madan-Khetarpal S, Schmidt KR, Tervo R, Escobar LF, Friedrich CA, McDonald M, Campbell L, Ming JE, Zackai EH, Bejjani BA, Shaffer LG. 2008. Expanding the clinical phenotype of the 3q29 microdeletion syndrome and characterization of the reciprocal microduplication. Mol Cytogenet 1:8.
3. Ben-Shachar S, Ou Z, Shaw CA, Belmont JW, Patel MS, Hummel M, Amato S, Tartaglia N, Berg J, Sutton VR, Lalani SR, Chinault AC, Cheung SW, Lupski JR, Patel A. 2008. 22q11.2 distal deletion: A recurrent genomic disorder distinct from DiGeorge syndrome and velocardiofacial syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 82:214-221.
4. Bi W, Sapir T, Shchelochkov OA, Zhang F, Withers MA, Hunter JV, Levy T, Shinder V, Peiffer DA, Gunderson KL, Nezarati MM, Shotts VA, Amato SS, Savage SK, Harris DJ, Day-Salvatore DL, Horner M, Lu XY, Sahoo T, Yanagawa Y, Beaudet AL, Cheung SW, Martinez S, Lupski JR, Reiner O. 2009. Increased LIS1 expression affects human and mouse brain development. Nat Genet 41:168-177.
5. Bochukova EG, Huang N, Keogh J, Henning E, Purmann C, Blaszczyk K, Saeed S, Hamilton-Shield J, Clayton-Smith J, O'Rahilly S, Hurles ME, Farooqi IS. 2010. Large, rare chromosomal deletions associated with severe early-onset obesity. Nature 463:666-670.
6. Buchner DA, Geisinger JM, Glazebrook PA, Morgan MG, Spiezio SH, Kaiyala KJ, Schwartz MW, Sakurai T, Furley AJ, Kunze DL, Croniger CM, Nadeau JH. 2012. The juxtaparanodal proteins CNTNAP2 and TAG1 regulate diet-induced obesity. Mamm Genome 23:431-442.
7. Chauhan A, Gu F, Essa MM, Wegiel J, Kaur K, Brown WT, Chauhan V. 2011. Brain region-specific deficit in mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes in children with autism. J Neurochem 117:209-220.
8. Cotter DG, Schugar RC, Crawford PA. 2013. Ketone body metabolism and cardiovascular disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 304:H1060-H1076.
9. D'Angelo CS, Kohl I, Varela MC, de Castro CI, Kim CA, Bertola DR, Lourenco CM, Perez AB, Koiffmann CP. 2013. Obesity with associated developmental delay and/or learning disability in patients exhibiting additional features: Report of novel pathogenic copy number variants. Am J Med Genet A 161A:479-486.
10. Dasouki MJ, Youngs EL, Hovanes K. 2011. Structural chromosome abnormalities associated with obesity: Report of four new subjects and review of literature. Curr Genomics 12:190-203.
11. Delrue MA, Michaud JL. 2004. Fat chance: Genetic syndromes with obesity. Clin Genet 66:83-93.
12. Diez JJ, Iglesias P. 2003. The role of the novel adipocyte-derived hormone adiponectin in human disease. Eur J Endocrinol 148:293-300.
13. Doco-Fenzy M, Leroy C, Schneider A, Petit F, Delrue MA, Andrieux J, Perrin-Sabourin L, Landais E, Aboura A, Puechberty J, Girard M, Tournaire M, Sanchez E, Rooryck C, Ameil A, Goossens M, Jonveaux P, Lefort G, Taine L, Cailley D, Gaillard D, Leheup B, Sarda P, Genevieve D. 2014. Early-onset obesity and paternal 2pter deletion encompassing the ACP1, TMEM18, and MYT1L genes. Eur J Hum Genet 22:471-479.
14. Ghoshal S, Trivedi DB, Graf GA, Loftin CD. 2011. Cyclooxygenase-2 deficiency attenuates adipose tissue differentiation and inflammation in mice. J Biol Chem 286:889-898.
15. Girirajan S, Rosenfeld JA, Cooper GM, Antonacci F, Siswara P, Itsara A, Vives L, Walsh T, McCarthy SE, Baker C, Mefford HC, Kidd JM, Browning SR, Browning BL, Dickel DE, Levy DL, Ballif BC, Platky K, Farber DM, Gowans GC, Wetherbee JJ, Asamoah A, Weaver DD, Mark PR, Dickerson J, Garg BP, Ellingwood SA, Smith R, Banks VC, Smith W, McDonald MT, Hoo JJ, French BN, Hudson C, Johnson JP, Ozmore JR, Moeschler JB, Surti U, Escobar LF, El-Khechen D, Gorski JL, Kussmann J, Salbert B, Lacassie Y, Biser A, McDonald-McGinn DM, Zackai EH, Deardorff MA, Shaikh TH, Haan E, Friend KL, Fichera M, Romano C, Gecz J, DeLisi LE, Sebat J, King MC, Shaffer LG, Eichler EE. 2010. A recurrent 16p12.1 microdeletion supports a two-hit model for severe developmental delay. Nat Genet 42:203-209.
16. Heid HW, Moll R, Schwetlick I, Rackwitz HR, Keenan TW. 1998. Adipophilin is a specific marker of lipid accumulation in diverse cell types and diseases. Cell Tissue Res 294:309-321.
17. Ichihara S, Yamada Y. 2008. Genetic factors for human obesity. Cell Mol Life Sci 65:1086-1098.
18. Junyent M, Arnett DK, Tsai MY, Kabagambe EK, Straka RJ, Province M, An P, Lai CQ, Parnell LD, Shen J, Lee YC, Borecki I, Ordovas JM. 2009. Genetic variants at the PDZ-interacting domain of the scavenger receptor class B type I interact with diet to influence the risk of metabolic syndrome in obese men and women. J Nutr 139:842-848.
19. Kim JW, Lee Y, Kang HB, Chose YK, Chung TW, Chang SY, Lee KS, Choe IS. 1997. Cloning of the human cDNA sequence encoding the NADH: Ubiquinone oxidoreductase MLRQ subunit. Biochem Mol Biol Int 43:669-675.
20. Kocher O, Krieger M. 2009. Role of the adaptor protein PDZK1 in controlling the HDL receptor SR-BI. Curr Opin Lipidol 20:236-241.
21. Ku EC. 1996. Regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis by intermediates of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 225:173-179.
22. Lespinasse J, Bugge M, Rethore MO, North MO, Lundsteen C, Kirchhoff M. 2004. De novo complex chromosomal rearrangements (CCR) involving chromosome 1, 5 and 6 resulting in microdeletion for 6q14 in a female carrier with psychotic disorder. Am J Med Genet A 128A:199-203.
23. Loeffen JL, Triepels RH, van den Heuvel LP, Schuelke M, Buskens CA, Smeets RJ, Trijbels JM, Smeitink JA. 1998. cDNA of eight nuclear encoded subunits of NADH: Ubiquinone oxidoreductase: Human complex I cDNA characterization completed. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 253:415-422.
24. Lu Y, Dolle ME, Imholz S, van 't Slot R, Verschuren WM, Wijmenga C, Feskens EJ, Boer JM. 2008. Multiple genetic variants along candidate pathways influence plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. J Lipid Res 49:2582-2589.
25. Menten B, Buysse K, Vandesompele J, De Smet E, De Paepe A, Speleman F, Mortier G. 2005. Identification of an unbalanced X-autosome translocation by array CGH in a boy with a syndromic form of chondrodysplasia punctata brachytelephalangic type. Eur J Med Genet 48:301-309.
26. Miller DT, Adam MP, Aradhya S, Biesecker LG, Brothman AR, Carter NP, Church DM, Crolla JA, Eichler EE, Epstein CJ, Faucett WA, Feuk L, Friedman JM, Hamosh A, Jackson L, Kaminsky EB, Kok K, Krantz ID, Kuhn RM, Lee C, Ostell JM, Rosenberg C, Scherer SW, Spinner NB, Stavropoulos DJ, Tepperberg JH, Thorland EC, Vermeesch JR, Waggoner DJ, Watson MS, Martin CL, Ledbetter DH. 2010. Consensus statement: Chromosomal microarray is a first-tier clinical diagnostic test for individuals with developmental disabilities or congenital anomalies. Am J Hum Genet 86:749-764.
27. Molin AM, Andrieux J, Koolen DA, Malan V, Carella M, Colleaux L, Cormier-Daire V, David A, de Leeuw N, Delobel B, Duban-Bedu B, Fischetto R, Flinter F, Kjaergaard S, Kok F, Krepischi AC, Le Caignec C, Ogilvie CM, Maia S, Mathieu-Dramard M, Munnich A, Palumbo O, Papadia F, Pfundt R, Reardon W, Receveur A, Rio M, Ronsbro Darling L, Rosenberg C, Sa J, Vallee L, Vincent-Delorme C, Zelante L, Bondeson ML, Anneren G. 2012. A novel microdeletion syndrome at 3q13.31 characterised by developmental delay, postnatal overgrowth, hypoplastic male genitals, and characteristic facial features. J Med Genet 49:104-109.
28. Probst FJ, Roeder ER, Enciso VB, Ou Z, Cooper ML, Eng P, Li J, Gu Y, Stratton RF, Chinault AC, Shaw CA, Sutton VR, Cheung SW, Nelson DL. 2007. Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) detects a large X chromosome deletion including FMR1, FMR2, and IDS in a female patient with mental retardation. Am J Med Genet A 143A:1358-1365.
29. Sohle J, Machuy N, Smailbegovic E, Holtzmann U, Gronniger E, Wenck H, Stab F, Winnefeld M. 2012. Identification of new genes involved in human adipogenesis and fat storage. PLoS ONE 7:e31193.
30. Solomon NM, Ross SA, Morgan T, Belsky JL, Hol FA, Karnes PS, Hopwood NJ, Myers SE, Tan AS, Warne GL, Forrest SM, Thomas PQ. 2004. Array comparative genomic hybridisation analysis of boys with X linked hypopituitarism identifies a 3.9 Mb duplicated critical region at Xq27 containing SOX3. J Med Genet 41:669-678.
31. Speliotes EK, Willer CJ, Berndt SI, Monda KL, Thorleifsson G, Jackson AU, Lango Allen H, Lindgren CM, Luan J, Magi R, Randall JC, Vedantam S, Winkler TW, Qi L, Workalemahu T, Heid IM, Steinthorsdottir V, Stringham HM, Weedon MN, Wheeler E, Wood AR, Ferreira T, Weyant RJ, Segre AV, Estrada K, Liang L, Nemesh J, Park JH, Gustafsson S, Kilpelainen TO, Yang J, Bouatia-Naji N, Esko T, Feitosa MF, Kutalik Z, Mangino M, Raychaudhuri S, Scherag A, Smith AV, Welch R, Zhao JH, Aben KK, Absher DM, Amin N, Dixon AL, Fisher E, Glazer NL, Goddard ME, Heard-Costa NL, Hoesel V, Hottenga JJ, Johansson A, Johnson T, Ketkar S, Lamina C, Li S, Moffatt MF, Myers RH, Narisu N, Perry JR, Peters MJ, Preuss M, Ripatti S, Rivadeneira F, Sandholt C, Scott LJ, Timpson NJ, Tyrer JP, van Wingerden S, Watanabe RM, White CC, Wiklund F, Barlassina C, Chasman DI, Cooper MN, Jansson JO, Lawrence RW, Pellikka N, Prokopenko I, Shi J, Thiering E, Alavere H, Alibrandi MT, Almgren P, Arnold AM, Aspelund T, Atwood LD, Balkau B, Balmforth AJ, Bennett AJ, Ben-Shlomo Y, Bergman RN, Bergmann S, Biebermann H, Blakemore AI, Boes T, Bonnycastle LL, Bornstein SR, Brown MJ, Buchanan TA, Busonero F, Campbell H, Cappuccio FP, Cavalcanti-Proenca C, Chen YD, Chen CM, Chines PS, Clarke R, Coin L, Connell J, Day IN, den Heijer M, Duan J, Ebrahim S, Elliott P, Elosua R, Eiriksdottir G, Erdos MR, Eriksson JG, Facheris MF, Felix SB, Fischer-Posovszky P, Folsom AR, Friedrich N, Freimer NB, Fu M, Gaget S, Gejman PV, Geus EJ, Gieger C, Gjesing AP, Goel A, Goyette P, Grallert H, Grassler J, Greenawalt DM, Groves CJ, Gudnason V, Guiducci C, Hartikainen AL, Hassanali N, Hall AS, Havulinna AS, Hayward C, Heath AC, Hengstenberg C, Hicks AA, Hinney A, Hofman A, Homuth G, Hui J, Igl W, Iribarren C, Isomaa B, Jacobs KB, Jarick I, Jewell E, John U, Jorgensen T, Jousilahti P, Jula A, Kaakinen M, Kajantie E, Kaplan LM, Kathiresan S, Kettunen J, Kinnunen L, Knowles JW, Kolcic I, Konig IR, Koskinen S, Kovacs P, Kuusisto J, Kraft P, Kvaloy K, Laitinen J, Lantieri O, Lanzani C, Launer LJ, Lecoeur C, Lehtimaki T, Lettre G, Liu J, Lokki ML, Lorentzon M, Luben RN, Ludwig B, Manunta P, Marek D, Marre M, Martin NG, McArdle WL, McCarthy A, McKnight B, Meitinger T, Melander O, Meyre D, Midthjell K, Montgomery GW, Morken MA, Morris AP, Mulic R, Ngwa JS, Nelis M, Neville MJ, Nyholt DR, O'Donnell CJ, O'Rahilly S, Ong KK, Oostra B, Pare G, Parker AN, Perola M, Pichler I, Pietilainen KH, Platou CG, Polasek O, Pouta A, Rafelt S, Raitakari O, Rayner NW, Ridderstrale M, Rief W, Ruokonen A, Robertson NR, Rzehak P, Salomaa V, Sanders AR, Sandhu MS, Sanna S, Saramies J, Savolainen MJ, Scherag S, Schipf S, Schreiber S, Schunkert H, Silander K, Sinisalo J, Siscovick DS, Smit JH, Soranzo N, Sovio U, Stephens J, Surakka I, Swift AJ, Tammesoo ML, Tardif JC, Teder-Laving M, Teslovich TM, Thompson JR, Thomson B, Tonjes A, Tuomi T, van Meurs JB, van Ommen GJ, Vatin V, Viikari J, Visvikis-Siest S, Vitart V, Vogel CI, Voight BF, Waite LL, Wallaschofski H, Walters GB, Widen E, Wiegand S, Wild SH, Willemsen G, Witte DR, Witteman JC, Xu J, Zhang Q, Zgaga L, Ziegler A, Zitting P, Beilby JP, Farooqi IS, Hebebrand J, Huikuri HV, James AL, Kahonen M, Levinson DF, Macciardi F, Nieminen MS, Ohlsson C, Palmer LJ, Ridker PM, Stumvoll M, Beckmann JS, Boeing H, Boerwinkle E, Boomsma DI, Caulfield MJ, Chanock SJ, Collins FS, Cupples LA, Smith GD, Erdmann J, Froguel P, Gronberg H, Gyllensten U, Hall P, Hansen T, Harris TB, Hattersley AT, Hayes RB, Heinrich J, Hu FB, Hveem K, Illig T, Jarvelin MR, Kaprio J, Karpe F, Khaw KT, Kiemeney LA, Krude H, Laakso M, Lawlor DA, Metspalu A, Munroe PB, Ouwehand WH, Pedersen O, Penninx BW, Peters A, Pramstaller PP, Quertermous T, Reinehr T, Rissanen A, Rudan I, Samani NJ, Schwarz PE, Shuldiner AR, Spector TD, Tuomilehto J, Uda M, Uitterlinden A, Valle TT, Wabitsch M, Waeber G, Wareham NJ, Watkins H, Wilson JF, Wright AF, Zillikens MC, Chatterjee N, McCarroll SA, Purcell S, Schadt EE, Visscher PM, Assimes TL, Borecki IB, Deloukas P, Fox CS, Groop LC, Haritunians T, Hunter DJ, Kaplan RC, Mohlke KL, O'Connell JR, Peltonen L, Schlessinger D, Strachan DP, van Duijn CM, Wichmann HE, Frayling TM, Thorsteinsdottir U, Abecasis GR, Barroso I, Boehnke M, Stefansson K, North KE, McCarthy MI, Hirschhorn JN, Ingelsson E, Loos RJ. 2010. Association analyses of 249, 796 individuals reveal 18 new loci associated with body mass index. Nat Genet 42:937-948.
32. Stef M, Simon D, Burgelin I, Guisle I, Chevalier C, Delrue MA, Lacombe D, Leger J, Arveiler B. 2006. Testing and improving experimental parameters for the use of low molecular weight targets in array-CGH experiments. Hum Mutat 27:1143-1150.
33. Tam CH, Lam VK, So WY, Ma RC, Chan JC, Ng MC. 2010. Genome-wide linkage scan for factors of metabolic syndrome in a Chinese population. BMC Genet 11:14.
34. Tranchevent LC, Barriot R, Yu S, Van Vooren S, Van Loo P, Coessens B, De Moor B, Aerts S, Moreau Y. 2008. ENDEAVOUR update: A web resource for gene prioritization in multiple species. Nucleic Acids Res 36:W377-W384.
35. Ullmann R, Turner G, Kirchhoff M, Chen W, Tonge B, Rosenberg C, Field M, Vianna-Morgante AM, Christie L, Krepischi-Santos AC, Banna L, Brereton AV, Hill A, Bisgaard AM, Muller I, Hultschig C, Erdogan F, Wieczorek G, Ropers HH. 2007. Array CGH identifies reciprocal 16p13.1 duplications and deletions that predispose to autism and/or mental retardation. Hum Mutat 28:674-682.
36. Vaittinen M, Kaminska D, Kakela P, Eskelinen M, Kolehmainen M, Pihlajamaki J, Uusitupa M, Pulkkinen L. 2013. Downregulation of CPPED1 expression improves glucose metabolism in vitro in adipocytes. Diabetes 62:3747-3750.
37. van Bon BW, Mefford HC, Menten B, Koolen DA, Sharp AJ, Nillesen WM, Innis JW, de Ravel TJ, Mercer CL, Fichera M, Stewart H, Connell LE, Ounap K, Lachlan K, Castle B, Van der Aa N, van Ravenswaaij C, Nobrega MA, Serra-Juhe C, Simonic I, de Leeuw N, Pfundt R, Bongers EM, Baker C, Finnemore P, Huang S, Maloney VK, Crolla JA, van Kalmthout M, Elia M, Vandeweyer G, Fryns JP, Janssens S, Foulds N, Reitano S, Smith K, Parkel S, Loeys B, Woods CG, Oostra A, Speleman F, Pereira AC, Kurg A, Willatt L, Knight SJ, Vermeesch JR, Romano C, Barber JC, Mortier G, Perez-Jurado LA, Kooy F, Brunner HG, Eichler EE, Kleefstra T, de Vries BB. 2009. Further delineation of the 15q13 microdeletion and duplication syndromes: A clinical spectrum varying from non-pathogenic to a severe outcome. J Med Genet 46:511-523.
38. Van Veldhoven PP. 2010. Biochemistry and genetics of inherited disorders of peroxisomal fatty acid metabolism. J Lipid Res 51:2863-2895.
39. Van Vooren S, Thienpont B, Menten B, Speleman F, De Moor B, Vermeesch J, Moreau Y. 2007. Mapping biomedical concepts onto the human genome by mining literature on chromosomal aberrations. Nucleic Acids Res 35:2533-2543.
40. Voynova NE, Fu Z, Battaile KP, Herdendorf TJ, Kim JJ, Miziorko HM. 2008. Human mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase: Characterization, investigation of the mevalonate diphosphate binding site, and crystal structure. Arch Biochem Biophys 480:58-67.
41. Vuillaume ML, Delrue MA, Naudion S, Toutain J, Fergelot P, Arveiler B, Lacombe D, Rooryck C. 2013. Expanding the clinical phenotype at the 3q13.31 locus with a new case of microdeletion and first characterization of the reciprocal duplication. Mol Genet Metab 110:90-97.
42. Walley AJ, Asher JE, Froguel P. 2009. The genetic contribution to non-syndromic human obesity. Nat Rev Genet 10:431-442.
43. Wauman J, De Smet AS, Catteeuw D, Belsham D, Tavernier J. 2008. Insulin receptor substrate 4 couples the leptin receptor to multiple signaling pathways. Mol Endocrinol 22:965-977.
44. Williams MJ, Almen MS, Fredriksson R, Schioth HB. 2012. What model organisms and interactomics can reveal about the genetics of human obesity. Cell Mol Life Sci 69:3819-3834.
45. Zung A, Rienstein S, Rosensaft J, Aviram-Goldring A, Zadik Z. 2007. Proximal 19q trisomy: A new syndrome of morbid obesity and mental retardation. Horm Res 67:105-110.