Prefronto-striatal physiology is associated with schizotypy and is modulated by a functional variant of DRD2

Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience

Volumn 8, Issue JULY, 2014, Pages

  Taurisano, Paolo ^a,b   Romano, Raffaella ^a   Mancini, Marina ^a   Di Giorgio, Annabella ^a,b   Antonucci, Linda A ^a   Fazio, Leonardo ^a,b   Rampino, Antonio ^a   Quarto, Tiziana ^a,c   Gelao, Barbara ^a   Porcelli, Annamaria ^a   Papazacharias, Apostolos ^a   Ursini, Gianluca ^a,d   Caforio, Grazia ^a   Masellis, Rita ^a   Niccoli Asabella, Artor ^a   Todarello, Orlando ^a   Popolizio, Teresa ^b   Rubini, Giuseppe ^a   Blasi, Giuseppe ^a   Bertolino, Alessandro ^a,b,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARI   (Italy)

^b CASA SOLLIEVO DELLA SOFFERENZA HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^d JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e F HOFFMANN LA ROCHE LTD   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Dopamine; DRD2; fMRI; Schizotypy; SPECT

Indexed keywords

DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR;

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; CORPUS STRIATUM; DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR GENE; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PERSONALITY; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; QUESTIONNAIRE; SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE; SCHIZOTYPY; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; TASK PERFORMANCE;

EID: 84904100273     PISSN: 16625153     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00235     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Abi-Dargham, A., Gil, R., Krystal, J., Baldwin, R. M., Seibyl, J. P., Bowers, M., et al. (1998). Increased striatal dopamine transmission in schizophrenia: confirmation in a second cohort. Am. J. Psychiatry 155, 761-767.
2. Abi-Dargham, A., Kegeles, L. S., Zea-Ponce, Y., Mawlawi, O., Martinez, D., Mitropoulou, V., et al. (2004). Striatal amphetamine-induced dopamine release in patients with schizotypal personality disorder studied with single photon emission computed tomography and [123I]iodobenzamide. Biol. Psychiatry 55, 1001-1006. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.01.018
3. Abi-Dargham, A., Rodenhiser, J., Printz, D., Zea-Ponce, Y., Gil, R., Kegeles, L. S., et al. (2000). Increased baseline occupancy of D2 receptors by dopamine in schizophrenia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 97, 8104-8109. doi: 10.1073/pnas.97.14.8104
4. Aguirre, F., Sergi, M. J., and Levy, C. A. (2008). Emotional intelligence and social functioning in persons with schizotypy. Schizophr. Res. 104, 255-264. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2008.05.007
5. Allen, N. C., Bagade, S., Mcqueen, M. B., Ioannidis, J. P., Kavvoura, F. K., Khoury, M. J., et al. (2008). Systematic meta-analyses and field synopsis of genetic association studies in schizophrenia: the SzGene database. Nat. Genet.40, 827-834. doi: 10.1038/ng.171
6. American Psychiatric Association (1987). DSM-Hl-R: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd Edn., revised. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
7. Bedwell, J. S., Kamath, V., and Compton, M. T. (2009). The relationship between interview-based schizotypal personality dimension scores and the continuous performance test. Schizophr. Res. 108, 158-162. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2008.11.020
8. Bertolino, A., Fazio, L., Caforio, G., Blasi, G., Rampino, A., Romano, R., et al. (2009a). Functional variants of the dopamine receptor D2 gene modulate prefronto-striatal phenotypes in schizophrenia. Brain 132, 417-425. doi: 10.1093/brain/awn248
9. Bertolino, A., Fazio, L., Di Giorgio, A., Blasi, G., Romano, R., Taurisano, P., et al. (2009b). Genetically determined interaction between the dopamine transporter and the D2 receptor on prefronto-striatal activity and volume in humans. J. Neurosci. 29, 1224-1234. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4858-08.2009
10. Bertolino, A., Taurisano, P., Pisciotta, N. M., Blasi, G., Fazio, L., Romano, R., et al. (2010). Genetically determined measures of striatal D2 signaling predict prefrontal activity during working memory performance. PLoS One5:e9348. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009348
11. Beukers, R. J., Booij, J., Weisscher, N., Zijlstra, F., van Amelsvoort, T. A., and Tijssen, M. A. (2009). Reduced striatal D2 receptor binding in myoclonus-dystonia. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 36, 269-274. doi: 10.1007/s00259-008-0924-9
12. Bhati, M. T. (2013). Defining psychosis: the evolution of DSM-5 schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 15:409. doi: 10.1007/s11920-013-0409-9
13. Blasi, G., De Virgilio, C., Papazacharias, A., Taurisano, P., Gelao, B., Fazio, L., et al. (2013a). Converging evidence for the association of functional genetic variation in the serotonin receptor 2a gene with prefrontal function and olanzapine treatment. JAMA Psychiatry 70, 921-930. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1378
14. Blasi, G., Goldberg, T. E., Elvevag, B., Rasetti, R., Bertolino, A., Cohen, J., et al. (2007). Differentiating allocation of resources and conflict detection within attentional control processing. Eur. J. Neurosci. 25, 594-602. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05283.x
15. Blasi, G., Lo Bianco, L., Taurisano, P., Gelao, B., Romano, R., Fazio, L., et al. (2009). Functional variation of the dopamine D2 receptor gene is associated with emotional control as well as brain activity and connectivity during emotion processing in humans. J. Neurosci. 29, 14812-14819. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3609-09.2009
16. Blasi, G., Mattay, V. S., Bertolino, A., Elvevag, B., Callicott, J. H., Das, S., et al. (2005). Effect of catechol-O-methyltransferase val158met genotype on attentional control. J. Neurosci. 25, 5038-5045. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0476-05.2005
17. Blasi, G., Napolitano, F., Ursini, G., Di Giorgio, A., Caforio, G., Taurisano, P., et al. (2013b). Association of GSK-3beta genetic variation with GSK-3beta expression, prefrontal cortical thickness, prefrontal physiology and schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 170, 868-876. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12070908
18. Blasi, G., Napolitano, F., Ursini, G., Taurisano, P., Romano, R., Caforio, G., et al. (2011). DRD2/AKT1 interaction on D2 c-AMP independent signaling, attentional processing and response to olanzapine treatment in schizophrenia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 108, 1158-1163. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1013535108
19. Blasi, G., Taurisano, P., Papazacharias, A., Caforio, G., Romano, R., Lobianco, L., et al. (2010). Nonlinear response of the anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia as a function of variable attentional control. Cereb. Cortex 20, 837-845. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhp146
20. Breeze, J. M., Kirkham, A. J., and Mari-Beffa, P. (2011). Evidence of reduced selective attention in schizotypal personality disorder. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 33, 776-784. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2011.558495
21. Brücke, T., Podreka, I., Angelberger, P., Wenger, S., Topitz, A., Kufferle, B., et al. (1991). Dopamine D2 receptor imaging with SPECT: studies in different neuropsychiatric disorders. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 11, 220-228. doi: 10.1038/jcbfm.1991.53
22. Carpenter, W. T., and Koenig, J. I. (2008). The evolution of drug development in schizophrenia: past issues and future opportunities. Neuropsychopharmacology 33, 2061-2079. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301639
23. Chen, K. C., Lee, I. H., Yeh, T. L., Chiu, N. T., Chen, P. S., Yang, Y. K., et al. (2012). Schizotypy trait and striatal dopamine receptors in healthy volunteers. Psychiatry Res. 201, 218-221. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.07.003
24. Chen, W. J., Hsiao, C. K., and Lin, C. C. (1997). Schizotypy in community samples: the three-factor structure and correlation with sustained attention. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 106, 649-654. doi: 10.1037/0021-843x.106.4.649
25. Croft, R. J., Lee, A., Bertolot, J., and Gruzelier, J. H. (2001). Associations of P50 suppression and desensitization with perceptual and cognitive features of "unreality" in schizotypy. Biol. Psychiatry 50, 441-446. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01082-4
26. Delawalla, Z., Csernansky, J. G., and Barch, D. M. (2008). Prefrontal cortex function in nonpsychotic siblings of individuals with schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 63, 490-497. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.007
27. Ettinger, U., Meyhofer, I., Steffens, M., Wagner, M., and Koutsouleris, N. (2014). Genetics, cognition and neurobiology of schizotypal personality: a review of the overlap with schizophrenia. Front. Psychiatry 5:18. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00018
28. Fazio, L., Blasi, G., Taurisano, P., Papazacharias, A., Romano, R., Gelao, B., et al. (2011). D2 receptor genotype and striatal dopamine signaling predict motor cortical activity and behavior in humans. Neuroimage 54, 2915-2921. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.034
29. First, M. B., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R. L., and Williams, J. B. W. (1996). Guide for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders-Research Version. New York: Biometrics Research.
30. Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Lemos-Giraldez, S., Muniz, J., Garcia-Cueto, E., and Campillo-Alvarez, A. (2008). Schizotypy in adolescence: the role of gender and age. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 196, 161-165. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e318162aa79
31. Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Muniz, J., Lemos Giraldez, S., Garcia-Cueto, E., and Campillo-Alvarez, A. (2007). [Handedness, emotional problems and schizotypy]. Psicothema 19, 467-472.
32. Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Paino, M., Lemos-Giraldez, S., Sierra-Baigrie, S., and Muniz, J. (2011). Measurement invariance of the schizotypal personality questionnaire-brief across gender and age. Psychiatry Res. 190, 309-315. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.05.021
33. Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Paino-Pineiro, M., Lemos-Giraldez, S., Villazon-Garcia, U., and Muniz, J. (2009). Validation of the schizotypal personality questionnaire-brief form in adolescents. Schizophr. Res. 111, 53-60. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.03.006
34. Frankle, W. G., Gil, R., Hackett, E., Mawlawi, O., Zea-Ponce, Y., Zhu, Z., et al. (2004). Occupancy of dopamine D2 receptors by the atypical antipsychotic drugs risperidone and olanzapine: theoretical implications. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 175, 473-480. doi: 10.1007/s00213-004-1852-4
35. Genovese, C. R., Lazar, N. A., and Nichols, T. (2002). Thresholding of statistical maps in functional neuroimaging using the false discovery rate. Neuroimage 15, 870-878. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2001.1037
36. Giakoumaki, S. G. (2012). Cognitive and prepulse inhibition deficits in psychometrically high schizotypal subjects in the general population: relevance to schizophrenia research. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 18, 643-656. doi: 10.1017/s135561771200029X
37. Girgenti, M. J., LoTurco, J. J., and Maher, B. J. (2012). ZNF804a regulates expression of the schizophrenia-associated genes PRSS16, COMT, PDE4B and DRD2. PLoS One 7:e32404. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032404
38. Gur, R. E., Turetsky, B. I., Loughead, J., Snyder, W., Kohler, C., Elliott, M., et al. (2007). Visual attention circuitry in schizophrenia investigated with oddball event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. Am. J. Psychiatry164, 442-449. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.164.3.442
39. Honey, G. D., Pomarol-Clotet, E., Corlett, P. R., Honey, R. A., Mckenna, P. J., Bullmore, E. T., et al. (2005). Functional dysconnectivity in schizophrenia associated with attentional modulation of motor function. Brain 128, 2597-2611. doi: 10.1093/brain/awh632
40. Kegeles, L. S., Abi-Dargham, A., Frankle, W. G., Gil, R., Cooper, T. B., Slifstein, M., et al. (2010). Increased synaptic dopamine function in associative regions of the striatum in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 67, 231-239. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.10
41. Kendler, K. S., Mcguire, M., Gruenberg, A. M., and Walsh, D. (1995). Schizotypal symptoms and signs in the roscommon family study. Their factor structure and familial relationship with psychotic and affective disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 52, 296-303. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950160046009
42. Kerns, J. G., Cohen, J. D., Macdonald, A. W. 3rd, Johnson, M. K., Stenger, V. A., Aizenstein, H., et al. (2005). Decreased conflict-and error-related activity in the anterior cingulate cortex in subjects with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 162, 1833-1839. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1833
43. Kety, S. S., Wender, P. H., Jacobsen, B., Ingraham, L. J., Jansson, L., Faber, B., et al. (1994). Mental illness in the biological and adoptive relatives of schizophrenic adoptees. Replication of the copenhagen study in the rest of Denmark. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 51, 442-455. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950060006001
44. Kung, H. F., Alavi, A., Chang, W., Kung, M. P., Keyes, J. W. Jr., Velchik, M. G., et al. (1990). In vivo SPECT imaging of CNS D-2 dopamine receptors: initial studies with iodine-123-IBZM in humans. J. Nucl. Med. 31, 573-579.
45. Kwapil, T. R., Barrantes-Vidal, N., and Silvia, P. J. (2008). The dimensional structure of the Wisconsin schizotypy scales: factor identification and construct validity. Schizophr. Bull. 34, 444-457. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbm098
46. Lancaster, J. L., Woldorff, M. G., Parsons, L. M., Liotti, M., Freitas, C. S., Rainey, L., et al. (2000). Automated Talairach atlas labels for functional brain mapping. Hum. Brain Mapp. 10, 120-131. doi: 10.1002/1097-0193(200007)10:3<120::aid-hbm30>3.0.co;2-8
47. Laruelle, M., Abi-Dargham, A., van Dyck, C. H., Gil, R., D'Souza, C. D., Erdos, J., et al. (1996). Single photon emission computerized tomography imaging of amphetamine-induced dopamine release in drug-free schizophrenic subjects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 93, 9235-9240. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.17.9235
48. Laruelle, M., Baldwin, R. M., and Innis, R. B. (1994). SPECT imaging of dopamine and serotonin transporters in nonhuman primate brain. NIDA Res. Monogr. 138, 131-159.
49. Laurens, K. R., Kiehl, K. A., Ngan, E. T., and Liddle, P. F. (2005). Attention orienting dysfunction during salient novel stimulus processing in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 75, 159-171. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2004.12.010
50. Lidow, M. S., Goldman-Rakic, P. S., Rakic, P., and Innis, R. B. (1989). Dopamine D2 receptors in the cerebral cortex: distribution and pharmacological characterization with [3H]raclopride. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 86, 6412-6416. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.16.6412
51. MacDonald, A. W. 3rd, Carter, C. S., Kerns, J. G., Ursu, S., Barch, D. M., Holmes, A. J., et al. (2005). Specificity of prefrontal dysfunction and context processing deficits to schizophrenia in never-medicated patients with first-episode psychosis. Am. J. Psychiatry 162, 475-484. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.3.475
52. Maldjian, J. A., Laurienti, P. J., Kraft, R. A., and Burdette, J. H. (2003). An automated method for neuroanatomic and cytoarchitectonic atlas-based interrogation of fMRI data sets. Neuroimage 19, 1233-1239. doi: 10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00169-1
53. Marley, A., and von Zastrow, M. (2010). DISC1 regulates primary cilia that display specific dopamine receptors. PLoS One 5:e10902. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010902
54. Meehl, P. E. (1989). Schizotaxia revisited. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 46, 935-944. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810100077015
55. Meyer, P. T., Sattler, B., Winz, O. H., Fundke, R., Oehlwein, C., Kendziorra, K., et al. (2008). Kinetic analyses of [123I]IBZM SPECT for quantification of striatal dopamine D2 receptor binding: a critical evaluation of the single-scan approach. Neuroimage 42, 548-558. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.05.023
56. Noguchi, H., Hori, H., and Kunugi, H. (2008). Schizotypal traits and cognitive function in healthy adults. Psychiatry Res. 161, 162-169. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2007.07.023
57. Nyberg, L., Andersson, M., Forsgren, L., Jakobsson-Mo, S., Larsson, A., Marklund, P., et al. (2009). Striatal dopamine D2 binding is related to frontal BOLD response during updating of long-term memory representations. Neuroimage 46, 1194-1199. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.035
58. Papaleo, F., Yang, F., Garcia, S., Chen, J., Lu, B., Crawley, J. N., et al. (2012). Dysbindin-1 modulates prefrontal cortical activity and schizophrenia-like behaviors via dopamine/D2 pathways. Mol. Psychiatry 17, 85-98. doi: 10.1038/mp.2010.106
59. Papp, A. C., Pinsonneault, J. K., Cooke, G., and Sadee, W. (2003). Single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping using allele-specific PCR and fluorescence melting curves. BioTechniques 34, 1068-1072.
60. Plomin, R. (1999). Genetics and general cognitive ability. Nature 402, C25-C29. doi: 10.1038/35011520
61. Raine, A. (1991). The SPQ: a scale for the assessment of schizotypal personality based on DSM-III-R criteria. Schizophr. Bull. 17, 555-564. doi: 10.1093/schbul/17.4.555
62. Raine, A. (2006). Schizotypal personality: neurodevelopmental and psychosocial trajectories. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 2, 291-326. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095318
63. Rakshi, J. S., Uema, T., Ito, K., Bailey, D. L., Morrish, P. K., Ashburner, J., et al. (1999). Frontal, midbrain and striatal dopaminergic function in early and advanced Parkinson's disease a 3D [(18)F]dopa-PET study. Brain 122(Pt. 9), 1637-1650. doi: 10.1093/brain/122.9.1637
64. Sambataro, F., Fazio, L., Taurisano, P., Gelao, B., Porcelli, A., Mancini, M., et al. (2013). DRD2 genotype-based variation of default mode network activity and of its relationship with striatal DAT binding. Schizophr. Bull. 39, 206-216. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbr128
65. Scherfler, C., Seppi, K., Donnemiller, E., Goebel, G., Brenneis, C., Virgolini, I., et al. (2005). Voxel-wise analysis of [123I]beta-CIT SPECT differentiates the Parkinson variant of multiple system atrophy from idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Brain 128, 1605-1612. doi: 10.1093/brain/awh485
66. Seibyl, J. P., Woods, S. W., Zoghbi, S. S., Baldwin, R. M., Dey, H. M., Goddard, A. W., et al. (1992). Dynamic SPECT imaging of dopamine D2 receptors in human subjects with iodine-123-IBZM. J. Nucl. Med. 33, 1964-1971.
67. Soliman, A., O'driscoll, G. A., Pruessner, J., Holahan, A. L., Boileau, I., Gagnon, D., et al. (2008). Stress-induced dopamine release in humans at risk of psychosis: a [11C]raclopride PET study. Neuropsychopharmacology 33, 2033-2041. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301597
68. Soret, M., Koulibaly, P. M., Darcourt, J., Hapdey, S., and Buvat, I. (2003). Quantitative accuracy of dopaminergic neurotransmission imaging with (123)I SPECT. J. Nucl. Med. 44, 1184-1193.
69. Suridjan, I., Rusjan, P., Addington, J., Wilson, A. A., Houle, S., and Mizrahi, R. (2013). Dopamine D2 and D3 binding in people at clinical high risk for schizophrenia, antipsychotic-naive patients and healthy controls while performing a cognitive task. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 38, 98-106. doi: 10.1503/jpn.110181
70. Tan, H. Y., Nicodemus, K. K., Chen, Q., Li, Z., Brooke, J. K., Honea, R., et al. (2008). Genetic variation in AKT1 is linked to dopamine-associated prefrontal cortical structure and function in humans. J. Clin. Invest. 118, 2200-2208. doi: 10.1172/jci34725
71. Tatsch, K., Asenbaum, S., Bartenstein, P., Catafau, A., Halldin, C., Pilowsky, L. S., et al. (2002). European association of nuclear medicine procedure guidelines for brain neurotransmission SPET using (123)I-labelled dopamine D(2) receptor ligands. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 29, BP23-BP29.
72. Tsuang, M. T., Stone, W. S., and Faraone, S. V. (1999). Schizophrenia: a review of genetic studies. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry 7, 185-207. doi: 10.3109/hrp.7.4.185
73. Tzourio-Mazoyer, N., Landeau, B., Papathanassiou, D., Crivello, F., Etard, O., Delcroix, N., et al. (2002). Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain. Neuroimage 15, 273-289. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2001.0978
74. Usiello, A., Baik, J. H., Rouge-Pont, F., Picetti, R., Dierich, A., Lemeur, M., et al. (2000). Distinct functions of the two isoforms of dopamine D2 receptors. Nature 408, 199-203. doi: 10.1038/35041572
75. Verhoeff, N. P., Kapucu, O., Sokole-Busemann, E., Van Royen, E. A., and Janssen, A. G. (1993). Estimation of dopamine D2 receptor binding potential in the striatum with iodine-123-IBZM SPECT: technical and interobserver variability. J. Nucl. Med. 34, 2076-2084.
76. Vollema, M. G., Sitskoorn, M. M., Appels, M. C., and Kahn, R. S. (2002). Does the schizotypal personality questionnaire reflect the biological-genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia? Schizophr. Res. 54, 39-45. doi: 10.1016/s0920-9964(01)00350-4
77. Weickert, T. W., Goldberg, T. E., Callicott, J. H., Chen, Q., Apud, J. A., Das, S., et al. (2009). Neural correlates of probabilistic category learning in patients with schizophrenia. J. Neurosci. 29, 1244-1254. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.4341-08.2009
78. Weiss, E. M., Golaszewski, S., Mottaghy, F. M., Hofer, A., Hausmann, A., Kemmler, G., et al. (2003). Brain activation patterns during a selective attention test-a functional MRI study in healthy volunteers and patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 123, 1-15. doi: 10.1016/s0925-4927(03)00019-2
79. Wilson, C. M., Christensen, B. K., King, J. P., Li, Q., and Zelazo, P. D. (2008). Decomposing perseverative errors among undergraduates scoring high on the schizotypal personality questionnaire. Schizophr. Res. 106, 3-12. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2008.05.031
80. Woodward, N. D., Cowan, R. L., Park, S., Ansari, M. S., Baldwin, R. M., Li, R., et al. (2011). Correlation of individual differences in schizotypal personality traits with amphetamine-induced dopamine release in striatal and extrastriatal brain regions. Am. J. Psychiatry 168, 418-426. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10020165
81. Zhang, Y., Bertolino, A., Fazio, L., Blasi, G., Rampino, A., Romano, R., et al. (2007). Polymorphisms in human dopamine D2 receptor gene affect gene expression, splicing and neuronal activity during working memory. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 104, 20552-20557. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0707106104
82. Zhang, Y., Wang, D., Johnson, A. D., Papp, A. C., and Sadee, W. (2005). Allelic expression imbalance of human mu opioid receptor (OPRM1) caused by variant A118G. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 32618-32624. doi: 10.1074/jbc.m504942200