Clinical and molecular aspects of the live attenuated Oka varicella vaccine

Reviews in Medical Virology

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 254-273

  Quinlivan, Mark ^a   Breuer, Judy ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHICKENPOX VACCINE; LIVE VACCINE; VARICELLA ZOSTER VACCINE; VIRUS DNA;

ARTICLE; CHICKENPOX; DORSAL ROOT; ENCEPHALITIS; HUMAN; MENINGITIS; OPEN READING FRAME; RASH; T LYMPHOCYTE; VACCINATION; VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS; VIRAL TROPISM; VIRION; VIRUS MUTATION; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS VIRULENCE; ANIMAL; CELL LINE; CHEMISTRY; DNA SEQUENCE; GENETICS; GUINEA PIG; HERPES ZOSTER; IMMUNOLOGY; POINT MUTATION; VIROLOGY; VIRUS ACTIVATION; VIRUS CULTURE; VIRUS LATENCY;

ANIMALS; CELL LINE; CHICKENPOX; CHICKENPOX VACCINE; DNA, VIRAL; GUINEA PIGS; HERPES ZOSTER; HUMANS; POINT MUTATION; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA; SERIAL PASSAGE; VACCINES, ATTENUATED; VIRUS ACTIVATION; VIRUS CULTIVATION; VIRUS LATENCY;

EID: 84903815900     PISSN: 10529276     EISSN: 10991654     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1789     Document Type: Article

References (172)

1. Asano Y, Iwayama S, Miyata T, et al. Spread of varicella in hospitalized children having no direct contact with an indicator zoster case and its prevention by a live vaccine. Biken Journal 1980; 23: 157-161.
2. Lopez AS, Burnett-Hartman A, Nambiar R, et al. Transmission of a newly characterized strain of varicella-zoster virus from a patient with herpes zoster in a long-term-care facility, West Virginia. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2008; 197: 646-653.
3. Josephson A, Gombert ME. Airborne transmission of nosocomial varicella from localized zoster. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1988; 158: 238-241.
4. Morrow G, Slobedman B, Cunningham AL, et al. Varicella-zoster virus productively infects mature dendritic cells and alters their immune function. Journal of Virology 2003; 77: 4950-4959.
5. Abendroth A, Lin I, Slobedman B, Ploegh H, et al. Varicella-zoster virus retains major histocompatibility complex class I proteins in the Golgi compartment of infected cells. Journal of Virology 2001; 75: 4878-4888.
6. Ku CC, Padilla JA, Grose C, et al. Tropism of varicella-zoster virus for human tonsillar CD4(+) T lymphocytes that express activation, memory, and skin homing markers. Journal of Virology 2002; 76: 11425-11433.
7. Ku CH, Liu YT, Christiani DC. Case report: occupationally related recurrent varicella (chickenpox) in a hospital nurse. Environmental Health Perspectives 2005; 113: 1373-1375.
8. Arvin AM. Varicella-zoster virus. In Virology, Fields BN, Knipe DM, Howley PM, Chanock RM, Melnick JL, Monath TP, Roizman B, Straus SE (eds). Lippincott-Raven Publishers: Philadelphia, 1996; 2547-2586.
9. Lokeshwar MR, Agrawal A, Subbarao SD, et al. Age related seroprevalence of antibodies to varicella in India. Indian Pediatrics 2000; 37: 714-719.
10. Ooi PL, Goh KT, Doraisingham S, et al. Prevalence of varicella-zoster virus infection in Singapore. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 1992; 23: 22-25.
11. Lee BW, Tan AY. Chickenpox in the tropics. BMJ 1995; 310: 941.
12. Garnett GP, Cox MJ, Bundy DA, et al. The age of infection with varicella-zoster virus in St Lucia, West Indies. Epidemiology and Infection 1993; 110: 361-372.
13. Gray GC, Palinkas LA, Kelley PW. Increasing incidence of varicella hospitalizations in United States Army and Navy personnel: are today's teenagers more susceptible? Should recruits be vaccinated? Pediatrics 1990; 86: 867-873.
14. Wallace MR, Bowler WA, Murray NB, et al. Treatment of adult varicella with oral acyclovir. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 1992; 117: 358-363.
15. Mohsen AH, Peck RJ, Mason Z, et al. Lung function tests and risk factors for pneumonia in adults with chickenpox. Thorax 2001; 56: 796-799.
16. Saitoh H, Takahashi N, Nanjo H, et al. Varicella-zoster virus-associated fulminant hepatitis following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. Internal Medicine 2013; 52: 1727-1730.
17. Grant RM, Weitzman SS, Sherman CG, et al. Fulminant disseminated varicella zoster virus infection without skin involvement. Journal of Clinical Virology 2002; 24: 7-12.
18. Burke BL, Steele RW, Beard OW, et al. Immune responses to varicella-zoster in the aged. Archives of Internal Medicine 1982; 142: 291-293.
19. Chen SY, Suaya JA, Li Q, et al. Incidence of herpes zoster in patients with altered immune function. Infection 2013; Epub ahead of print]
20. Gilden DH, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, LaGuardia JJ, et al. Neurologic complications of the reactivation of varicella-zoster virus. New England Journal of Medicine 2000; 342: 635-645.
21. Nagel MA. Varicella zoster virus vasculopathy: clinical features and pathogenesis. Journal of Neurovirology 2013; Aug 6 [e-pub ahead of print]
22. Gilden D, Mahalingam R, Nagel MA, et al. Review: the neurobiology of varicella zoster virus infection. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 2011; 37: 441-463.
23. Teranishi H, Sakiyama M, Nagatoshi Y, et al. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia complicated with varicella zoster virus meningoencephalitis and visceral dissemination after related bone marrow transplantation. Rinshō Ketsueki 2011; 52: 287-292.
24. Bhagat RK, Zieske AW, Kamble RT. Cerebrospinal leukemoid reaction secondary to VZV. Meninigoencephalitis in an AML patient post allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Blood 2013; 122: 300-301.
25. Davison AJ, Scott JE. The complete sequence of varicella-zoster virus. Journal of General Virology 1986; 67: 1759-1816.
26. Stow ND, Davison AJ. Identification of a varicella-zoster virus origin of DNA replication and its activation by herpes simplex virus type 1 gene products. Journal of General Virology 1986; 67: 1613-1623.
27. Takahashi M, Otsuka T, Okuno Y, et al. Live vaccine used to prevent the spread of varicella in children in hospital. Lancet 1974; 2: 1288-1290.
28. Galea SA, Sweet A, Beninger P, et al. The safety profile of varicella vaccine: a 10-year review. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2008; 197(Suppl 2): S165-S169.
29. Meurice F, De Bouver JL, Vandevoorde D, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of a live attenuated varicella vaccine (Oka/SB Bio) in healthy children. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1996; 174(Suppl 3): S324-S329.
30. Kuter B, Matthews H, Shinefield H, et al. Study group for Varivax. Ten year follow-up of healthy children who received one or two injections of varicella vaccine. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1991; 23: 132-137.
31. Clements DA, Moreira SP, Coplan PM, et al. Poslicensure study of varicella vaccine effectiveness in a day-care setting. Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 1999; 18: 1047-1050.
32. Marin M, Meissner HC, Seward JF. Varicella prevention in the United States: a review of successes and challenges. Pediatrics 2008; 122: 744-751.
33. Kawai K, O'Brien MA, Conway JH, et al. Factors associated with receipt of two doses of varicella vaccine among adolescents in the United States. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2013; 32: 538-542.
34. Chaves SS, Lopez AS, Watson TL, et al. Varicella in infants after implementation of the US varicella vaccination program. Pediatrics 2011; 128: 1071-1077.
35. Goldman GS, King PG. Review of the United States universal varicella vaccination program: herpes zoster incidence rates, cost-effectiveness, and vaccine efficacy based primarily on the Antelope Valley Varicella Active Surveillance Project data. Vaccine 2013; 31: 1680-1694.
36. Grose C. Varicella vaccination of children in the United States: assessment after the first decade 1995-2005. Journal of Clinical Virology 2005; 33: 89-95.
37. Marin M, Zhang JX, Seward JF. Near elimination of varicella deaths in the US after implementation of the vaccination program. Pediatrics 2011; 128: 214-220.
38. Quian J, Ruttimann R, Romero E, et al. Impact of universal varicella vaccination on 1-year-olds in Uruguay: 1997-2005. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2008; 93: 845-850.
39. State of Qatar. Supreme Council of Health. Department of Health. http://www.sch.gov.qa/sch/En/scontent.jsp?smenuId=70 [25 February 2014].
40. Chang LY, Huang LM, Chang IS, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of varicella from 2000 to 2008 and the impact of nationwide immunization in Taiwan. BMC Infectious Diseases 2011; 11: 352.
41. Streng A, Grote V, Carr D, et al. Varicella routine vaccination and the effects on varicella epidemiology-results from the Bavarian Varicella Surveillance Project (BaVariPro), 2006-2011. BMC Infectious Diseases 2013; 13: 303.
42. Sadzot-Delvaux C, Rentier B, Wutzler P, et al. Varicella vaccination in South Korea, Japan, and Europe. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2008; 97(Suppl 2): S185-S190.
43. Ward K, Dey A, Hull B, et al. Evaluation of Australia's varicella vaccination program for children and adolescents. Vaccine 2013; 31: 1413-1419.
44. Sakou II, Tsitsika AK, Papaevangelou V, et al. Vaccination coverage among adolescents and risk factors associated with incomplete immunization. European Journal of Pediatrics 2011; 170: 1419-1426.
45. Ulloa-Gutierrez R, Miño G, Odio C, et al. Vaccine-preventable diseases and their impact on Latin American children. Expert Review of Vaccines 2011; 10: 1671-1673.
46. Miron E, Abu-Foul N, Rishpon S. Factors affecting varicella vaccine uptake among children 1-17years old in the Haifa District in 2007. Human Vaccines 2010; 6: 849-853.
47. Al-Tawfiq JA, AbuKhamsin A, Memish ZA. Epidemiology and impact of varicella vaccination: a longitudinal study 1994-2011. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 2013; 11: 310-314.
48. National Network For Immunization Information. Oman: vaccine against chicken pox soon. Reported on 07/07/2010. http://www.immunizationinfo.org/pressroom/news-briefs/2010-07-07/oman-vaccine-against-chicken-pox-soon
49. UAE Ministry of Health. Ministry of Health includes chicken pox vaccine in national immunization program. Reported on 14/03/12. http://www.moh.gov.ae/en/News/Pages/Chicken-Pox-Vaccine.aspx
50. Canadian Communicable Disease Report (CCDR). An advisory committee statement (ASC). National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI). Varicella vaccination two-doses recommendations, vol 36. ACS-8. September 2010.
51. Giammanco G, Ciriminna S, Barberi I, et al. Universal varicella vaccination in the Sicilian paediatric population: rapid uptake of the vaccination programme and morbidity trends over five years. Euro Surveillance 2009; 14pii: 19321.
52. Vincenzo-Baldo V, Baldovin T, Russo F, et al. Varicella: epidemiological aspects and vaccination coverage in the Veneto region. BMC Infectious Diseases 2009; 9: 150.
53. Tafuri S, Martinelli D, Prato R, et al. Vaccine effectiveness evaluation during a varicella outbreak among children of primary schools and day-care centers in a region which adopted UMV. Human Vaccination Immunotherapy 2013; 9: 184-188.
54. Bechini S, Boccalini M, Levi P, et al. Universal varicella vaccination program in Tuscany region (Italy), 2008-2011: impact on disease incidence, immunization coverage and adverse reactions. The 31st Meeting of the European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID 2013) Milan, Italy. May 28-June 1, 2013.
55. Pérez-Farinós N, Ordobás M, García-Fernández C, et al. Varicella and herpes zoster in Madrid, based on the Sentinel General Practitioner Network: 1997-2004. BMC Infectious Diseases 2007; 7: 59.
56. Bonanni P, Breuer J, Gershon A, et al. Varicella vaccination in Europe-taking the practical approach. BMC Medicine 2009; 7: 26.
57. Goulleret N, Mauvisseau E, Essevaz-Roulet M, et al. Safety profile of live varicella virus vaccine (Oka/Merck): five-year results of the European Varicella Zoster Virus Identification Program (EU VZVIP). Vaccine 2010; 28: 5878-5882.
58. Brisson M, Gay NJ, Edmunds WJ, et al. Exposure to varicella boosts immunity to herpes-zoster: implications for mass vaccination against chickenpox. Vaccine 2002; 20: 2500-2507.
59. Asano Y, Suga, S, Yoshikawa T, et al. Experience and reason: twenty-year follow-up of protective immunity of the Oka strain live varicella vaccine. Pediatrics 1994; 94: 524-526.
60. Hope-Simpson RE. The nature of herpes zoster: a long term study and a new hypothesis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 1965; 58: 9-20.
61. Gershon AA, LaRussa P, Steinberg S, et al. The protective effect of immunologic boosting against zoster: an analysis in leukaemic children who were vaccinated against chickenpox. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1996; 173: 450-453.
62. Wu PY, Wu HD, Chou TC, et al. Varicella vaccination alters the chronological trends of herpes zoster and varicella. PLoS One 2013; 8: e77709.
63. Yih WK, Brooks DR, Lett SM, et al. The incidence of varicella and herpes zoster in Massachusetts as measured by the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) during a period of increasing varicella vaccine coverage, 1998-2003. BMC Public Health 2005; 5: 68.
64. Leung J, Harpaz R, Molinari NA, et al. Herpes zoster incidence among insured persons in the United States, 1993-2006: evaluation of impact of varicella vaccination. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2011; 52: 332-340.
65. Jumaan AO, Yu O, Jackson LA, et al. Incidence of herpes zoster, before and after varicella-vaccination-associated decreases in the incidence of varicella, 1992-2002. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2005; 191: 2002-2007.
66. Schmid DS, Jumaan AO. Impact of varicella vaccine on varicella-zoster virus dynamics. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2010; 23: 202-217.
67. Oxman MN, Levin MJ, Johnson GR, et al. A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine 2005; 352: 2271-2284.
68. Sharrar RG, LaRussa P, Galea SA, et al. The postmarketing safety profile of varicella vaccine. Vaccine 2000; 19: 916-923.
69. Wutzler P, Knuf M, Liese varicella: efficacy of two-dose vaccination in childhood. Journal of Dtsch Arztebl International 2008; 105: 567-572.
70. Kuter B, Matthews H, Shinefield H, et al. Ten year follow-up of healthy children who received one or two injections of varicella vaccine. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2004; 23: 132-137.
71. Ozaki T. Long-term clinical studies of varicella vaccine at a regional hospital in Japan and proposal for a varicella vaccination program. Vaccine 2013; 31: 6155-6160.
72. Galil K, Fair E, Mountcastle N, et al. Younger age at vaccination may increase risk of varicella vaccine failure. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2002; 186: 102-105.
73. Lee BR, Feaver SL, Miller CA, et al. An elementary school outbreak of varicella attributed to vaccine failure: policy implications. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2004; 190: 477-483.
74. Ampofo K, Saiman L, LaRussa P, et al. Persistence of immunity to live attenuated varicella vaccine in healthy adults. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2000; 34: 774-779.
75. Sauerbrei A, Stefanski J, Gruhn B, et al. Immune response of varicella vaccinees to different varicella-zoster virus genotypes. Vaccine 2011; 29: 3873-3877.
76. Marin M, Güris D, Chaves SS, et al. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevention of varicella: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR-Recommendations and Reports 2007; 56: 1-40.
77. LaRussa P, Steinberg S, Gershon AA. Varicella vaccine for immunocompromised children: results of collaborative studies in the United States and Canada. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1996; 174(suppl 3): S320-S323.
78. Furth SL, Hogg RJ, Tarver J, et al. Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group. Varicella vaccination in children with chronic renal failure. A report of the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group. Pediatric Nephrology 2003; 18: 33-38.
79. Leung J, Siegel S, Jones JF, et al. Fatal varicella due to the vaccine-strain varicella-zoster virus. Human Vaccine Immunotherapy 2013; 10. Epub ahead of print]
80. Pahud BA, Glaser CA, Dekker CL, et al. Varicella zoster disease of the central nervous system: epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory features 10years after the introduction of the varicella vaccine. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2011; 203: 316-323.
81. Chouliaras G, Spoulou V, Quinlivan M, et al. Vaccine-associated herpes zoster ophthalmicus correction of ophthalmicus and encephalitis in an immunocompetent child. Pediatrics 2009; 125: 969-972.
82. Lyer S, Mittal MK, Hodinka RL. Herpes zoster and meningitis resulting from reactivation of varicella vaccine virus in an immunocompetent child. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2009; 53: 792-795.
83. Chaves SS, Haber P, Walton K et al. Safety of varicella vaccine after licensure in the United States: experience from reports to the vaccine adverse event reporting system, 1995-2005. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2008; 197(suppl 2): S170-S177.
84. Levin MJ, DeBiasi RL, Bostik V, et al. Herpes zoster with skin lesions and meningitis caused by 2 different genotypes of the Oka varicella-zoster virus vaccine. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2008; 198: 1444-1447.
85. Levin MJ, Dahl KM, Weinberg A, et al. Development of resistance to acyclovir during chronic infection with the Oka vaccine strain of varicella-zoster virus, in an immunosuppressed child. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2003; 188: 954-959.
86. Marin M, Meissner HC, Seward JF. Varicella prevention in the United States: a review of successes and challenges. Pediatrics 2008; 122: e744-e751. Review
87. LaRussa P, Steinberg S, Meurice F, et al. Transmission of vaccine strain varicella-zoster virus from a healthy adult with vaccine-associated rash to susceptible household contacts. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1997; 176: 1072-1075.
88. Grossberg R, Harpaz R, Rubtcova E, et al. Secondary transmission of varicella vaccine virus in a chronic care facility for children. Journal of Pediatrics 2006; 148: 842-844.
89. Gan L, Wang M, Yang S, et al. Transmission of varicella vaccine virus to a non-family member in China. Vaccine 2011; 29: 2015-2017.
90. Tsolia M, Gershon AA, Steinberg SP. Live attenuated varicella vaccine: evidence that the virus is attenuated and the importance of skin lesions in transmission of varicella-zoster virus. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Varicella Vaccine Collaborative Study Group. Journal of Pediatrics 1990; 116: 184-189.
91. Weinmann S, Chun C, Riedlinger K et al. Herpes zoster in the varicella vaccine era. 48th Annual Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), Vancouver, Canada, 21-24 October 2010.
92. Civen R, Chaves SS, Jumaan A, et al. The incidence and clinical characteristics of herpes zoster among children and adolescents after implementation of varicella vaccination. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2009; 28: 954-959.
93. Chun C, Weinmann S, Riedlinger K, et al. Laboratory characteristics of suspected herpes zoster in vaccinated children. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2011; 30: 719-721.
94. Weinmann S, Chun C, Schmid DS, et al. Incidence and clinical characteristics of herpes zoster among children in the varicella vaccine era, 2005-2009. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2013; 208: 1859-1868.
95. Gomi Y, Sunamachi H, Mori Y, et al. Comparison of the complete DNA sequences of the Oka varicella vaccine and its parental virus. Journal of Virology 2002; 76: 11447-11459.
96. Nichols RA, Averbeck KT, Poulsen AG, et al. Household size is critical to varicella-zoster virus transmission in the tropics despite lower viral infectivity. Epidemics 2011; 3:12-18.
97. Sauerbrei A, Rubtcova E, Wutzler P, et al. Genetic profile of an Oka varicella vaccine virus variant isolated from an infant with zoster. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2004; 42: 5604-5608.
98. Tillieux SL, Halsey WS, Thomas ES, et al. Complete DNA sequences of two Oka strain varicella-zoster virus genomes. Journal of Virology 2008; 82: 11023-11044.
99. Depledge D, Kundu S, Jensen N, et al. Deep sequencing of viral genomes provides insight into the evolution and pathogenesis of varicella zoster virus and its vaccine in humans. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2013; 31: 397-409.
100. Thiele S, Borschewski A, Küchler J, et al. Molecular analysis of varicella vaccines and varicella-zoster virus from vaccine-related skin lesions. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 2011; 18: 1058-1066.
101. Kanda RK, Quinlivan ML, Gershon AA, et al. Population diversity in batches of the varicella Oka vaccine. Vaccine 2011; 29: 3293-3298.
102. Lau YL, Vessey SJ, Chan IS, et al. A comparison of safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of Oka/Merck varicella vaccine and VARILRIX in healthy children. Vaccine 2002; 26: 2942-2949.
103. Blatter MM, Klein NP, Shepard JS, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of two tetravalent (measles, mumps, rubella, varicella) vaccines co-administered with hepatitis A and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines to children 12-14 months of age. Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 2012; Apr 26 [epub ahead of print].
104. Spackova M, Wiese-Posselt M, Dehnert M, et al. Comparative varicella vaccine effectiveness during outbreaks in day-care centres. Vaccine 2010; 28: 686-691.
105. Frey CR, Sharp MA, Min AS. Identification of CD8+ T cell epitopes in the immediate early 62 protein (IE62) of varicella-zoster virus, and evaluation of frequency of CD8+ T cell response to IE62, by use of IE62 peptides after varicella vaccination. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2003; 188: 40-52.
106. Jenkins DE, Yasukawa LL, Bergen R, et al. Comparison of primary sensitization of naive human T cells to varicella-zoster virus peptides by dendritic cells in vitro with responses elicited in vivo by varicella vaccination. Journal of Immunology 1999; 162: 560-567.
107. Hayward AR. T-cell responses to predicted amphipathic peptides of varicella-zoster virus glycoproteins II and IV. Journal of Virology 1990; 64 651-655.
108. Welsh MD, Harper DR, Garcia-Valcarcel M, et al. Ability of yeast Ty-VLPs (virus-like particles) containing varicella-zoster virus (VZV)gE and assembly protein fragments to induce in vitro proliferation of human lymphocytes from VZV immune patients. Journal of Medical Virology 1999; 59: 78-83.
109. Fowler WJ, Garcia-Valcarcel M, Hill-Perkins MS, et al. Identification of immunodominant regions and linear B cell epitopes of the gE envelope protein of varicella-zoster virus. Virology 1995; 214: 531-540.
110. Kjartansdottir A, Lycke E, Norrby SR. B-cell epitopes of varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein II. Archives of Virology 1996; 141: 2465-2469.
111. D'Hondt E, Berge E, Colinet G, et al. Production and quality control of the Oka-strain live varicella vaccine. Postgraduate Medical Journal 1985; 61(Suppl 4): 53-56.
112. Ku CC, Zerboni L, Ito H, et al. Varicella-zoster virus transfer to skin by T cells and modulation of viral replication by epidermal cell interferonalpha. Journal of Experimental Medicine 2004; 200: 917-925.
113. Moffat JF, Stein MD, Kaneshima H, et al. Tropism of varicella-zoster virus for human CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and epidermal cells in SCID-hu mice. Journal of Virology 1995; 69: 5236-5242.
114. Soong W, Schultz JC, Patera AC, et al. Infection of human T lymphocytes with varicella-zoster virus: an analysis with viral mutants and clinical isolates. Journal of Virology 2000; 74: 1864-1870.
115. Gomi Y, Ozaki T, Nishimura N, et al. DNA sequence analysis of varicella-zoster virus gene 62 from subclinical infections in healthy children immunized with the Oka varicella vaccine. Vaccine 2008; 26: 5627-5632.
116. Shiraki K, Yoshida Y, Asano Y, et al. Pathogenetic tropism of varicella-zoster virus to primary human hepatocytes and attenuating tropism of Oka varicella vaccine strain to neonatal dermal fibroblasts. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2003; 188: 1875-1877.
117. Gershon AA, Gershon MD, Breuer J, et al. Advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis and epidemiology of herpes zoster. Journal of Clinical Virology 2010; 48(Suppl 1): S2-S7.
118. Gilden DH, Vafai A, Shtram Y, et al. Varicella-zoster virus DNA in human sensory ganglia. Nature 1983; 306: 478-480.
119. Gershon AA, Chen J, Davis L, et al. Latency of varicella zoster virus in dorsal root, cranial, and enteric ganglia in vaccinated children. Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association 2012; 123: 17-33.
120. Zerboni L, Ku CC, Jones CD, et al. Varicella-zoster virus infection of human dorsal root ganglia in vivo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005; 102: 6490-6495.
121. Taha Y, Scott FT, Parker SP, et al. Reactivation of 2 genetically distinct varicella-zoster viruses in the same individual. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2006; 43:1301-1303.
122. Nagel MA, Choe A, Traktinskiy I, et al. Varicella-zoster virus transcriptome in latently infected human ganglia. Journal of Virology 2011; 85: 2276-2287.
123. Cohrs RJ, Gilden DH. Prevalence and abundance of latently transcribed varicella-zoster virus genes in human ganglia. Journal of Virology 2007; 81: 2950-2956.
124. Moffat JF, Zerboni L, Kinchington PR, et al. Attenuation of the vaccine Oka strain of varicella-zoster virus and role of glycoprotein C in alphaherpesvirus virulence demonstrated in the SCID-hu mouse. Journal of Virology 1998; 72: 965-974.
125. Jones JO, Arvin AM. Microarray analysis of host cell gene transcription in response to varicella-zoster virus infection of human T cells and fibroblasts in vitro and SCIDhu skin xenografts in vivo. Journal of Virology 2003; 77: 1268-1280.
126. Cohen JI. Infection of cells with varicella-zoster virus down-regulates surface expression of class I major histocompatibility complex antigens. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1998; 177: 1390-1393.
127. Abendroth A, Slobedman B, Lee E, et al. Modulation of major histocompatibility class II protein expression by varicella-zoster virus. Journal of Virology 2000; 74: 1900-1907.
128. Black AP, Jones L, Malavige GN, et al. Immune evasion during varicella zoster virus infection of keratinocytes. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 2009; 34: 941-944.
129. Karadag Oncel E, Kara A, Celik M, et al. Determination and clinical correlation of markers of inflammation in unvaccinated patients with varicella-zoster infection. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2013; 17: 2032-2039.
130. Baudoux L, Defechereux P, Schoonbroodt S, et al. Mutational analysis of varicella-zoster virus major immediate-early protein IE62. Nucleic Acids Research 1995; 23: 1341-1349.
131. Kinchington PR. Hougland JK, Arvin AM, et al. The varicella-zoster virus immediate-early protein IE62 is a major component of virus particles. Journal of Virology 1992; 66: 359-366.
132. Kinchington PR, Fite K, Turse SE. Nuclear accumulation of IE62, the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) major transcriptional regulatory protein, is inhibited by phosphorylation mediated by the VZV open reading frame 66 protein kinase. Journal of Virology 2000; 74: 2265-2277.
133. Spengler M, Niesen N, Grose C, et al. Interactions among structural proteins of varicella zoster virus. Archives of Virology, Supplement 2001; 17: 71-79.
134. Moriuchi H, Moriuchi M, Straus SE, et al. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) virion-associated transactivator open reading frame 62 protein enhances the infectivity of VZV DNA. Virology 1994; 200: 297-300.
135. Ruyechan WT. Roles of cellular transcription factors in VZV replication. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 2010; 342: 43-65.
136. Kenyon TK, Grose C. VZV ORF47 serine protein kinase and its viral substrates. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 2010; 342: 99-111.
137. Cohrs RJ, Gilden DH, Kinchington PR, et al. Varicella zoster virus gene 66 transcription and translation in latently infected human ganglia. Journal of Virology 2003; 77: 6660-6665.
138. Lungu O, Panagiotidis CA, Annunziato PW, et al. Aberrant intracellular localization of varicella-zoster virus regulatory proteins during latency. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1998; 95: 7080-7085.
139. Grinfeld E, Ross A, Forster T, et al. Genome-wide reduction in transcriptomal profiles of varicella-zoster virus vaccine strains compared with parental Oka strain using long oligonucleotide microarrays. Virus Genes 2009; 38: 19-29.
140. Cohrs RJ, Gilden DH, Gomi Y, et al. Comparison of virus transcription during lytic infection of the Oka parental and vaccine strains of varicella-zoster virus. Journal of Virology 2006; 80: 2076-2082.
141. Gomi Y, Imagawa T, Takahashi M, et al. Oka varicella vaccine is distinguishable from its parental virus in DNA sequence of open reading frame 62 and its transactivation activity. Journal of Medical Virology 2000; 61: 497-503.
142. Zerboni L, Hinchliffe S, Sommer MH, et al. Analysis of varicella zoster virus attenuation by evaluation of chimeric parent Oka/vaccine Oka recombinant viruses in skin xenografts in the SCIDhu mouse model. Virology 2005; 332: 337-346.
143. Oliver SL, Sommer M, Zerboni L, et al. Mutagenesis of varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein B: putative fusion loop residues are essential for viral replication, and the furin cleavage motif contributes to pathogenesis in skin tissue in vivo. Journal of Virology 2009; 83: 7495-7506.
144. Heineman TC, Krudwig N, Hall SL. Cytoplasmic domain signal sequences that mediate transport of varicella-zoster virus gB from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi. Journal of Virology 2000; 74: 9421-9430.
145. Heineman TC, Hall SL. VZV gB endocytosis and Golgi localization are mediated by YXXφ motifs in its cytoplasmic domain. Virology 2001; 285: 42.
146. Heineman TC, Hall SL. Role of the varicella-zoster virus gB cytoplasmic domain in gB transport and viral egress. Journal of Virology 2002; 76: 591-599.
147. Ling P, Kinchington PR, Ruyechan WT, et al. A detailed analysis of transcripts mapping to varicella zoster virus gene 14 (glycoprotein V). Virology 1991; 184: 625-635.
148. Kinchington PR, Remenick J, Ostrove JM, et al. Putative glycoprotein gene of varicella-zoster virus with variable copy numbers of 42-base-pair repeat sequence has homology to herpes simplex virus glycoprotein C. Journal of Virology 1986; 59: 660-668.
149. Grose C, Juhn Y. Commentary: Significantly less anti-gC antibody detectable in sera collected after varicella vaccination than after the disease varicella. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2012; 31: 1153-1154.
150. Jenke AC, Klein S, Baiker A, et al. Serologic analysis of the IgG antibody response in children with varicella zoster virus wild-type infection and vaccination. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2012; 31: 1148-1152.
151. Grose C, Yu X, Cohrs RJ, et al. Aberrant virion assembly and limited glycoprotein C production in varicella-zoster virus-infected neurons. Journal of Virology 2013; 87: 9643-9648.
152. Peters GA, Tyler SD, Carpenter JE, et al. The attenuated genotype of varicella-zoster virus includes an ORF0 transitional stop codon mutation. Journal of Virology 2012; 86: 10695-10703.
153. Kaufer BB, Smejkal B, Osterrieder N. The varicella-zoster virus ORFS/L (ORF0) gene is required for efficient viral replication and contains an element involved in DNA cleavage. Journal of Virology 2007; 81: 9024-9033.
154. Zhang Z, Rowe J, Wang W, et al. Genetic analysis of varicella-zoster virus ORF0 to ORF4 by use of a novel luciferase bacterial artificial chromosome system. Journal of Virology 2007; 81: 9024-9033.
155. Koshizuka T, Ota M, Yamanishi K, et al. Characterization of varicella-zoster virus-encoded ORF0 gene-comparison of parental and vaccine strains. Virology 2010; 405: 280-288.
156. Quinlivan ML, Gershon AA, Al Bassam MM, et al. Natural selection for rash-forming genotypes of the varicella-zoster vaccine virus detected within immunized human hosts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2007; 104: 208-212.
157. Quinlivan ML, Gershon AA, Steinberg SP, et al. Rashes occurring after immunization with a mixture of viruses in the Oka vaccine are derived from single clones of virus. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2004; 190: 793-796.
158. Loparev VN, Rubtcova E, Seward JF, et al. DNA sequence variability in isolates recovered from patients with postvaccination rash or herpes zoster caused by Oka varicella vaccine. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2007; 195: 502-510.
159. Barrett-Muir W, Nichols R, Breuer J. Phylogenetic analysis of varicella-zoster virus: evidence of intercontinental spread of genotypes and recombination. Journal of Virology 2002; 76: 1971-1979.
160. Breuer J, Grose C, Norberg P, et al. A proposal for a common nomenclature for viral clades that form the species varicella-zoster virus: summary of VZV Nomenclature Meeting 2008, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 24-25 July 2008. Journal of General Virology 2010; 91: 821-828.
161. Schmidt-Chanasit J, Sauerbrei A. Evolution and world-wide distribution of varicella-zoster virus clades. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2011; 11: 1-10.
162. Zell R, Taudien S, Pfaff F, et al. Sequencing of 21 varicella-zoster virus genomes reveals two novel genotypes and evidence of recombination. Journal of Virology 2012; 86: 1608-1622.
163. LaRussa P, Lungu O, Hardy I, et al. Restriction fragment length polymorphism of polymerase chain reaction products from vaccine and wild-type varicella-zoster virus isolates. Journal of Virology 1992; 66: 1016-1020.
164. Hondo R, Yogo Y, Yoshida M, et al. Distribution of varicella-zoster virus strains carrying a Pst1 site-less mutation in Japan and DNA change responsible for the mutation. Japanese Journal of Experimental Medicine 1989; 59: 233-237.
165. Toi CS, Dwyer DE. Zoster virus genotypes in Australia characterized by high-resolution melt analysis and ORF22 gene analyses. Journal of Medical Microbiology 2010; 59: 935-940.
166. Kaushik KS, Lahiri KK, Kapila K, et al. Differentiation of wild-type varicella-zoster strains from India and the Oka vaccine strain using a VZV open reading frame-62 based PCR-RFLP technique. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2008; 12: 313-315.
167. Campsall PA, Au NH, Prendiville JS, et al. Detection and genotyping of varicella-zoster virus by TaqMan allelic discrimination real-time PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2004; 42:1409-1413.
168. Harbecke R, Oxman MN, Arnold BA, et al. Shingles Prevention Study Group. A real-time PCR assay to identify and discriminate among wild-type and vaccine strains of varicella-zoster virus and herpes simplex virus in clinical specimens, and comparison with the clinical diagnoses. Journal of Medical Virology 2009; 81: 1310-1322.
169. Quinlivan ML, Jensen NJ, Radford KW, et al. Novel genetic variation identified at fixed loci in ORF62 of the Oka varicella vaccine and in a case of vaccine-associated herpes zoster. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2012; 50: 1533-1538.
170. Brady MT, Bernstein HH, Byington CL, et al. Committee on Infectious Diseases. Policy statement-prevention of varicella: update of recommendations for use of quadrivalent and monovalent varicella vaccines in children. Pediatrics 2011; 128: 630-632.
171. Jacquet A, Haumont M, Massaer M, et al. Immunogenicity of a recombinant varicella-zoster virus gE-IE63 fusion protein, a putative vaccine candidate against primary infection and zoster reactivation. Vaccine 2002; 20: 1593-1602.
172. Stasikova J, Kutinova L, Smahel M, et al. Immunization with varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein E expressing vectors: comparison of antibody response to DNA vaccine and recombinant vaccinia virus. Acta Virologica 2003; 47: 1-10.