The Early History of Life

Treatise on Geochemistry: Second Edition

Volumn 10, Issue , 2013, Pages 1-42

  Nisbet, E G ^a   Fowler, C M R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Archean; Chaotian; Early Biomes; Hadean; Photosynthesis; Youth of Earth

Indexed keywords

PHOTOSYNTHESIS;

ARCHEAN; CHAOTIAN; EARLY BIOMES; FUNDAMENTAL CONSTRAINTS; HADEAN; LOW VISCOSITY; OXIDATION STATE; SMALL ISLAND;

SEA ICE;

EID: 84903809331     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.00801-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (305)

1. Abby S.S., Tannier E., Gouy M., Daubin V. Lateral gene transfer as a support for the tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2012, 109:4962-4967.
2. Abele D. The radical life-giver. Nature 2002, 420:27.
3. Ahrens T.J. Earth accretion. Origin of the Earth 1990, 211-227. Oxford University Press, Oxford. H.E. Newsom, J.H. Jones (Eds.).
4. Allegre C., Manhes G., Gopel C. The age of the Earth. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1995, 59:1445-1456.
5. Allwood A.C., Walter M.R., Kamber B.S., Marshall C.P., Burch I.W. Stromatolite reef from the Early Archean era of Australia. Nature 2006, 441:714-718.
6. Allwood A.C., Walter M.R., Burch I.W., Kamber B.S. 3.43 billion-year-old stromatolite reef from the Pilbara craton of Western Australia: Ecosystem-scale insights to early life on Earth. Precambrian Research 2007, 158:198-227.
7. Anbar A.D., Duan Y., Lyons T.W., et al. A whiff of oxygen before the great oxidation event?. Science 2007, 317:1903-1906.
8. Alt J.C., Shanks W.C. Sulfur in serpentinized oceanic peridotites: Serpentinization processes and microbial sulfate reduction. Journal of Geophysical Research 1998, 103:9917-9929.
9. Archer C., Vance D. Coupled Fe and S isotope evidence for Archean microbial Fe(III) and sulfate reduction. Geology 2006, 34:153-156.
10. Arndt N.T., Nisbet E.G. Processes on the young earth and the habitats of early life. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 2012, 40:521-549.
11. Appel P.W.U., Rollinson H.R., Touret J.L.R. Remnants of an early Archean (>3.75 Ga) sea-floor hydrothermal system in the Isua greenstone belt. Precambrian Research 2001, 112:27-49.
12. Baker V.R. Water and the Martian landscape. Nature 2001, 412:228-236.
13. Bapteste E., O'Malley M.A., Beiko R.G., et al. Prokaryotic evolution and the tree of life are two different things. Biology Direct 2009, 4:34.
14. Barnes S.M., Delwiche C.F., Palmer J.D., Pace N.R. Perspectives on archaeal diversity, thermophyly and monophyly from environmental rRNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1996, 93:9188-9193.
15. Beja O., Suzuki M.T., Heidelberg J.F., et al. Unsuspected diversity among marine aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs. Nature 2002, 415:630-632.
16. Bernal J.D. The Physical Basis of Life 1951, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.
17. Bernal J.D. The Origin of Life 1967, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London.
18. Bickle M.J., Nisbet E.G. The Geology of the Belingwe Greenstone Belt: A Study of the Evolution of Archaean Continental Crust. Geological Society Zimbabwe Special Publication 1993, vol. 2:239. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
19. Bickle M.J., Martin A., Nisbet E.G. Basaltic and peridotitic komatiites, stromatolites, and a basal unconformity in the Belingwe Greenstone belt, Rhodesia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1975, 27:155-162.
20. Blake R.E., Chang S.J., Lepland A. Phosphate oxygen isotope evidence for a temperate and biologically active Archean ocean. Nature 2010, 464:1029-1032.
21. Blankenship R.E. Molecular evidence for the evolution of photosynthesis. Trends in Plant Science 2001, 6:4-6.
22. Blankenship R.E. Early evolution of photosynthesis. Plant Physiology 2010, 154:434-438.
23. Boetius A., Ravenschlag K., Schubert C., et al. A marine microbial consortium apparently mediating anaerobic oxidation of methane. Nature 2000, 407:623-626.
24. Bontognali T.R.R., Sessions A.L., Allwood A.C., et al. Sulfur isotopes of organic matter preserved in 3.45-billion-year-old stromatolites reveal microbial metabolism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2012, 109:15146-15151.
25. Boussau B., Blanquart S., Necsulea A., Lartillot N., Guoy M. Parallel adaptations to high temperatures in the Archean eon. Nature 2008, 456:942-945.
26. Bouvier A., Wadhwa M. The age of the Solar System redefined by the.oldest Pb-Pb age of a meteoritic inclusion. Nature Geoscience 2010, 3:637-641.
27. Bowring S.A., Williams I.S., Compston W. 3.96 Ga gneisses from the Slave province, Canada. Geology 1989, 17:760-764.
28. Brasier M.D., Green O.R., Jephcoat A.P., et al. Questioning the evidence for Earth's oldest fossils. Nature 2002, 416:76-81.
29. Brochier C., Philippe H. A non-hyperthermophilic ancestor for bacteria. Nature 2002, 417:244.
30. Brocks J.J., Logan G.A., Buick R., Summons R.E. Archean molecular fossils and the early rise of eukaryotes. Science 1999, 285:1033-1036.
31. Bui E.T.N., Bradley P.J., Johnson P.J. A common evolutionary origin for mitochondria and hydrogenosomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1996, 93:9651-9656.
32. Buick R. Microfossil recognition in Archean rocks: An appraisal of spheroids and filaments form a 3,500 MY old chert-barite unit at North Pole, Western Australia. Palaios 1990, 5:441-459.
33. Buick R. The antiquity of oxygenic photosynthesis: Evidence from stromatolites in sulphate-deficient Archean lakes. Science 1992, 255:74-77.
34. Buick R. When did oxygenic photosynthesis evolve?. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 2008, 363:2731-2743.
35. Buick R., Dunlop J.S.R., Groves D.I. Stromatolite recognition in ancient rocks: An appraisal of irregularly laminated structures in an Early Archean chert-barite unit from North Pole, Western Australia. Alcheringa 1981, 5:161-181.
36. Byerly G.R., Lowe D.R., Walsh M.M. Stromatolites from the 3,300-3,500Myr Swaziland supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa. Nature 1986, 319:489-491.
37. Cairns-Smith A.G. Genetic Take-over and the Mineral Origins of Life 1982, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
38. Cameron A.G.W. Birth of a solar system. Nature 2002, 418:924-925.
39. Campbell I.H., Taylor S.R. No water, no granites, no oceans, no continents. Geophysical Research Letters 1983, 10:1061-1064.
40. Canil D. Vanadium partitioning and the oxidation state of Archean komatiite magmas. Nature 1997, 389:842-845.
41. Canfield D.E. The early history of atmospheric oxygen. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 2005, 33:1-36.
42. Canfield D.E., Glazer A.N., Falkowski P.G. The evolution and future of Earth's nitrogen cycle. Science 2010, 330:192-196.
43. Canup R.M., Asphaug E. The lunar-forming giant impact. Nature 2001, 412:708-712.
44. Capone D.G., Zehr J.P., Paerl H.W., Bergman B., Carpenter E.J. Trichodesmium, a globally significant marine cyanobacterium. Science 1997, 276:1221-1229.
45. Carr M. Water on Mars 1996, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
46. Catling D.C., Claire M.W. How Earth's atmosphere evolved to an oxic state: A status report. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2005, 237:1-20.
47. Catling D.C., Zahnle K.J., McKay C.P. Biogenic methane, hydrogen escape, and the irreversible oxidation of the Earth. Science 2001, 293:839-843. (see also Towe below).
48. Cavalier-Smith T. The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiolog 2002, 52:297-354.
49. Ciccarelli F.D., Doerks T., von Meiring C., Creevey C.J., Snel B., Bork P. Toward automatic reconstruction of a highly resolved tree of life. Science 2006, 311:1283-1287.
50. Cockell C.S. The ultraviolet history of the terrestrial planets - Implications for biological evolution. Planetary and Space Science 2000, 48:203-214.
51. Compston W., Pidgeon R.T. Jack Hills, evidence of more very old detrital zircons in Western Australia. Nature 1986, 321:766-769.
52. Cooke D.L., Moorhouse W.W. Timiskaming volcanism in the Kirkland Lake area, Ontario, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1969, 6:117-132.
53. Crick F.H.C. Life Itself: Its Origin and Nature 1981, Simon and Schuster, Touchstone, NY.
54. Czaja A.D., Johnson C.M., Beard B.L., Eigenbrode J.L., Freeman K.H., Yamaguchi K.E. Iron and carbon isotope evidence for ecosystem and environmental diversity in the 2.7 to 2.5 Ga Hamersley Province, Western Australia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2010, 292:170-180.
55. Darwin C. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life 1872, D. Appleton and Co., New York. 5th edn.
56. Darwin C. Some Unpublished Letters (1871). Notes and Records of the Royal Society 1959, Vol. 14:1. S.G.D. Beer (Ed.).
57. David J., Godin L., Stevenson R., O'Neil J., Francis D. U-Pb ages (3.8-2.7 Ga) and Nd isotope data from the newly identified Eoarchean Nuvvuagittuq supracrustal belt, Superior Craton, Canada. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2009, 124:150-163.
58. Dismukes G.C., Klimov V.V., Baranov S., Kozlov Y.N., DasGupta J., Tryshkin A. The origin of atmospheric oxygen on Earth: The innovation of oxygenic photosynthesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2001, 98:2170-2175. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas061514798.
59. Donahue T.M., Hoffman J.H., Hodges R.R., Watson A.J. Venus was wet: A measurement of the ratio of deuterium to hydrogen. Science 1982, 216:630-633.
60. Doolittle W.F. Phylogenetic classification and the universal tree. Science 1999, 284:2124-2128.
61. Doolittle W.F. Uprooting the tree of life. Scientific American 2000, (February):72-77.
62. Doolittle W.F. The practice of classification and the theory of evolution, and what the demise of Charles Darwin's tree of life hypothesis means for both of them. hilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2009, 364:2221-2228.
63. Drake M.J., Righter K. Determining the composition of the Earth. Nature 2002, 416:39-44.
64. Duan Y., Anbar A.D., Arnold G.L., Lyons T.W., Gordon G.W., Kendall B. Molybdenum isotope evidence for mild environmental oxygenation before the Great Oxidation Event. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2010, 74:6655-6668.
65. Dutkeiwicz A., Rasmussen B., Buick R. Oil preserved in fluid inclusions in Archean sandstone. Nature 1998, 395:885-888.
66. Eglington B.M., Talma A.S., Marais S., Matthews P.E., Dixon J.G.P. Isotopic composition of Pongola Supergroup limestones from the Buffalo River gorge, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology 2003, 106:1-10.
67. Elsaied H., Nayunama T. Phylogenetic diversity of Ribulose-1,5-Birphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase large-subunit genes from deep sea microorganisms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2001, 67:1751-1765.
68. Embley T.M., Martin W. Eukaryotic evolution, changes and challenges. Nature 2006, 440:623-630.
69. 2 in the ocean. Nature 1997, 387:272-275.
70. Farquhar J., Wing B.A. Multiple sulfur isotopes and the evolution of the atmosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2003, 213:1-13.
71. Farquhar J., Bao H., Thiemans M. Atmospheric influence of Earth's earliest sulfur cycle. Science 2000, 289:756-758. see also comment by Ohmoto et al. (2001), and response by Farquhar et al. (1959a), Science 292.
72. Farquhar J., Peters M., Johnston D.T., et al. Isotopic evidence for Mesoarchean anoxia and changing atmospheric sulphur chemistry. Nature 2007, 449:706-709.
73. Fast N.M., Kissinger J.C., Roos D.S., Keeling P.J. Nuclear-encoded, plastid targeted genes suggest a single common origin for apicomplexan and dinoflagellate plastids. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2001, 18:418-426.
74. Fedo C.M., Whitehouse M.J. Metasomatic origin of quartz-pyroxene rock, Akilia, Greenland, and implications for Earth's earliest life. Science 2002, 296:1448-1452.
75. Fenchel T., Bernard C. Mats of colourless sulphur bacteria: I. Major microbial processes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 1995, 128:161-170.
76. Forterre P. Thermoreduction, a hypothesis for the origin of prokaryotes. Comptes Rendus de l Academie des Sciences. Serie III, Sciences de la Vie 1995, 318:415-422.
77. Forterre P. A hot topic: The origin of hyperthermophiles. Cell 1996, 85:789-792.
78. Forterre P., Philippe H. Where is the root of the universal tree of life?. BioEssays 1999, 21:871-879.
79. Froelich P.N., Klinkhammer G.P., Bender M.L., et al. Early oxidation of organic matter in pelagic sediments of the eastern equatorial Atlantic: Suboxic diagenesis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1979, 43:1075-1090.
80. Fuerst J.A. The planctomycetes: Emerging models for microbial ecology, evolution, and cell biology. Microbiology 1995, 141:1493-1506.
81. Galtier N., Tourasse N., Gouy M. A non-hyperthermophile common ancestor to extant life forms. Science 1999, 283:220-221.
82. Gee H. That's life?. Nature 2002, 416:28.
83. Gilbert W. The RNA world. Nature 1986, 319:618.
84. Gladyshev E.A., Meselson M., Arkhipova I.R. Massive horizontal gene transfer in bdelloid rotifers. Science 2008, 320:1210-1213.
85. Glansdorff N. About the last common ancestor, the universal life-tree and lateral gene-transfer: A reappraisal. Molecular Microbiology 2000, 38:177-185.
86. Goldblatt C., Zahnle K.J., Sleep N.H., Nisbet E.G. The eons of Chaos and Hades. Solid Earth 2009, 1:1-3.
87. Gomes R., Levison H.F., Tsiganis K., Morbidilli A. Origin of the cataclysmic Late Heavy Bombardment period of the terrestrial planets. Nature 2005, 435:466-469.
88. Goodwin A.M., Monster J., Thode H.G. Carbon and sulphur isotope abundances in iron-formations and early Precambrian life. Economic Geology 1976, 71:870-891.
89. Gogarten-Boekels M., Hilario E., Gogarten J.P. The effects of heavy meteorite bombardment on the early evolution the emergence of the three domains of Life. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 1995, 25:251-264.
90. Granick S. Evolving Genes and Proteins 1965, Academic Press, New York. V. Bryson, H.J. Vogel (Eds.).
91. Grassineau N.V., Nisbet E.G., Bickle M.J., et al. Antiquity of the biological sulphur cycle: Evidence from sulphur and carbon isotopes in 2700 million year old rocks of the Belingwe belt, Zimbabwe. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 2001, B268:113-119.
92. Grassineau N.V., Nisbet E.G., Fowler C.M.R., et al. Stable isotopes in the Archean Belingwe belt, Zimbabwe: Evidence for a diverse prokaryotic mate ecology. The Early Earth: Physical, Chemical and Biological Development 2002, vol. 199:309-328. Geological Society, London, Special Publication. C.M.R. Fowler (Ed.).
93. Grassineau N.V., Abell P., Appel P.W.U., Lowry D., Nisbet E.G. Early life signatures in sulphur and carbon isotopes from Isua, Barberton, Wabigoon (Steep Rock) and Belingwe greenstone belts (3.8 to 2.7Ga). Evolution of Early Earth's Atmosphere, Hydrosphere and Biosphere - Constraints from Ore Deposits 2006, 33-52. Geological Society of America, Special Publication 198. S.E. Kesler, H. Ohmoto (Eds.).
94. Graur D., Martin W. Reading the entrails of chickens: Molecular timescales of evolution and the illusion of precision. Trends in Genetics 2004, 20:80-86.
95. Gribaldo S., Poole A.M., Daubin V., Forterre P., Brochier-Armanet C. The origin of eukaryotes and their relationship with the Archaea: Are we at a phylogenetic impasse?. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2010, 8:743-752.
96. Grey M.W., Burger G., Lang B.F. Mitochondrial evolution. Science 1999, 283:1476-1481.
97. Guy R.D., Fogel M., Berry J.A. Photosynthetic fractionation of the stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon. Plant Physiology 1993, 101:37-47.
98. Hall A. Ammonium in spilitized basalts of southwest England and its implications for the recycling of nitrogen. Geochemical Journal 1989, 23:19-23.
99. Hall A., Alderton D.H.M. Ammonium enrichment associated with hydrothermal activity in the granites of south-west England. Proceedings of the Ussher Society 1994, 8:242-247.
100. Halliday A.N. Terrestrial accretion rates and the origin of the Moon. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2000, 176:17-30.
101. Halliday A.N. In the beginning. Nature 2001, 409:144-145.
102. Halliday A.N. The origin of the Moon. Science 2012, 338:1040-1041.
103. Halliday A.N., Wood B.J. How did Earth accrete?. Science 2009, 325:44-45.
104. Haqq-Misra J.D., Domagal-Goldman S.D., Kasting P.J., Kasting J.F. A revised hazy methane greenhouse for the Archean earth. Astrobiology 2008, 8:1127-1137.
105. Hartman H., Fedorov A. The origin of the eukaryotic cell: A genomic investigation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2002, 99:1420-1425. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.032658599.
106. Hayes J.M. Global methanotrophy at the Archean-Proterozoic transition. Early Life on Earth 1994, 220-236. Columbia University Press, New York. S. Bengtson (Ed.).
107. Hawkesworth C.J., Cawood P., Kemp A., Storey C., Dhuime B. A matter of preservation. Science 2009, 323:49-50.
108. Hirt R.P., Logsdon J.M., Healy B., Dorey M.W., Doolittle W.F., Embley T.M. Microsporidae are related to fungi: Evidence from the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and other proteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1999, 96:580-585.
109. Harvey L.D.D., Huang Z. Evaluation of the potential impact of methane clathrate destabilisation on future global warming. Journal of Geophysical Research 1995, 100:2905-2926.
110. Hess H.H. History of ocean basins. Petrological Studies: A Volume in Honour of A. F. Buddington 1962, 599-620. Geological Society of America. A.E.J. Engel, H.L. James, B.F. Leonard (Eds.).
111. Hoehler T.M., Bebout B.M., Des Marais D.J. The role of microbial mats in the production of reduced gases on the early earth. Nature 2001, 412:324-327.
112. Hohmann-Marriott M.F., Blankenship R.E. Evolution of photosynthesis. Annual Review of Plant Biology 2011, 62:515-548.
113. Holland H.D. When did the Earth's atmosphere become oxic? A reply. Geochemical News 1999, 100:20-22.
114. Holland H.D. Why the atmosphere became oxygenated: A proposal. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2009, 73:5241-5255.
115. Holm N.G., Charlou J.L. Initial indications of abiotic formation of hydrocarbons in the Rainbow ultramafic hydrothermal system, mid-Atlantic ridge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2001, 191:1-8.
116. Holm N., Dumont M., Ivarsson M., Konn C. Alkaline fluid circulation in ultramafic rocks and formation of nucleotide constituents: A hypothesis. Geochemical Transactions 2006, 7:7.
117. Hulth S., Aller R.C., Gilbert F. Coupled anoxic nitrification/manganese reduction in marine sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1999, 63:49-66.
118. Hutton J. Theory of the Earth; with Proofs and Illustrations 1795, 2 vols. Creech, Edinburgh.
119. Javaux E.J., Marshall C.P., Bekker A. Organic-walled microfossils in 3.2 billion-year-old shallow-marine siliciclastic deposits. Nature 2010, 463:934-938.
120. Jetten M.S.M., Wagner M., Fuerst J., van Loosdrecht M., Kuenen G., Strous M. Microbiology and application of the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 2001, 12:283-288.
121. Jordan P., Fromme P., Tobias Witt H., Klukas O., Saenger W., Krauss N. Three dimensional structure of cyanobacterial photosystem: I at 2.5. A resolution. Nature 2001, 411:909-917.
122. Joshi H.M., Tabita F.R. A global two-way component signal transduction system that integrates the control of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide assimilation and nitrogen fixation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1996, 93:14515-14520.
123. Kaiser J. Can deep bacteria live on nothing but rocks and water?. Science 1995, 270:377.
124. Kamber B.S. The enigma of the terrestrial protocrust: Evidence for its former existence and the importance of its complete disappearance. Earth's Oldest Rocks 2007, 75-89. Elsevier, Amsterdam. M.J. van Kranendonk, R.H. Smithies, V.C. Bennett (Eds.).
125. Kamber B.S., Whitehouse M.J., Bolhar R., Moorbath S. Volcanic resurfacing and the early terrestrial crust: Zircon U-Pb and REE constraints from the Isua Greenstone Belt, southern West Greenland. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2005, 240:276-290.
126. Karl D.M. Hidden in a sea of microbes. Nature 2002, 415:590-591.
127. Karl D.M., Bird D.F., Borkman K., Houlihan T., Shackelford R., Tupas L. Microorganisms in the Accreted Ice of Lake Vostok, Antarctica. Science 1999, 286:2144-2147.
128. Karner M.B., DeLong E.F., Karl D.M. Archeal dominance in the mesopleagic zone of the Pacific Ocean. Nature 2001, 409:507-510.
129. Kasting J.F. Earth's early atmosphere. Science 1993, 259:920-926.
130. Kasting J.F. The rise of atmospheric oxygen. Science 2001, 293:819-820.
131. Kasting J.F., Holm N.G. What determines the volume of the oceans?. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1992, 109:507-515.
132. Kasting J.F., Siefert J.L. The nitrogen fix. Nature 2001, 412:26-27.
133. Kasting J.F., Siefert J.L. Life and the evolution of the Earth's atmosphere. Science 2002, 296:1066-1067.
134. Kasting J.F., Catling D. Evolution of a habitable planet. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 2003, 41:429-463.
135. Kasting J.F., Zahnle K.J., Pinto J.P., Young A.T. Sulfur, ultraviolet radiation, and the early evolution of life. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 1989, 19:95-108.
136. Kasting J.F., Whitmire D.P., Reynolds R.T. Habitable zones around main sequences stars. Icarus 1993, 101:108-128.
137. Keeling P.J., Palmer J.D. Horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotic evolution. Nature Reviews Genetics 2008, 9:605-618.
138. Kendall B., Reinhard C.T., Lyons T.W., Kaufman A.J., Poulton S.W., Anbar A.D. Pervasive oxygenation along late Archean ocean margins. Nature Geoscience 2010, 3:647-652.
139. Kerr R.A. Reversals reveal pitfalls in spotting ancient and E. T. life. Science 2002, 296:1384-1385.
140. Kharecha P., Kasting J.F., Siefert J.L. A coupled atmosphere-ecosystem model of the early Archean Earth. Geobiology 2005, 3:53-76.
141. Kleine T., Munker C., Mezger K., Palme H. Rapid accretion and early core formation on asteroids and the terrestrial planets from Hf-W chronometry. Nature 2002, 418:952-955.
142. Knoll A. The Multiple Origins of Complex Multicellularity. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 2011, 39:217-239.
143. Konhauser K.O., Pecoits E., Lalonde S.V., et al. Oceanic nickel depletion and a methanogen famine before the Great Oxidation Event. Nature 2009, 458:750-753.
144. Koonin E.V. The incredible expanding ancestor of eukaryotes. Cell 2010, 140:606-608.
145. Koonin E.V. The origin and early evolution of eukaryotes in the light of phylogenomics. Genome Biology 2010, 11(209):1-12.
146. Kuhlbrandt W. Chlorophylls galore. Nature 2001, 411:896-898.
147. Knauth L.P. Temperature and salinity history of the Precambrian ocean: Implications for the course of microbial evolution. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2005, 219:53-69.
148. Knauth L.P., Lowe D.R. High Archean climatic temperature inferred from oxygen isotope geochemistry of cherts in the 3.5 Ga Swaziland Supergroup, South Africa. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2003, 115:566-580.
149. Kvenvolden K. Methane hydrate - A major reservoir of carbon in the shallow geosphere?. Chemical Geology 1988, 29:159-162.
150. Lane N., Allen J.F., Martin W. How did LUCA make a living? Chemiosmosis in the origin of life. BioEssays 2010, 32:271-280.
151. Letunic I., Bork P. Interactive Tree of Life: Online annotation and display of phylogenetic trees made easy. Nucleic Acids Research 2011, 39:W475-W478. 10.1093/nar/gkr201.
152. Lewis J.S., Prinn R.G. Planets and Their Atmospheres 1984, Academic Press, Orlando.
153. Lindsay M.R., Webb R.I., Strous M., et al. Cell compartmentalisation in plactomycetes: Novel types of structural organization for the bacterial cell. Archives of Microbiology 2001, 175:413-429.
154. Line M.A. The engima of the origin of life and its timing. Microbiology 2002, 148:21-27.
155. Lorimer G.H. The carboxylation and oxygenation of ribulose 1,5-Bisphosphate: The primary events in photosynthesis and photorespiration. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 1981, 32:349-383.
156. Lorimer G.H., Andrews T.J. Plant photorespiration-An inevitable consequence of the existence of atmospheric oxygen. Nature 1973, 243:359.
157. Lovelock J.E. Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth 1979, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
158. Lovelock J.E. Ages of Gaia 1988, Norton, London.
159. Lovelock J.E., Margulis L. Homeostatic tendencies of the Earth's atmosphere. Origins of Life 1974, 5:93-103.
160. Lowe D.R. Abiological origin of described stromatolites older than 3.2 Ga. Geology 1994, 22:387-390.
161. Lucretius On the Nature of the Universe 1994, Penguin Books, London, R. E. Latham, transl.
162. Maas R., Kinny P.D., Williams I.R., Froude D.O., Compston W. The Earth's oldest known crust: A geochronological and geochemical study of 3900-4200 Ma old detrital zircons from Mt. Narryer and Jack Hills, Western Australia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1992, 56:1281-1300.
163. Macgregor A.M. The influence of life on the face of the Earth 1949, 5-11. (now Zimbabwe Scientific Association).
164. Marin J., Chaussidon M., Robert F. Microscale oxygen isotope variations in 1.9 Ga Gunflint cherts: Assessments of diagenesis effects and implications for oceanic paleotemperature reconstructions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2010, 74:116-130.
165. Marron A., Akam M., Walker G. Nitrile hydratase genes are present in multiple eukaryotic supergroups. PLoS One 2012, 7(4):e32867. 10.1371/ journal.pone.0032867.
166. Martin A., Nisbet E.G., Bickle M.J. Archean stromatolites of the Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe (Rhodesia). Precambrian Research 1980, 13:337-362.
167. Martin W. Mosaic bacterial chromosomes: A challenge en route to a tree of genomes. BioEssays 1999, 21:99-104.
168. Martin W., Muller M. The hydrogen hypothesis for the first eukaryote. Nature 1998, 392:37-41.
169. Martin W., Russell M.J. On the origins of cells: A hypothesis for the evolutionary transitions from abiotic geochemistry to chemoautotrophic prokaryotes, and from prokaryotes to nucleated cells. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 2003, 358:59-85.
170. Martin W., Baross J., Kelley D., Russell M.J. Hydrothermal vents and the origin of life. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2008, 6:805-814.
171. Matthews P.E., Scharrer R.H. A graded unconformity at the base of the early Precambrian Pongola system. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 1968, 71:257-272.
172. McInerney J.O., Martin W.F., Koonin E.V., et al. Planctomycetes and eukaryotes: A case of analogy not homology. Bioessays 2011, 33:810-817.
173. Miyazaki J., Nakaya S., Suzuki T., Tamakoshi M., Oshima T., Yamagishi A. Ancestral residues stabilizing 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase of an extreme thermophile; experimental evidence supporting the thermophilic common ancestor hypothesis. Journal of Biochemistry 2001, 129:777-782.
174. Moller P., Bau M. Rare-earth patterns with positive cerium anomaly in alkaline waters from Lake Van, Turkey. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1993, 117:671-676.
175. Mojzsis S.J., Arrhenius G., McKeegan K.D., Harrison T.M., Nutman A.P., Friend C.R.L. Evidence for life on Earth before 3,800 million years ago. Nature 1996, 384:55-59.
176. Mojzsis S.J., Harrison T.M., Pidgeon R.T. Oxygen-isotope evidence from ancient zircons for liquid water at the Earth's surface 4,300 Myr ago. Nature 2001, 409:178-181.
177. Moreira D., Lopez-Garcia P. Ten reasons to exclude viruses from the tree of life. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2009, 7:306-311.
178. Morel F.M.M., Price N.M. The biogeochemical cycles of trace metals in the oceans. Science 2003, 300:944-947.
179. Moorbath S. The most ancient rocks. Nature 1983, 304:585-586.
180. Myers J.S., Crowley J.L. Vestiges of life in the oldest Greenland rocks? A review of early Archean geology in the Godthabsfjord region, and reappraisal of field evidence for the >3,850 Ma life on Akilia. Precambrian Research 2000, 103:101-124.
181. Navarro-Gonzalez R., McKay C.P., Mvondo D.N. A possible nitrogen crisis for Archean life due to reduced nitrogen fixation by lightning. Nature 2001, 412:61-64.
182. Newsom H.E., Jones J.H. Origin of the Earth 1990, Oxford University Press, New York.
183. Nisbet E.G. RNA and hydrothermal systems. Nature 1986, 322:206.
184. Nisbet E.G. The Young Earth 1987, George Allen and Unwin, London, 402 pp.
185. Nisbet E.G. Of clocks and rocks the four aeons of Earth. Episodes 1991, 14:327-331.
186. Nisbet E.G. Archean ecology: A review of evidence for the early development of bacterial biomes, and speculations on the development of a global scale biosphere. Early Precambrian Processes 1995, 27-51. Geological Society of London, London, Special Publication 95. M.P. Coward, A.C. Ries (Eds.).
187. Nisbet E.G. The influence of life on the face of the Earth: Garnets and moving continents. Geological Society of London Special Publication 2002, vol. 199:275-307. Geol. Soc. London Fermor lecture, Geological Society of London, London. C.M.R. Fowler (Ed.).
188. Nisbet E.G., Fowler C.M.R. Some liked it hot. Nature 1996, 382:404-405.
189. Nisbet E.G., Fowler C.M.R. The hydrothermal imprint on life: Did heat shock proteins, metalloproteins and photosynthesis begin around hydrothermal vents?. Tectonic, Magmatic, Hydrothermal, and Biological Segmentation of Mid-Ocean Ridges 1996, vol. 118:239-251. Geological Society of London, London, Geological Society of London Special Publication. C.J. MacLeod, P.A. Tyler, C.L. Walker (Eds.).
190. Nisbet E.G., Fowler C.M.R. Archean metabolic evolution of microbial mats. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 1999, B266:2375-2382.
191. Nisbet E.G., Fowler C.M.R. The Evolution of the Atmosphere in the Archean and early Proterozoic. Chinese Science Bulletin 2011, 55:1-10.
192. Nisbet E.G., Sleep N.H. The habitat and nature of early life. Nature 2001, 409:1083-1091.
193. Nisbet E.G., Sleep N.H. The early earth. The Physical Setting for Early Life 2003, 3-24. Academic Press, San Diego. A. Lister, L. Rothschild (Eds.).
194. Nisbet E.G., Walker D. Komatiites and the structure of the Archean mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1982, 60:105-113.
195. Nisbet E.G., Arndt N.T., Bickle M.J., et al. Uniquely fresh 2.7 Ga komatiites from the Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe. Geology 1987, 15:1147-1150.
196. Nisbet E.G., Cheadle M.J., Arndt N.T., Bickle M.J. Constraining the potential temperature of the Archean mantle: A review of the evidence from komatiites. Lithos 1993, 30:291-307.
197. Nisbet E.G., Mattey D.P., Lowry D. Can diamonds be dead bacteria?. Nature 1994, 367:694.
198. Nisbet E.G., Cann J.R., van Dover C.L. Origins of photosynthesis. Nature 1995, 373:479-480.
199. Nisbet E.G., Grassineau N.V., Howe C.J., Abell P.I., Regelous M., Nisbet R.E.R. The age of Rubisco: The evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis. Geobiology 2007, 5:311-335.
200. Nisbet E.G., Zahnle K., Gerasimov M.V., et al. Creating habitable zones, at all scales, from planets to mud micro-habitats, on Earth and on Mars. Space Science Reviews 2007, 129:79-121.
201. Nisbet E.G., Fowler C.M.R., Nisbet R.E.R. The regulation of the atmosphere: A hypothesis. Solid Earth 2012, 3:1-10.
202. Nowack E.C.M., Grossman A.R. Trafficking of protein into the recently established photosynthetic organelles of Paulinella chromatophora. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2012, 109:5340-5345.
203. Nutman A.P., Macgregor V.R., Friend C.R.L., Bennett V.C., Kinny P.D. The Itsaq geniss complex of southern West Greenland: The world's most extensive record of early crustal evolution (3,900-3,600 Ma). Precambrian Research 1996, 78:1-39.
204. Ohmoto H. When did the Earth's atmosphere become oxic?. Geochemical News 1997, 93:12-13.
205. Ohmoto H., Kakagawa T., Lowe D.R. 3.4 billion year old pyrites from Barberton, South Africa: Sulfur isotope evidence. Science 1993, 262:555-557.
206. Ohmoto H., Yamaguchi K.E., Ono S. Questions regarding Precambrian sulfur fractionation, and Response by Farquhar et al. Science 2001, 292:1959a.
207. O'Malley M.A., Martin W., Dupré J. The tree of life: Introduction to an evolutionary debate. Biology and Philosophy 2010, 25:441-453.
208. O'Neil J., Maurice C., Stevenson R.K., et al. The geology of the 3.8 Ga Nuvvuagittuq (Porpoise Cove) Greenstone Belt, northeastern Superior Province, Canada. Earth's Oldest Rocks 2007, 219-250. Elsevier, Amsterdam. M.J. van Kranendonk, R.H. Smithies, V.C. Bennett (Eds.).
209. Pace N.R. A molecular view of biodiversity and the biosphere. Science 1997, 276:734-740.
210. Pace N.R., Sapp J., Goldenfeld N. Phylogeny and beyond: Scientific historical and conceptual significance of the first tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2012, 109:1011-1018.
211. 4 in the atmosphere of early Earth. Journal of Geophysical Research 2000, 105:11981-11990.
212. 13C kerogens?. Geology 2001, 29:1003-1006.
213. Penny D., Poole A. The nature of the last universal common ancestor. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 1999, 9:672-677.
214. Phillips G.N., Law J.D.M., Myers R.E. Is the redox state of the Archean atmosphere constrained?. SEG Newsletter: Society of Economic Geologists 2001, 47.
215. Pierson B.K. The emergence, diversification, and role of photosynthetic eubacteria. Early Life on Earth, Nobel Symposium 84 1994, 161-180. Columbia University Press, New York. S. Bengtson (Ed.).
216. Poole A.M., Neumann N. Reconciling an archaeal origin of the eukaryotes with engulfment: A biologically plausible update of the Eocyte hypothesis. Research in Microbiology 2011, 162:71-76.
217. Puigbo P., Wolf Y.I., Koonin E.V. Search for a tree of life in the thicket of the phylogenetic forest. Journal of Biology 2009, 8:59.
218. Raiswell R., Reinhard C.T., Derkowski A., et al. Formation of synergenetic and early diagenetic iron minerals in the late Archean Mt. McRae Shale, Hamersley Basin, Australia: New insights on the patterns, controls and paleoenvironmental implications of authigenic mineral formation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2011, 75:1072-1087.
219. Rasmussen R. Filamentous microfossils in a 3,235 million year old volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit. Nature 2000, 405:676-679.
220. Rasmussen R., Buick R. Oily old ores, evidence for hydrothermal petroleum generation in an Archean volcanogenic massive sulpide deposit. Geology 2000, 27:115-118.
221. Rasmussen B., Fletcher I.R., Brocks J.J., Kilburn M.R. Reassessing the first appearance of eukaryotes and cyanobacteria. Nature 2008, 455:1101-1104.
222. Reeve J., Christner B.C., Kvitko B.H., Mosley-Thompson E., Thompson L.G. Life in glacial ice 2002, 27.
223. Reysenbach A.-L., Shock E. Merging genomes with geochemistry in hydrothermal ecosystems. Science 2002, 296:1077-1082.
224. Righter K., O'Brien D.P. Terrestrial planet formation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2011, 10.1073/pnas.1013480108.
225. Robert F., Chaussidon M. A palaeotemperature curve for the Precambrian oceans based on silicon isotopes in cherts. Nature 2006, 443:969-972.
226. Robinson J.J., Stein J.L., Cavanaugh C.M. Cloning and sequencing of a Form II Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase from the bacterial symbiont of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila. Journal of Bacteriology 1998, 180:1596-1599.
227. Roger A.J., Silberman J.D. Mitochondria in hiding. Nature 2002, 418:827-829.
228. Rogozin I.B., Basu M.K., Csuros M., Koonin E.V. Analysis of rare genomic changes does not support the unikont-bikont phylogeny and suggests cyanobacterial symbioses as the point of primary radiation of eukaryotes. Genome Biology and Evolution 2009, 99-113.
229. 13C-depleted carbon in >3700 Ma seafloor sedimentary rocks from West Greenland. Science 1999, 283:674-676.
230. Rosing M.T., Frey R. U-rich Archean sea-floor sediments from Greenland - Indications of >3700 Ma oxygenic photosynthesis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2004, 217:237-244.
231. Rosing M., Bird D.K., Sleep N., Bjerrum C.J. No climate paradox under the faint early Sun. Nature 2010, 464:744-747.
232. Russell M.J., Daniel R., Hall A. On the emergence of life via catalytic iron-sulphide membranes. Terra Nova 1993, 5:343-347.
233. Russell M.J., Arndt N.T. Geodynamic and metabolic cycles in the Hadean. Biogeosciences 2005, 2:1-15.
234. Rye R., Holland H.D. Life associated with a 2.76 Ga ephemeral pond?. Geology 2000, 28:483-486.
235. Sagan C., Chyba C. The early Sun paradox: Organic shielding of ultraviolet-labile greenhouse gases. Science 1997, 276:1217-1221.
236. Sagan C., Mullen G. Earth and Mars - Evolution of atmospheres and surface temperatures. Science 1972, 177:52-56.
237. Saldarriaya J.F., Taylor F.J.R., Keeling P.J., Cavalier-Smith T. Dinoflagellate nuclear SSU rRNA phylogeny suggests multiple plastid losses and replacements. Journal of Molecular Evolution 2001, 53:204-213.
238. Sansone F.J., Popp B.N., Gasc A., Graham A.W., Rust T.M. Highly elevated methane in the eastern tropical North Pacific and associated isotopically enriched fluxes to the atmosphere. Geophysical Research Letters 2001, 28:4567-4570.
239. Schidlowski M. A 3,800 million year record of life from carbon in sedimentary rocks. Nature 1988, 333:313-318.
240. Schidlowski M. Sedimentary carbon isotope archives as recorders of early life: Implications for extraterrestrial scenarios. Fundamentals of Life Editions Scientifiques et Medicales 2002, 307-329. Elsevier, Amsterdam, ch. 11. G. Palyi, C. Zucchi, L. Caglioti (Eds.).
241. Schidlowski M., Aharon P. Carbon cycle and carbon isotopic record: Geochemical impact of life over 3.8 Ga of earth history. Early Organic Evolution: Implications for Mineral and Energy Resources 1992, 147-175. Springer, Berlin. M. Schidlowski (Ed.).
242. Schirrmeister B.E., de Vos J.M., Antonelli A., Bagheri H.C. Evolution of multicellularity coincided with increased diversification of cyanobacteria and the Great Oxidation Event. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2013, 110:1791-1796.
243. Schoenberg R., Kambeer B.S., Collerson K.D., Moorbath S. Tungsten isotope evidence from 3.8-Gyr metamorphosed sediments for early meteorite bombardment of the Earth. Nature 2002, 418:403-405.
244. Schopf J.W. Microfossils of the early Archean Apex chert: New evidence of the antiquity of life. Science 1993, 260:640-646.
245. Schopf J.W., Packer B.M. Early Archean (3.3 billion to 3.5 billion-year-old) microfossils from Warrawoona group, Australia. Science 1987, 237:70-73.
246. Schopf J.W., Kudryavtsev A.B., Agresti D., Wdowiak T., Czaja A.D. Laser-Raman imagery of Earth's earliest fossils. Nature 2002, 416:73-76.
247. Schrodinger E. What is Life? 1944, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
248. Shen Y., Buick R., Canfield D.E. Isotopic evidence for microbial sulphate reduction in the early Archean era. Nature 2001, 410:77-81.
249. Shen Y., Farquhar J., Masterson A., Kaufman A.J., Buick R. Evaluating the role of microbial sulfate reduction in the early Archean using quadruple isotope systematics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2009, 279:383-391.
250. Shi T., Falkowski P.G. Genome evolution in cyanobacteria: The stable core and the variable shell. Proceedings of the National Academy of the United States of America 2008, 105:2510-2515.
251. Siebert C., Kramers J.D., Meisel T., Morel P., Nagler T.F. PGE, Re-Os, and Mo isotope systematics in Archean and early Proterozoic sedimentary systems as proxies for redox conditions of the early Earth. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2005, 69:1787-1801.
252. Sleep N.H. The Hadean-Archean environment. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 2010, 2:a002527.
253. Sleep N.H., Zahnle K. Carbon dioxide cycling and implications for climate on ancient Earth. Journal of Geophysical Research 2001, 106:1373-1399.
254. Sleep N.H., Zahnle K., Neuhoff P.S. Initiation of clement surface conditions on the earliest Earth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2001, 98:3666-3672.
255. Sleep N.H., Bird D.K., Pope E.C. Serpentinite and the dawn of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 2011, 366:2857-2869.
256. Steele M., Penney D. Common ancestry put to the test. Nature 2010, 465:168-169.
257. Stetter K.O. Hyperthermophiles in the history of life.In Evolution of Hydrothermal Systems on Earth and Mars? 1996, 1-10. Wiley, Chichester. G.R. Bock, J.A. Goode (Eds.).
258. Stevens T.O., McKinley J.P. Lithoautotrophic microbial ecosystems in deep basalt aquifers. Science 1995, 270:450-454.
259. Tabita F.R., Hanson T.E., Satagopan S., Witte B.H., Kreel N.E. Phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships of RubisCO and the RubisCO-like proteins and the functional lessons provided by diverse molecular forms. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2008, 363:2629-2640. 10.1098/rstb.20080023.
260. Taylor S.R. Solar System Evolution; A New Perspective 2001, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 2nd edn.
261. Thauer R.K. Biochemistry of methanogenesis: A tribute to Marjory Stephenson. Microbiology 1998, 144:2377-2406.
262. Theobald D.L. A formal test of the theory of universal common ancestry. Nature 2010, 465:219-223.
263. Thomazo C., Nisbet E.G., Grassineau N.V., Peters M., Strauss H. Multiple sulfur and carbon isotope composition of sediments from the Belingwe Greenstone Belt (Zimbabwe): A biogenic methane regulation on mass independent fractionation of sulfur during the Neoarchean?. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2013.
264. Tice M., Lowe D.R. Photosynthetic microbial mats in the 3416-Myr-old ocean. Nature 2004, 431:549-552.
265. 2 by Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism 1994, 8-33. Oxford University Press, Oxford. N.E. Tolbert, J. Preiss (Eds.).
266. Towe K.M. The problematic rise of Archean oxygen. Science 2002, 295:1419a. (see also reply by Catling et al., p1419b).
267. Earth's Oldest Rocks 2007, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1307pp. M.J. van Kranendonk, R.H. Smithies, V.C. Bennett (Eds.).
268. van Zuilen A., Lepland A., Arrhenius G. Reassessing the evidence for the earliest traces of life. Nature 2002, 418:627-630.
269. Valley J.M., Peck W.H., King E.M., Wilde S.A. A cool early Earth. Geology 2002, 30:351-354.
270. Vellai T., Vida G. The origin of eukaryotes: The difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 1999, B266:1571-1577.
271. Vlaeminck S.E., Hay A.G., Maignien L., Verstraete W. In quest of the nitrogen oxidizing prokaryotes of the early Earth. Environmental Microbiology 2011, 13:283-295.
272. von Brunn V., Hobday D.K. Early Precambrian tidal sedimentation in the pongola supergroup of South Africa. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 1976, 46:670-679.
273. Walker G., Dorrell R.G., Schlacht A., Dacks J.B. Eukaryotic systematics: A user's guide for cell biologists and parasitologists. Parasitology 2011, 138:1-26.
274. Walker J.C.G. Evolution of the Atmosphere 1977, Macmillan, New York.
275. Walker J.C.G. Was the Archean biosphere upside down?. Nature 1987, 329:710-712.
276. 2 by Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism 1994, 75-89. Oxford University Press, Oxford. N.E. Tolbert, J. Preiss (Eds.).
277. Walker J.C.G., Hays P.B., Kasting J.F. A negative feedback mechanism for the long-term stabilization of Earth's surface temperature. Journal of Geophysical Research 1981, 86:9776-9782.
278. Waller R.F. Second genesis of a plastid organelle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2012, 109:5142-5143.
279. Wang M., Jiang Y.-Y., Kim K.M., et al. A universal molecular clock of protein folds and its power in tracing the early history of aerobic metabolism and planet oxygenation. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2011, 28:567-582.
280. Watson A.J., Donahue T.M., Kuhn W.R. Temperatures in a runaway greenhouse on the evolving Venus. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1984, 68:1-6.
281. Weatherill G.W. Formation of the Earth. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 1990, 18:205-256.
282. Westall F., de Wit M.J., Dann J., van der Gaast S., de Ronde C.E.J., Gerneke D. Early Archean fossil bacteria and biofilms in hydrothermally-influenced sediments from the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa. Precambrian Research 2001, 106:93-116.
283. Westall F., de Ronde C.E.J., Southam G., et al. Implications of a 3.472-3.333 Gyr-old subaerial microbial mat from the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa for the UV environmental conditions on the early Earth. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 2006, 361:1857-1875.
284. Westall F., de Vries S.T., Nijman W., et al. The 3.466 Ga Kitty's Gap Chert, an Early Archean microbial ecosystem. Processes on the Early Earth 2006, 105-131. Geological Society of America Special Publication, Boulder, CO. W.U. Reimold, R. Gibson (Eds.).
285. Westall F., Cavalazzi B., Lemelle L., et al. Implications of in situ calcification for photosynthesis in a 3.3 Ga-old microbial biofilm from the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2011, 310:468-479.
286. Wilde S.A., Valley J.W., Peck W.H., Graham C.M. Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago. Nature 2001, 409:175-178.
287. Wilks M.E., Nisbet E.G. Archean stromatolites from the Steep Rock group NW Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1985, 22:792-799.
288. Wilks M.E., Nisbet E.G. Stratigraphy of the Steep Rock Group, NW Ontario. A major Archaean unconformity and Archaean stromatolites. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1988, 25:370-391.
289. Williams B.A.P., Hirt R.P., Lucocq J.M., Embley T.M. A mitochondrial remnant in the microsporidian Trachipleistophora hominis. Nature 2002, 418:865-869.
290. Woese C.R. Bacterial evolution. Microbiological Reviews 1987, 51:221-271.
291. Woese C.R. The universal ancestor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1999, 95:6854-6859.
292. Woese C.R., Fox G.E. Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: The primary kingdoms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1977, 74:5088-5090.
293. Woese C.R., Kandler O., Wheelis M.I. Towards a natural system of organisms: Proposals for the domains Archea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1990, 87:4576-4579.
294. Wood B.J., Halliday A.N. The lead isotopic age of the Earth can be explained by core formation alone. Nature 2010, 465:767-770.
295. Wu D., Hugenholtz P., Mavromatis K., et al. A phylogeny-driven genomic encyclopaedia of Bacteria and Archaea. Nature 2009, 462:1056-1060.
296. Xiong J., Bauer C.E. A cytochrome b origin of photosynthetic reaction centers: An evolutionary link between respiration and photosynthesis. Journal of Molecular Biology 2002, 322:1025-1037.
297. Xiong J., Fischer W.M., Inoue K., Nakahara M., Bauer C.E. Molecular evidence for the early evolution of photosynthesis. Science 2000, 289:1724-1730.
298. Yin Q., Jacobsen S.B., Yamashita K., Blichert-Toft J., Telouk P., Albarede F. A short timescale for terrestrial planet formation from Hf-W chronometry of meteorites. Nature 2002, 418:949-952.
299. Yoon H.S., Grant J., Tekle Y.I., et al. Broadly sampled multigene trees of eukaryotes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2008, 8(14):1-12.
300. Yu G., Jacobsen S.B. Fast accretion of the Earth with a late Moon-forming giant impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2011, 108:17604-17609.
301. Yung Y., Wen J.-S., Moses J.I., Landry B.M., Allen M. Hydrogen and deuterium loss from the terrestrial atmosphere: A quantitative assessment of non-thermal escape fluxes. Journal of Geophysical Research 1989, 94:14971-14989.
302. Zahnle K.J., Walker J.C.G. The evolution of solar luminosity. Reviews of Geophysics 1982, 20:280-292.
303. Zahnle K., Arndt N., Cockell C., et al. Emergence of a habitable planet. Space Science Reviews 2007, 129:35-78.
304. 2 in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean. Nature 2001, 412:635-638.
305. Zuckerkandl E., Pauling L. Molecules as documents of evolutionary history. Journal of Theoretical Biology 1965, 8:357-366.