3D nano/microfabrication techniques and nanobiomaterials for neural tissue regeneration

Nanomedicine

Volumn 9, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 859-875

  Zhu, Wei ^a   O'Brien, Christopher ^a   O'Brien, Joseph R ^b   Zhang, Lijie Grace ^a,c  

^a George Washington University   (United States)

^b GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

3D printing; electrospinning; nanobiomaterials; nanotechnology; nerve; neural tissue engineering; self assembly

Indexed keywords

BIOMATERIAL; BIOMIMETIC MATERIAL; NANOBIOMATERIAL; NANOMATERIAL; TISSUE SCAFFOLD; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BIOENGINEERING; ELECTROSPINNING; HUMAN; MICROTECHNOLOGY; NANOFABRICATION; NANOTECHNOLOGY; NERVE FUNCTION; NERVE GRAFT; NERVE REGENERATION; NERVOUS SYSTEM INJURY; NERVOUS TISSUE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TISSUE REGENERATION; ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; DEVICES; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; PROCEDURES; TISSUE ENGINEERING; TISSUE SCAFFOLD; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

ANIMALS; BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION; HUMANS; MICROTECHNOLOGY; NANOSTRUCTURES; NANOTECHNOLOGY; NERVE REGENERATION; TISSUE ENGINEERING; TISSUE SCAFFOLDS;

EID: 84903769764     PISSN: 17435889     EISSN: 17486963     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.36     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. Gordon K, Gordon T. Nerve regeneration in the peripheral nervous system versus the central nervous system and the relevance to speech and hearing after nerve injuries. J. Commun. Dis. 43(4), 274-285 (2010).
2. Ribeiro-Resende VT, Koenig B, Nichterwitz S, Oberhoffner S, Schlosshauer B. Strategies for inducing the formation of bands of Bngner in peripheral nerve regeneration. Biomaterials 30(29), 5251-5259 (2009).
3. Rotshenker S. Wallerian degeneration: the innate-immune response to traumatic nerve injury. J. Neuroinflammation 8(1), 109-109 (2011).
4. Sofroniew MV. Molecular dissection of reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation. Trends Neurosci. 32(12), 638-647 (2009).
5. Fernandez E, Pallini R, Lauretti L, Scogna A. Neurosurgery of the peripheral nervous system: injuries, degeneration, and regeneration of the peripheral nerves. Surg. Neurol. 48(5), 446-447 (1997). (Pubitemid 27463168)
6. Norkus T, Norkus M, Ramanauskas T. Donor, recipient and nerve grafts in brachial plexus reconstruction: anatomical and technical features for facilitating the exposure. Surg. Radiol. Anat. 27(6), 524-530 (2005). (Pubitemid 43055276)
7. Ray WZ, Mackinnon SE. Management of nerve gaps: autografts, allografts, nerve transfers, and end-to-side neurorrhaphy. Exp. Neurol. 223(1), 77-85 (2010).
8. Rivlin M, Sheikh E, Isaac R, Beredjiklian PK. The Role of nerve allografts and conduits for nerve injuries. Hand Clinics 26(3), 435-446 (2010).
9. Schmidt CE, Leach JB. Neural tissue engineering: strategies for repair and regeneration. Ann. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 5, 293-347 (2003). (Pubitemid 40125315)
10. Terenghi G. Bioengineered nerve conduits for nerve repair. Tissue Eng. 13(4), 869-870 (2007).
11. Zhang L, Webster TJ. Nanotechnology and nanomaterials: promises for improved tissue regeneration. Nano Today 4(1), 66-80 (2009).
12. Langer R, Vacanti JP. Tissue engineering. Science 260(5110), 920-926 (1993). (Pubitemid 23209960)
13. Norman JJ, Desai TA. Methods for fabrication of nanoscale topography for tissue engineering scaffolds. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 34(1), 89-101 (2006).
14. Furth ME, Atala A, Van Dyke ME. Smart biomaterials design for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Biomaterials 28(34), 5068-5073 (2007). (Pubitemid 47488490)
15. Huang Y-C, Huang Y-Y. Biomaterials and strategies for nerve regeneration. Artif. Organs 30(7), 514-514 (2006).
16. Valmikinathan CM. Engineered nanofibrous scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering. Dissertation 71(11), 241 (2009).
17. Subramanian A, Krishnan UM, Sethuraman S. Development of biomaterial scaffold for nerve tissue engineering: biomaterial mediated neural regeneration. J. Biomed. Sci. 16, 108 (2009).
18. Saracino GaA, Cigognini D, Silva D, Caprini A, Gelain F. Nanomaterials design and tests for neural tissue engineering. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42(1), 225-262 (2012).
19. Golbarg K-T, Chuang W, Rohan AS, Jingyan D. A process engineering perspective of scaffold fabrication methods in regenerative medicine: a review. Presented at: IIE Annual Conference. FL, USA, 19-23 May 2012.
20. Lee M, Dunn JCY, Wu BM. Scaffold fabrication by indirect three-dimensional printing. Biomaterials 26(20), 4281-4289 (2005). (Pubitemid 40430856)
21. Lipowicz A. Advanced methods of hard tissue scaffold and implant fabrication. J. Biomech. 39(Suppl. 1), S216-S216 (2006).
22. Assmann U, Szentivanyi A, Stark Y et al. Fiber scaffolds of polysialic acid via electrospinning for peripheral nerve regeneration. J. Mater. Sci. 21(7), 2115-2124 (2010).
23. Nair LS, Bhattacharyya S, Laurencin CT. Development of novel tissue engineering scaffolds via electrospinning. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 4(5), 659-668 (2004). (Pubitemid 38667811)
24. Ma Z, Kotaki M, Inai R, Ramakrishna S. Potential of nanofiber matrix as tissue-engineering scaffolds. Tissue Eng. 11(1-2), 101-109 (2005). (Pubitemid 40515178)
25. Cao HQ, Liu T, Chew SY. The application of nanofibrous scaffolds in neural tissue engineering. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 61(12), 1055-1064 (2009).
26. Sill TJ, Von Recum HA. Electrospinning: Applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering. Biomaterials 29(13), 1989-2006 (2008).
27. Chew SY, Mi R, Hoke A, Leong KW. The effect of the alignment of electrospun fibrous scaffolds on Schwann cell maturation. Biomaterials 29(6), 653-661 (2008). (Pubitemid 350181041)
28. Xie J, Willerth SM, Li X et al. The differentiation of embryonic stem cells seeded on electrospun nanofibers into neural lineages. Biomaterials 30(3), 354-362 (2009).
29. Christopherson GT, Song H, Mao HQ. The influence of fiber diameter of electrospun substrates on neural stem cell differentiation and proliferation. Biomaterials 30(4), 556-564 (2009).
30. Xie J, Macewan MR, Schwartz AG, Xia Y. Electrospun nanofibers for neural tissue engineering. Nanoscale 2(1), 35-44 (2010).
31. Lee YS, Arinzeh TL. Electrospun nanofibrous materials for neural tissue eng. Polymers 3(1), 413-426 (2011).
32. Prabhakaran MP, Venugopal JR, Ter Chyan T et al. Electrospun biocomposite nanofibrous scaffolds for neural tissue eng. Tissue Eng. Part A 14(11), 1787-1797 (2008).
33. Yang SF, Leong KF, Du ZH, Chua CK. The design of scaffolds for use in tissue engineering. Part I. Traditional factors. Tissue Eng. 7(6), 679-689 (2001).
34. Yang S, Leong K-F, Du Z, Chua C-K. The design of scaffolds for use in tissue engineering. Part II. Rapid prototyping techniques. Tissue Eng. 8(1), 1-11 (2002). (Pubitemid 34194659)
35. Bose S, Vahabzadeh S, Bandyopadhyay A. Bone tissue engineering using 3D printing. Mater. Today 16(12), 496-504 (2013).
36. Chien KB, Makridakis E, Shah RN. Three-dimensional printing of soy protein scaffolds for tissue regeneration. Tissue Eng. Part C Methods 19(6), 417-426 (2013).
37. Hribar KC, Soman P, Warner J, Chung P, Chen S. Light-assisted direct-write of 3D functional biomaterials. Lab Chip 14(2), 268-275 (2013).
38. Lee JY, Choi BY, Wu B, Lee M. Customized biomimetic scaffolds created by indirect three-dimensional printing for tissue engineering. Biofabrication 5(4), 045003 (2013).
39. Mannoor MS, Jiang Z, James T et al. 3D printed bionic ears. Nano Lett. 13(6), 2634-2639 (2013).
40. Mironov V, Boland T, Trusk T, Forgacs G, Markwald RR. Organ printing: computer-aided jet-based 3D tissue engineering. Trends Biotechnol. 21(4), 157-161 (2003). (Pubitemid 36397983)
41. Ozbolat IT, Yu Y. Bioprinting toward organ fabrication: challenges and future trends. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 60(3), 691-699 (2013).
42. Moon S, Haeggstrom E, Khademhosseini A et al. Layer by layer three-dimensional tissue epitaxy by cell-laden hydrogel droplets. Tissue Eng. Part C Methods 16(1), 157-166 (2010).
43. Hur J, Seo M. Optical proximity corrections for digital micromirror device-based maskless lithography. J. Opt. Soc. Korea 16(3), 221-227 (2012).
44. Suri S, Han L-H, Zhang W, Singh A, Chen S, Schmidt CE. Solid freeform fabrication of designer scaffolds of hyaluronic acid for nerve tissue engineering. Biomed. Microdevices 13(6), 983-993 (2011).
45. Curley JL, Jennings SR, Moore MJ. Fabrication of micropatterned hydrogels for neural culture systems using dynamic mask projection photolithography. J. Vis. Exp. 48, 2636 (2011).
46. Xu T, Gregory CA, Molnar P et al. Viability and electrophysiology of neural cell structures generated by the inkjet printing method. Biomaterials 27(19), 3580-3588 (2006).
47. Ferris CJ, Gilmore KJ, Beirne S, McCallum D, Wallace GG, In Het Panhuis M. Bio-ink for on-demand printing of living cells. Biomater. Sci. 1(2), 224 (2013).
48. Owens CM, Marga F, Forgacs G, Heesch CM. Biofabrication and testing of a fully cellular nerve graft. Biofabrication 5(4), 045007 (2013).
49. Hopp B, Smausz T, Kresz N et al. Survival and proliferative ability of various living cell types after laser-induced forward transfer. Tissue Eng. 11(11-12), 1817-1823 (2005). (Pubitemid 43120193)
50. An J, Chua CK, Yu T, Li HQ, Tan LP. Advanced nanobiomaterial strategies for the development of organized tissue engineering constructs. Nanomedicine 8(4), 591-602 (2013).
51. Melchels FPW, Domingos MaN, Klein TJ, Malda J, Bartolo PJ, Hutmacher DW. Additive manufacturing of tissues and organs. Prog. Polym. Sci. 37(8), 1079-1104 (2012).
52. Bártolo PJ, Chua CK, Almeida HA, Chou SM, Lim ASC. Biomanufacturing for tissue engineering: present and future trends. Virtual Phys. Prototyp. 4(4), 203-216 (2009).
53. Huebsch N, Mooney DJ. Inspiration and application in the evolution of biomaterials. Nature 462(7272), 426-432 (2009).
54. Hauser CA, Zhang S. Designer self-assembling peptide nanofiber biological materials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 39(8), 2780-2790 (2010).
55. Seidlits SK, Lee JY, Schmidt CE. Nanostructured scaffolds for neural applications. Nanomedicine 3(2), 183-199 (2008). (Pubitemid 351611855)
56. Silva GA, Czeisler C, Niece KL et al. Selective differentiation of neural progenitor cells by high-epitope density nanofibers. Science 303(5662), 1352-1355 (2004). (Pubitemid 38269424)
57. Gelain F, Bottai D, Vescovi A, Zhang S. Designer self-assembling peptide nanofiber scaffolds for adult mouse neural stem cell 3-dimensional cultures. PLoS ONE 1(2), e119 (2006).
58. Zhan X, Zhang W, Guo J et al. Nanofiber scaffolds facilitate functional regeneration of peripheral nerve injury. Nanomedicine 9(3), 305-315 (2013).
59. Iijima S. Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature 354(6348), 56-58 (1991). (Pubitemid 21896780)
60. Cellot G, Scaini D, Gelain F et al. Carbon nanotubes might improve neuronal performance by favouring electrical shortcuts. Nat. Nanotechnol. 4(2), 126-133 (2009).
61. Fan L, Feng C, Zhao W, Qian L, Wang Y, Li Y. Directional neurite outgrowth on superaligned carbon nanotube yarn patterned substrate. Nano Lett. 12(7), 3668-3673 (2012).
62. Kim C, Jeong YI, Ngoc BTN et al. Synthesis and characterization of porous carbon nanofibers with hollow cores through the thermal treatment of electrospun copolymeric nanofiber webs. Small 3(1), 91-95 (2007). (Pubitemid 46114272)
63. Mattson MP, Haddon RC, Rao AM. Molecular functionalization of carbon nanotubes and use as substrates for neuronal growth. J. Mol. Neurosci.14(3), 175-182 (2000). (Pubitemid 30660807)
64. Hu H, Ni Y, Montana V, Haddon RC, Parpura V. Chemically functionalized carbon nanotubes as substrates for neuronal growth. Nano Lett. 4(3), 507-511 (2004). (Pubitemid 38402642)
65. Hu H, Ni Y, Mandal SK et al. Polyethyleneimine functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as a substrate for neuronal growth. J. Phys. Chem. B 109(10), 4285-4289 (2005). (Pubitemid 40429281)
66. Matsumoto K, Sato C, Naka Y, Whitby R, Shimizu N. Stimulation of neuronal neurite outgrowth using functionalized carbon nanotubes. Nanotechnology 21(11), 115101 (2010).
67. Zhang JC, Liu DD, Zhou GQ, Shen SG. Application of nanomaterials in tissue eng. Prog. Chem. 22(11), 2232-2237 (2010).
68. Mamedov AA, Kotov NA, Prato M, Guldi DM, Wicksted JP, Hirsch A. Molecular design of strong single-wall carbon nanotube/polyelectrolyte multilayer composites. Nat. Mater. 1(3), 190-194 (2002).
69. Olek M, Ostrander J, Jurga S et al. Layer-by-layer assembled composites from multiwall carbon nanotubes with different morphologies. Nano Lett. 4(10), 1889-1895 (2004).
70. Gheith MK, Sinani VA, Wicksted JP, Matts RL, Kotov NA. Single-walled carbon nanotube polyelectrolyte multilayers and freestanding films as a biocompatible platform for neuroprosthetic implants. Adv. Mater. 17(22), 2663-2670 (2005). (Pubitemid 41677568)
71. Gheith MK, Pappas TC, Liopo AV et al. Stimulation of neural cells by lateral currents in conductive layer-by-layer films of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Adv. Mater. 18(22), 2975-2979 (2006). (Pubitemid 44852476)
72. Lovat V, Pantarotto D, Lagostena L et al. Carbon nanotube substrates boost neuronal electrical signaling. Nano Lett. 5(6), 1107-1110 (2005). (Pubitemid 40925424)
73. Malarkey EB, Fisher KA, Bekyarova E, Liu W, Haddon RC, Parpura V. Conductive single-walled carbon nanotube substrates modulate neuronal growth. Nano Lett. 9(1), 264-268 (2009).
74. Jan E, Kotov NA. Successful differentiation of mouse neural stem cells on layer-by-layer assembled single-walled carbon nanotube composite. Nano Lett. 7(5), 1123-1128 (2007). (Pubitemid 46834384)
75. Tran PA, Zhang L, Webster TJ. Carbon nanofibers and carbon nanotubes in regenerative medicine. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 61(12), 1097-1114 (2009).
76. Nguyen-Vu TDB, Chen H. Vertically aligned carbon nanofiber architecture as a multifunctional 3-D neural electrical interface. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 54(6), 1121-1128 (2007). (Pubitemid 46815121)
77. Nguyen-Vu TDB, Chen H, Cassell AM, Andrews R, Meyyappan M, Li J. Vertically aligned carbon nanofiber arrays: an advance toward electrical-neural interfaces. Small 2(1), 89-94 (2006). (Pubitemid 43198000)
78. Lee JE, Khang D, Kim YE, Webster TJ. Stem cell impregnated carbon nanofibers/nanotubes for healing damaged neural tissue. Mater. Res. Soc. Proc. 915 (2006)
79. Sherrell PC, Thompson BC, Wassei JK et al. Maintaining cytocompatibility of biopolymers through a graphene layer for electrical stimulation of nerve cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 24(6), 769-776 (2013).
80. Li N, Zhang X, Song Q et al. The promotion of neurite sprouting and outgrowth of mouse hippocampal cells in culture by graphene substrates. Biomaterials 32(35), 9374-9382 (2011).
81. Ghasemi-Mobarakeh L, Prabhakaran MP, Morshed M, Nasr-Esfahani M-H, Ramakrishna S. Electrospun poly(ε- caprolactone)/gelatin nanofibrous scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering. Biomaterials 29(34), 4532-4539 (2008).
82. Gu X, Ding F, Yang Y, Liu J. Construction of tissue engineered nerve grafts and their application in peripheral nerve regeneration. Prog. Neurobiol. 93(2), 204-230 (2011).
83. Mann BK. Biologic gels in tissue engineering. Clin. Plast. Surg. 30(4), 601-609 (2003). (Pubitemid 37351932)
84. Saracino GaA, Cigognini D, Silva D, Caprini A, Gelain F. Nanomaterials design and tests for neural tissue engineering. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42(1), 225-262 (2013).
85. Lee YB, Polio S, Lee W et al. Bio-printing of collagen and VEGF-releasing fibrin gel scaffolds for neural stem cell culture. Exp. Neurol. 223(2), 645-652 (2010).
86. Liu T, Teng WK, Chan BP, Chew SY. Photochemical crosslinked electrospun collagen nanofibers: synthesis, characterization and neural stem cell interactions. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 95(1), 276-282 (2010).
87. Timnak A, Gharebaghi FY, Shariati RP et al. Fabrication of nano-structured electrospun collagen scaffold intended for nerve tissue engineering. J. Mater. Sci. 22(6), 1555-1567 (2011).
88. Hackett JM, Dang TT, Tsai EC, Cao X. Electrospun biocomposite polycaprolactone/collagen tubes as scaffolds for neural stem cell differentiation. Materials 3(6), 3714-3728 (2010).
89. Prabhakaran MP, Venugopal JR, Ramakrishna S. Mesenchymal stem cell differentiation to neuronal cells on electrospun nanofibrous substrates for nerve tissue engineering. Biomaterials 30(28), 4996-5003 (2009).
90. Yu W, Zhao W, Zhu C et al. Sciatic nerve regeneration in rats by a promising electrospun collagen/poly(ε-caprolactone) nerve conduit with tailored degradation rate. BMC Neurosci. 12(1), 68-68 (2011).
91. Chen J-P, Chen S-H, Lai G-J. Preparation and characterization of biomimetic silk fibroin/chitosan composite nanofibers by electrospinning for osteoblasts culture. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 7(1), 1-11 (2012).
92. Altman GH, Diaz F, Jakuba C et al. Silk-based biomaterials. Biomaterials 24(3), 401-416 (2003). (Pubitemid 35291198)
93. Hu AJ, Zuo BQ, Zhang F, Lan Q, Zhang HX. Electrospun silk fibroin nanofibers promote Schwann cell adhesion, growth and proliferation. Neural Regeneration Res. 7(15), 1171-1178 (2012).
94. Wang A, Ao Q, He Q et al. Neural stem cell affinity of chitosan and feasibility of chitosan-based porous conduits as scaffolds for nerve tissue eng. Tsinghua Sci. Technol. 11(4), 415-420 (2006). (Pubitemid 44557664)
95. Wang AJ, Ao Q, Cao WL et al. Porous chitosan tubular scaffolds with knitted outer wall and controllable inner structure for nerve tissue engineering. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 79(1), 36-46 (2006). (Pubitemid 44452852)
96. Kim SW, Bae HK, Nam HS, Chung DJ, Choung PH. Peripheral nerve regeneration through nerve conduit composed of alginate-collagen-chitosan. Macromol. Res. 14(1), 94-100 (2006). (Pubitemid 43357133)
97. Wang X, He J, Wang Y, Cui F-Z. Hyaluronic acid-based scaffold for central neural tissue engineering. Interface Focus 2(3), 278-291 (2012).
98. Lewitus DY, Landers J, Branch J et al. Biohybrid carbon nanotube/agarose fibers for neural tissue eng. Adv. Funct. Mater. 21(14), 2624-2632 (2011).
99. Evans GRD, Grlek A, Nabawi A et al. In vivo evaluation of poly(l-lactic acid) porous conduits for peripheral nerve regeneration. Biomaterials 20(12), 1109-1115 (1999). (Pubitemid 29229497)
100. Widmer MS, Mikos AG, Gupta PK et al. Manufacture of porous biodegradable polymer conduits by an extrusion process for guided tissue regeneration. Biomaterials 19(21), 1945-1955 (1998). (Pubitemid 28528796)
101. Prabhakaran MP, Venugopal J, Chan CK, Ramakrishna S. Surface modified electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering. Nanotechnology 19(45), 455102 (2008).
102. Wolfe PS, Sell SA, Bowlin GL. Natural and Synthetic Scaffolds. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Germany, 41-67 (2011).
103. Yang F, Murugan R, Wang S, Ramakrishna S. Electrospinning of nano/micro scale poly(L-lactic acid) aligned fibers and their potential in neural tissue engineering. Biomaterials 26(15), 2603-2610 (2005). (Pubitemid 39600712)
104. Bini TB, Gao S, Tan TC et al. Electrospun poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) biodegradable polymer nanofibre tubes for peripheral nerve regeneration. Nanotechnology 15(11), 1459-1464 (2004).
105. Chronakis IS, Grapenson S, Jakob A. Conductive polypyrrole nanofibers via electrospinning: electrical and morphological properties. Polymer 47(5), 1597-1603 (2006). (Pubitemid 43238201)
106. Ghasemi-Mobarakeh L, Prabhakaran MP, Morshed M, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Ramakrishna S. Electrical stimulation of nerve cells using conductive nanofibrous scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering. Tissue Eng. Part A 15(11), 3605-3619 (2009).
107. Jin L, Feng ZQ, Zhu ML, Wang T, Leach MK, Jiang Q. A novel fluffy conductive polypyrrole nano-layer Coated PLLA fibrous scaffold for nerve tissue engineering. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 8(5), 779-785 (2012).
108. Lee JY, Bashur CA, Goldstein AS, Schmidt CE. Polypyrrole-coated electrospun PLGA nanofibers for neural tissue applications. Biomaterials 30(26), 4325-4335 (2009).
109. Bennet D, Kim S. Implantable microdevice for peripheral nerve regeneration: materials and fabrications. J. Mater. Sci. 46(14), 4723-4740 (2011).
110. Conte V, Royo NC, Shimizu S et al. Neurotrophic factors: pathophysiology and therapeutic applications in traumatic brain injury. Eur. J. Trauma 29(6), 335-355 (2003). (Pubitemid 38055542)
111. Frostick SP, Yin Q, Kemp GJ. Schwann cells, neurotrophic factors, and peripheral nerve regeneration. Microsurgery 18(7), 397-405 (1998). (Pubitemid 29014397)
112. Moore K, Macsween M, Shoichet M. Immobilized concentration gradients of neurotrophic factors guide neurite outgrowth of primary neurons in macroporous scaffolds. Tissue Eng. 12(2), 267-278 (2006).
113. Sundararaghavan HG, Masand SN, Shreiber DI. Microfluidic generation of haptotactic gradients through 3d collagen gels for enhanced neurite growth. J. Neurotrauma 28(11), 2377-2387 (2011).
114. Tse THZ, Chan BP, Chan CM, Lam J. Mathematical modeling of guided neurite extension in an engineered conduit with multiple concentration gradients of nerve growth factor (NGF). Ann. Biomed. Eng. 35(9), 1561-1572 (2007). (Pubitemid 350103109)
115. Cao X, Shoichet MS. Defining the concentration gradient of nerve growth factor for guided neurite outgrowth. Neuroscience 103(3), 831-840 (2001). (Pubitemid 32239344)
116. Rajaram A, Chen XB, Schreyer DJ. Strategic design and recent fabrication techniques for bioengineered tissue scaffolds to improve peripheral nerve regeneration. Tissue Eng. Part B Rev. 18(6), 454-467 (2012).
117. Itoh S, Yamaguchi I, Suzuki M et al. Hydroxyapatite-coated tendon chitosan tubes with adsorbed laminin peptides facilitate nerve regeneration in vivo. Brain Res. 993(1-2), 111-123 (2003). (Pubitemid 37464588)
118. Rafiuddin Ahmed M, Jayakumar R. Peripheral nerve regeneration in RGD peptide incorporated collagen tubes. Brain Res. 993(1), 208-216 (2003). (Pubitemid 37464599)